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约翰慕理《罗马人书注释》卷1_07a(罗2:1-8)下

罗马书第一章29-31节

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:Cherry姐妹_文字:兰月姐妹

罗马书第二章Romans Chapter Two

罗马书第二章1-4节

我们来读第二章第一节到第四节:你这论断人的,无论你是谁,也无可推诿。你在什么事上论断人,就在什么事上定自己的罪。因你这论断人的,自己所行却和别人一样。我们知道这样行的人, 上帝必照真理审判他。你这人哪,你论断行这样事的人,自己所行的却和别人一样,你以为能逃脱上帝的审判吗?还是你藐视他丰富的恩慈、宽容、忍耐,不晓得他的恩慈是领你悔改呢?(罗马书 2:1-4 和合本)

Considerable difference of opinion has prevailed among interpreters解经家在一个问题上的意见是非常分歧的,这个问题就是:respecting the identity of those addressed in the earlier part of this chapter,就是在第二章上半,使徒保罗究竟是在论到谁?Verses 1 – 16,particularly vss. 1 – 8,就是第一节到第十六节,特别是从第一节到第八节。

第一个观点:Some maintain that the apostle,having described the condition of the Gentiles in 1:18 to 32,now turns to the Jew有些解经家坚持说,使徒保罗在第一章18-32节描述了外邦人的情况之后,now turns to the Jew,现在转向犹太人,and addresses him directly though not expressly by name until verse 17,现在直接指犹太人,虽然要等到第17节才指名道姓地说出是犹太人。

第二个观点:Others hold that,有另外一些解经家,他们的意见是:in these verses the apostle “advances only general propositions” applicable indeed to the Jews but also to others,他们的意见是在这几节经文就第一节到第八节,使徒保罗只不过提出一些一般性的命题或者概念,诚然可以用在犹太人身上,但是也可以用在其他人的身上。Referring to the description of degeneracy given in the preceding chapter E.H. Gifford,for example,says:解经家Gifford当他指出使徒保罗在第一章如何描述人类的败坏的时候,他这样说:but there were some among the heathen and some among the Jews,可是有一些外邦人或者是异教徒,也有某些的犹太人,to whom this description would not be applied in the strongest external features of blind idolatry and hideous vice. 这种外表的描述,就是盲目的偶像敬拜和可憎恶的罪行,并不是最恰当的描述。

They had not lost all knowledge of the true nature of God ; 对上帝的本性的知识,他们并不是完全失去的;they did not practise,still less applaud the grosser forms of vice; 他们没有犯那些比较恐怖的罪行,更加没有赞许这些罪行;their moral sense was keen enough,他们有足够的活泼的道德意识,to condemn the sins of others: 他们会对犯这些罪的人定他们的罪的: yet they too must be brought to feel themselves guilty before God .”可是使徒保罗认为,他们也必须要感觉到在上帝面前是有罪的。这个是E.H. Gifford的看法。

好了,现在我们看到两种解经家的意见。Murray慕理这样说:The question is not one that can be decisively determined. 我们不能决定性地去判断哪一个观点是对的。It may be that事实可能是the apostle while thinking particularly of the Jews frames his discourse in terms that are more general使徒保罗可能特别是想到犹太人,可是他用一个一般性的方法来讨论so as to strike not only at the Jew,以致使徒保罗不单单击中犹太人,but also at others who did not consider themselves to be in the degraded moral and religious conditions detailed in the preceding verses. 同时也击中其他人,因为他们认为他们自己不是好像那前面那几节所形容的,在那种败坏的道德跟宗教情况之下。

In that event若是如此there would be much point to the general terms in which the address is drawn,那么使徒保罗这样的一般性讨论是有很重要的意义的,for the more general character would not detract from the obvious relevance to the Jew,因为第一方面,这种一般性的描述一点都没有冲淡使徒保罗明指犹太人这个概念是特别与犹太人有关;and at the same time,第二,与此同时,others worthy of the same rebuke would not be excluded. 第二,并不排除其他需要这种责备的人。It could also be said同时我们可以说a rhetorical advantage could have been intended by the apostle,使徒保罗在修辞上可能是占上风的,in bringing conviction to bear upon the Jew,当使徒保罗定犹太人的罪的时候,he established,first of all,propositions of more general application他首先证明一些一般性的概念,这些概念是用在一般人类身上,in order that he might bring them home with more telling effect in direct application to the Jew in verses 17 to 29. 好叫他在第17节到29节的时候,就一击就中到犹太人。

结论There is however no conclusive reason for supposing that the address is of this more general character. 但是我们没有什么原因认为,使徒保罗的讨论必然是这种一般性的讨论的。On the other hand,反过来说,there are weighty reasons which,if they do not decisively determine the question point definitely in the other direction. 有一些重要的原因,虽然不能够为这个问题做出结论性的答案,但是肯定清楚指向另外一个方向。就是说使徒保罗这里是明明指向犹太人的。

是什么重大的原因呢?

(1)第一个原因:The propensity to judge the Gentiles for their religious and moral perversity was peculiarly characteristic of the Jew. 犹太人有一种典型的习惯,就是判断、论断外邦人在宗教上和道德上的邪恶的。He was intensely conscious of his high privilege and prerogative,犹太人很清楚意识到他自己那个崇高的特权,a fact to which the apostle expressly refers to in verses 17 to 20. 使徒保罗明指这方面的特权,参考第17节到第20节。我们读一读第17节到第20节你称犹太人,又倚靠律法,且指着上帝夸口;既从律法中受了教,就得上帝的旨意,也能分是非(或作“也喜那美好的事”);又深信自己是瞎子路的,是黑暗中人的光,是蠢笨人的傅,是小孩子的先生,在律法上有知和真理的模范。Hence the address “O man,whosoever thou art that judgest”,所以在罗马书第2章第一节“人啊,不论你是谁,就是论断别人的人啊”,identifies the Jew by means of his national characteristic,就用犹太人整个民族典型的特点来指出犹太人。

(2)第二个原因:(为什么是指犹太人)The person being addressed is the participant of “the riches of his [ God ‘s] goodness and forbearance and longsuffering”. 这个人是领受了上帝的,就是祂丰富的恩慈、宽容和忍耐(第4节)。While it is true that Gentiles also were partakers of God ‘s goodness,是的,虽然外邦人也领受了上帝的恩赐;yet the strength of the expression “the riches of his goodness”,可是使徒保罗的表述是比较强烈,他丰富的恩赐,would indicate the riches of special grace such as the Jews enjoyed in the covenant privilege. 所以就让我们看到,这里是指犹太人在约里面所享受的特权,就是特殊恩典的丰盛。

(3)第三个原因(为什么是指犹太人):The argument of the apostle is to reflect that使徒保罗这里的论点意思就是special privilege or advantage does not exempt from the judgment of God . 有特别的特权或者好处,不是使人免疫、不需要面对上帝的审判的。(verses 3 and 6 to 11,参考罗马书第二章第三节还有6-11节)。The relevance to the Jews is apparent,这里是特别对犹太人有它的适切性,因为:because this was an outstanding abuse of privilege on their part that as the children of Abraham they expected indulgences not shared by others. 这个是他们对他们的特权的特别的滥用,他们这种滥用,就是认为既然是亚伯拉罕的后裔,他们就会预期上帝放过他们,而上帝不会放过其他人的。(我们来看一些经文,他们怎么样曲解、滥用上帝给他们特别的恩赐:

Matt.3:8-9太福音3:8-9:你们要结出果子来,与悔改的心相称。不要自己心里说,有亚伯拉罕为我们的祖宗。我告诉你们,神能从这些石头中给亚伯拉罕兴起子孙来。

类似Luke 3:8路加福音3:8:你们要结出果子来,与悔改的心相称。不要自己心里说,有亚伯拉罕为我们的祖宗。我告诉你们,神能从这些石头中给亚伯拉罕兴起子孙来。

John 8:33,39,53约翰福音8:33,39,53:33节他们回答说:我们是亚伯拉罕的后裔,从来没有做过谁的奴仆。你怎么说你们必得以自由呢?39节他们说:我们的父就是亚伯拉罕。耶稣说:你们若是亚伯拉罕的儿子,就必行亚伯拉罕所行的事。53节:难道你比我们的祖宗亚伯拉罕还大吗?他死了,众先知也死了。你将自己当做什么人呢?

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Gal. 2:15加拉太2:15:我们这生来的犹太人,不是外邦的罪人,(生来就是犹太人的人。)

Furthermore,不但如此,the priority accorded to the Jew in judgment and in glory indicates that a special privilege is that enjoyed by the Jew. 不但如此,使徒使徒保罗认为在审判的事上,犹太人是排在前头的,同样的在得荣耀这件事上,犹太人也是排在前头的,这就指出犹太人享有这个特权(参考罗马书第二章第九节和第十节:将患难困苦加给一切作恶的人,先是犹太人,后是希腊人;却将荣耀、尊贵、平安加给一切行善的人,先是犹太人,后是希腊人。因为上帝不偏待人。)

(4)第四个原因(为什么使徒保罗在这里是明指犹太人的):The express address to the Jew in verse 17,使徒保罗在第17节那里明指犹太人,向犹太人讲话的,would be rather abrupt if not for the first time the Jew is directly in view,若是在第17节才第一次向犹太人讲话的话,就会显得突然;whereas if the Jew is the person in view in the preceding verses,反之假如在第17节之前的好几节里面,使徒保罗是论到犹太人的话,then the more express identification in verse 17 is natural. 那么到了第17节明指犹太人的时候,就很自然了。

前面都是在讲第二章第一到第四节的引言。下面我们开始讲罗马书2:1.

罗马书第二章第1

你这论断人的,无论你是谁,也无可推诿。你在什么事上论断人,就在什么事上定自己的罪,因你这论断人的,自己所行却和别人一样。

The connection indicated  in verse 1 by “wherefore”is not wholly clear. 这里有一个“所以”,中文没有把它翻出来,这个“所以”,究竟是与什么连接呢?不是完全清楚。It may attach itself to the whole preceding section 1:18 to 32. 这个“所以”可能是与前面整段经文连接,就是第一章18-32节;or only to verse 32,或者只是与第一章32节连接而已。(还有第三个可能。)And one cannot dismiss the possibility,还有另外一个可能,我们不可以忽略的:that it is related not to what precedes but to what follows. 第三个可能性,就是第二章第一节不是与前文连接,乃是与后文连接。

On the last alternative,若用这个第三种解释,it points to a conclusion drawn from the latter part of the verse,这里那个“所以”是一个结论,就是从第二章第一节的下半,然后达到第二章上半的结论,in other words,that the conclusion of the apostle’s syllogism is stated first and the grounds are then set forth. 换言之,使徒保罗的三段演绎法的结论是先讲出,然后才提出前面第一第二个前提的。The progression of thought is as follows:若是如此,使徒保罗的思路是这样子渐进的:

(1)第一个前提Thou judgest another for doing certain things;你判断或者论断别人做某些事;

(2)第二个前提Thou thyself doest the same things;你自己也行同样的事;

(3)结论Therefore thou condemnest thyself and art without excuse,因此,你定了自己的罪,你也是没有借口的。

If the “therefore” is a conclusion drawn from what goes before,假如第二章第一节前面那个“所以”是上文的一个结论,it appears necessary to take more into account than verse 32,那么,我们就不仅仅要考虑到第32节。“Without excuse” harks back to chapter 1 verse 20,一直是指回第一章20节,where the same term is applied to the Gentiles. 第一章第20节“无可推诿”是用在外邦人身上的。The judging propensity of the Jew has reference to the sins catalogued in the preceding passage as a whole. 犹太人判断或者论断别人的习惯,是指上文整段经文所列出的罪。The things practiced by the Jew are in this same general category,犹太人所犯的罪也是属于这个一般性的类型的,because he is charged with practicing the same sins. 因为使徒保罗控告犹太人,他们也行同样的罪。

It is also likely that,另外一个非常可能的就是:the thought of knowing the judicial ordinance of God, that those who practice such things are worthy of death (verse 32),就是他们知道上帝的典章,就是行这些事的人是配死的(32节),is carried over to verse 1,就带进到第二章第一节,as the premise from which the indictment of 2:1 is derived. 他们这样的知道就是一个前提,结论就是第二章第一节的控告。Since thou knowest the judicial ordinance of God ,既然你们知道上帝的典章as is evidenced by the fact that thou judgest others,证据就是你们论断别人。所以就证明着你们知道上帝的典章,thou art without excuse,因为你们没有借口的,for in that very act of judging thou hast condemned thyself. 原文你们在这个论断别人这个行为上,你们就已经定了自己的罪了。

Although for the reasons stated above Paul is addressing the Jews,虽然根据上面的原因,使徒保罗这里是向犹太人讲话,he uses the more general term “O man”,他用的是一个一般性的词汇,就是“人呐”“O man”,not necessarily by way of reproach,这样的说法不一定是责备(参考罗马书9:20),but  simply as a more earnest and effective method of appeal    . 可能使徒保罗说“人呢”,只不过是用来做一个更加诚恳的、有效的一个劝勉的方法。

In verse 32,在第一章32节,the climax of Gentile degeneracy was evidenced by the fact that there was no condemnation of others for the sins practiced. 外邦人的败坏是达到什么一个高峰呢?就是他们没有人定犯这些罪的人的罪。On the contrary,反之,there was active consent and approbation. 反之,他们积极的同意和赞许。

Now in the case of the Jew,那现在来到犹太人,Paul’s indictment presupposes the thing that was absent in the case of the Gentiles,使徒保罗的控告是有一个前提的,就是,外邦人这种的态度在犹太人是没有的,namely,a condemnatory judgment of others for sins committed. 反过来犹太人是定别人的罪、论断别人的罪。It is to be noted however,但是我们必须要注意that the indictment brought against the Jew is not that he judged others for sins committed; 请注意,使徒保罗控告犹太人,不是因为他论断别人在犯罪;it is rather that,不是的,使徒保罗的控告是:he judged others for the very things he practiced himself. 控告是犹太人所论断别人的事,是他自己行的事,那个才是使徒保罗的控告。

In other words,换言之,it is the blindness and hypocrisy of the Jew,使徒保罗所控告的是犹太人的盲目和虚伪,hypocrisy because he judged others for the same sins of which he himself was guilty,虚伪,因为他自己犯同样的罪,在同一个罪上是有罪的,然而他论断别人;blindness,盲目,because he failed to see his own self-condemnation  in the condemnation he pronounced on others. 因为他没有看到,他在宣布别人的定罪的时候,他就是应该看到他自己在定自己的罪。The state of mind characterized by hypocrisy and blindness,这种有着虚伪跟盲目特点的心态,is brought home not in these express terms,这个心态,使徒保罗不是明文地来带出他的控告,but in the form of the charge of inexcusableness,使徒保罗乃是用一个“无可推诿”的控告,来指出这个盲目跟虚伪的;and in this respect the Jew is placed in the same category as the Gentile. 在这个“无可推诿”这点上,犹太人和外邦人是同一类型的人的。

我们把时间交给长老,休息之后,我们继续讲罗马书第二章第2节。

感谢主我们终于进入到第二章。今天我们发了第二章的1到4、5到11跟12到16节的讲义。我正在预备17到29,还有第三章的讲义。多年前我在讲《保罗神学》的时候,把第三章21-23节,应该是三节经文,逐字的有中文翻译,不单单是一些标题,还是有内容的,所以有几节是比较完整的。

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