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约翰慕理《罗马人书注释》卷2_15 罗9:21-22

Epistle to the Romans Volume 2 Session 15《罗马人书注释》卷二第15讲

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:Cherry姐妹_文字:丽燕姐妹

Romans 9:21 罗马书第九章21节:窑匠难道没有权柄,从一团泥里拿一块做成贵重的器皿,又拿一块做成卑贱的器皿吗?21  The thought here is the reproduction of what we find repeatedly in the Old Testament.保罗这里的思想是从旧约圣经多次所提到的。

我们来读一系列的经文:Isaiah 29:15-16 以赛亚书29章15-16节:祸哉,那些向耶和华深藏谋略的,又在暗中行事,说:“谁看见我们呢?谁知道我们呢?”你们把事颠倒了,岂可看窑匠如泥呢?被制作的物岂可论制作物的,说:“祂没有制作我”?还是被创造的物论造物的,说:“祂没有聪明”?Isaiah 45:9 以赛亚书45章第九节:祸哉,那与造祂的主争论的!祂不过是地上瓦片中的一块瓦片。泥土岂可对抟弄它的说:“你在做什么呢?”所做的物岂可说:“你没有手呢?”新译本:泥土能对窑匠说:“你在做什么?”或你所做成的说:“祂没有手吗?”Isaiah 64:8-9 以赛亚书第64章8到第9节:耶和华啊,现在你仍是我们的父,我们是泥,你是窑匠,我们都是你手的工作。耶和华啊,求你不要大发震怒,也不要永远纪念罪孽;求你垂顾我们,我们都是你的百姓。And then finally Jeremiah 18:1-6 最后是耶利米书18章第一节到第六节【新译本】:耶和华有话临到耶利米,说:“起来,下到陶匠的家里去,在那里我要使你听我的话。”我就下到陶匠的家里去,见祂正在转盘旁工作。陶匠用祂手中的泥所做的器皿坏了,祂就用这泥再做别的器皿,按照自己的意思去做。于是耶和华的话临到我,说:“以色列家啊,难道我不能待你们,像这陶匠所做的一样吗?这是耶和华的宣告。看哪,泥在陶匠的手中怎样,以色列家啊,你们在我的手中也必怎样。”

God’s sovereign right pleaded here after the pattern of the potter’s right over the clay belongs to God as Creator in the disposal of His creatures as creatures. 保罗这里诉诸上帝掌主权的权柄,用陶匠和瓦器的例子说明,掌主权的权柄是属上帝–创造主的,祂用这个权柄根据祂所造的万物的地位安排他们一切的事情。It must be borne in mind, however, 但是我们必须要记得,that Paul is not now dealing with God’s sovereign rights over men as men but over men as sinners. 保罗这里不是在讨论上帝统治人身为人的主权,祂在讨论的是上帝掌管人身为罪人的主权。He’s answering the objection occasioned by the sovereign discrimination stated in verse 18 in reference to mercy and hardening. 因为有反方的论点,有人反对上帝施怜悯,或者上帝叫人的心刚硬都是根据祂的主权来做区别,因此保罗在回答这些反对的论点。

These, it must be repeated presuppose sin and ill-desert. 我们再重复一次,人是有罪的, 是不配的。这个是保罗回答上帝施怜悯、上帝叫人的心刚硬这个问题答案的背后的前提。不论是施怜悯,或者是叫人的心刚硬呢,都是因为人有罪,是不配得怜悯的。It would be exegetically indefensible to abstract verse 21 and its teaching from these presupposed conditions. 假如我们把第21节,就是陶匠跟器皿这个比喻,把这一节跟其中的教导与罪人的处境这个大前提把它抽离出来讨论,在解经上是站不住脚的。

In other words 换言之,Paul is dealing with God’s actual government保罗这里讨论的是上帝具体怎么样统治这个世界and with the sovereign determinations of His will actualized in this government. 保罗这里还有讨论的是,当上帝统治世界的时候,祂体现了祂永恒计划里所决定好的主权的旨意。The same is true of the Old Testament passages of which verse 21 is reminiscent. 第21节暗指的旧约圣经的经文都在表达这一点。

Suffice it to refer to Isaiah 64:7,9 which supplies the context of verse 8. 我们只需要提出以赛亚书第64章第七节跟第九节就够了,这个是第八节的上下文。

以赛亚书第64章第七节:并且无人求告你的名,无人奋力抓住你,原来你掩面不顾我们,使我们因罪孽消化。第九节:耶和华啊,求你不要大发震怒,也不要永远纪念罪孽;求你垂顾我们,我们都是你的百姓。这个是上下文,给我们看到第八节的意思。以赛亚书第64章第八节说:耶和华啊,现在你仍是我们的父,我们是泥,你是窑匠,我们都是你手的工作。

The similitude is that of the potter making vessels of different character from the same lump of kneaded clay,one to serve a high purpose,another a purpose less noble. 这里的比喻是陶匠从同一团泥造出不同的器皿,有些做尊贵的用途,其他器皿的用途则没有那么的尊贵。No one questions his right to make these distinctions. 没有人会质疑陶匠有做这种区别的权利。He has not merely the power; he has authority. 陶匠不仅仅有能力这样做,他有权这样做。There is no warrant for the interpretation or objection that Paul represents God as esteeming mankind as clay in dealing with men accordingly. 假如提出一个反对的理由来解释说,你看啊,保罗在这里说,上帝把人类当做是泥这样来看待这样来对待人的,慕理的回应是,这种的解释是毫无根据的。

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He is using an analogy保罗这里在做个比喻,and the meaning is simply that, in the realm of His government, God has the intrinsic right to deal with men as the potter, in the sphere of his occupation, deals with clay. 保罗的意思是很清晰的,上帝在统治世界这个范围里面有本质上的权柄对待人,就好像陶匠在他的职业的范围里面对待泥一样。But the kind of differentiation is as great as in the difference between God and the potter, on the one hand, and between man and clay, on the other. 当然,两种的区分截然不同,就好像上帝与陶匠不同,人与泥也是截然不同的。

Romans 9:22-24 罗马书9:22-24:倘若上帝要显明他的忿怒,彰显他的权能,就多多忍耐宽容那可怒、预备遭毁灭的器皿;又要将祂丰盛的荣耀彰显在那蒙怜悯、早预备得荣耀的器皿上。这器皿就是我们被 神所召的,不但是从犹太人中,也是从外邦人中。这有什么不可呢?(罗马书 9:22-24 和合本)

从第22到24节 these verses are an unfinished sentence。第9章22-24节是一个没有完成的、没有说完的句子(参考路加福音19:42节,约翰福音第六章62节,使徒行传23章第九节)。Literally the Greek terms are “but if” and their force is properly rendered by “what if” as in the version, or,  as Sanday and Headlam observe, “like our English idiom ‘what and if’”. 希腊文的词汇字义来翻译的话是“但若”,“what if”,ARV美国修订版把这个意思正确的翻译出来了:“what if假如是这样子又如何呢”,英文是“what and if”。Understood thus the three verses are an expansion and application of what lies under the analogy appealed to in verses 20b, and 21.从这个角度来理解,这三节经文,就是22-24节,扩大了也应用了第20节下半跟21节所诉诸的比喻背后的意义的,把这个意义扩大了,也应用了。If God in the exercise of His sovereign right makes some vessels of wrath and others vessels of mercy what have we to say?上帝若在祂行使主权的权柄的时候,使一些器皿做遭受愤怒的器皿,其他做领受怜悯的器皿,我们有什么话可说呢?It is a rhetorical way of reiterating the question of verse 20. 保罗很巧妙地重复了第20节的提问。

The interpretation of these verses may more suitably be discussed in the order of the following details. 我们下列有一系列的细节要讨论的,这个作为一个恰当的顺序来讨论对这几节的解释。

1.第一方面的细节:“Vessels of wrath” and “vessels of mercy” are best regarded in terms of verse 21. “愤怒的器皿”和“怜悯的器皿”最好是从第21节的角度去理解。The potter makes vessels for certain purposes。陶匠造器皿都是为了特定的用途的。So here the vessels are for wrath and mercy。同理,这里的器皿是为了愤怒或者是为了怜悯。It is true that they are vessels deserving wrath不错,他们是配遭受愤怒的器皿,but this cannot apply in respect of mercy to the vessels of mercy. 他们从施怜悯的角度来看,施怜悯的,不再是受到愤怒的器皿了。Hence both should be taken in the sense that can apply to both. 所以,受怜悯的、受愤怒应该有着一种同样的意义。This view is to the same effect as that of Calvin这个观点与加尔文的观点是同意的who says that vessels are to be taken in the general sense to mean instruments他说器皿要从广义来看,就是工具的意思,and therefore instruments for the exhibition of God’s mercy and the display of His judgment. 所以,工具是为了是用来显明上帝的怜悯,是为了是用来做上帝施行审判的工具。

2.第2个细节:The participle “willing” has been interpreted in two ways:“愿意”这个分词有两种的解释:“because willing” and “although willing”. “因为上帝愿意”,或者“虽然祂愿意”,有这两种的解释。(我们来读新译本:如果上帝有意要显明祂的愤怒,彰显祂的大能,而多多容忍那可怒、预备遭毁灭的器皿啊。“有意willing”是一个分词、一个participle 。)

In the former case the thought would be that because God wishes to give more illustrious display of His wrath and power He exercises His long-suffering. 假如根据这个第一个观点“因为上帝愿意”的话,保罗思想就是说,因为上帝要更加的显明祂的愤怒和全能,祂就施行了忍耐。In the latter case 假如根据第二种的解释,就是“虽然愿意”,the meaning would be: 假如是虽然愿意的话,那他的意思就是说: although God wills to execute His wrath上帝虽然愿意执行愤怒,He nevertheless restrains and postpones His execution from the constraint of long-suffering. 但因为祂有忍耐、自我约束,而使祂延迟了祂执行愤怒。

In one case long-suffering serves the purpose of effective display of wrath and power,前者,就是“因为愿意”根据这个解释,忍耐的目的是更有效地显明上帝的愤怒和权能,in the other case long-suffering inhibits the execution of the just desert. 后者,假如是“虽然愿意”的话,那么忍耐就约束着上帝啊执行公义,在那些配受这种公义的审判的人身上。

In favor of the latter it could be said 好,我们先来看支持第二个观点的一些的理由,我们可以这样说,有人这样说that according to 2:4 根据罗马书第2章第4节,God’s long-suffering is a manifestation of the goodness of God directed to repentance第二章第四节,上帝的忍耐显明祂的恩慈,目的是要叫人悔改,and could hardly be represented as the means of promoting the demonstration of God’s wrath. 所以不可能是为了显明祂的愤怒的。Before reaching a decision on this question 在我们还没有在这个问题上做出一个结论,究竟是“因为愿意”(有意)还是“虽然愿意”的话呢,other considerations bearing on interpretation of verses 22,23 have to be taken into account. 我们还要考虑一些与解释22,23节有关的一些的因素的。

3.第三个细节:The governing thought of these verses, as of the preceding, is the twofold way in which the sovereign will of God comes to expression. 第22和23节主要的思想是,上帝主权的旨意透过两种方法表明。This is apparent from several considerations这个从几方面考虑都是很明显的but from none more than from the two designations, “vessels of wrath” and “vessels of mercy”. 很重要的是“愤怒的器皿”和“怜悯的器皿”这两个称谓就更加的使它明显了。The same emphasis on God’s determinative will must be present in the word “willing” at the beginning of verse 22. 第22节一开始的时候保罗说“用意”–上帝有意,肯定包括了上帝预定的旨意这个意思的。It harks back to verse 18 and also the term “will” in verse 19。这里让我们回想到第18节,还有第19节的“愿意”一词。So “willing” is not simply wishing 所以“愿意”不仅仅是一个愿望,but determining.  乃是一个决定。

4.第四方面的细节:It would not be proper to suppress the parallel between “to show His wrath and to make His power known” (verse 22) and “that I might shew in thee My power” (verse 17)。第22跟17节之间是有着平衡相应的,压抑这个平衡是不正确的。第22节是说“为要显明祂的愤怒,传扬祂的大能”,17节是说“好叫我透过你显明我的大能”,这里之间是有平衡相应的。There is surely reminiscence of the latter in the former. 后者,就是第22节,很肯定的是暗指前者的。Hence 因此,what God did in the case of Pharaoh illustrates what is more broadly applied to vessels of wrath in verse 22. 因此上帝在法老身上所做的,显明祂在愤怒的器皿身上更为广泛的作为。就是上帝在法老身上的座位,叫他的心刚硬,就显出祂要更广泛的在那些配遭受祂愤怒的器皿身上要做的。

Pharaoh was raised up and hardened, in the sense explained above, for the purpose of demonstrating God’s power and publishing His name in all the earth. 上帝兴起法老,使他的心刚硬,这个使他的心刚硬的意义请看上文,目的是要显明祂的大能,在全地宣扬祂的名字。If we might interject the term “forbearance”, we must say it was exercised in this case in order that God’s great power might be displayed. 假如我们加上“忍耐”这个词,就必须说,上帝在这里施行忍耐是为了彰显祂的大能。

我们下次继续把这个细节的结论把它讲出来。我们还没有看到慕理究竟是选择第一个还是第二个解释,是“虽然愿意”吗?用意吗?还是“因为愿意”?“因为愿意”是第一个选择。我们下次继续。

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