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约翰慕理《罗马人书注释》卷一_07B(罗1:29-2:8)下

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:Cherry姐妹_文字:兰月姐妹

我们回到第二章的第四节。

The assertion that the goodness of God leads to repentance,保罗这里宣称的是上帝的恩慈领人悔改,must not be weakened to mean merely that it points us to repentance. 我们不要以为它的意思仅仅是指我们朝向悔改而已。The word “lead” must be given its true force of conducting,“领”这个字必须要看出完整的意义,就是带领着,好像牵着手,带着走,conducting的意思。

(我们看一系列的经文:

Romans 8:14罗马书第八章第14节:“因为凡被上帝的灵引导的,都是神的儿子。”引导。

I Cor12:2哥林多前书第12章第2节:“你们做外邦人的时候,随时被牵引所迷惑。”牵引。

I Thess. 4:14帖撒罗尼迦前书第四章第14节:“我们若信耶稣死而复活了,那已经在耶稣里睡了的人,神也必将他们与耶稣一同带来.”从死里复活,带来。

II Tim. 3:6提摩太后书第3章第6节:“那偷进人家、牢笼无知妇女的,正是这等人,这些妇女担负罪恶,被各样的私欲引诱。”就是带着牵引的意思。

The apostle is not saying that everyone who is the beneficiary of God’s love and kindness is led to repentance. 保罗这里意思不是说每一位上帝恩赐的受惠者都会被带领以致悔改的。The presupposition of his indictment against the unbelieving Jew is quite the reverse;使徒保罗对这个不信的犹太人的控告背后的前提刚好是相反的,this Jew was the partaker of God’s loving-kindness and forbearance and longsuffering and was nevertheless impenitent. 犹太人的确享受到上帝的恩慈、宽容和忍耐,但是却是不悔改的。所以这里不是说每一位领受上帝恩赐,上帝都会引他们悔改的。

Neither is the apostle dealing with that inward efficacious grace which brings forth the fruit of repentance. 使徒保罗这里也不是在讲圣灵在我们里面的有效的恩典,就是会结出悔改的果子那种的有效恩召。But he is saying that,反之使徒保罗这里要讲的意思是,that the goodness of God including without doubt the forbearance and longsuffering is directed to the end of constraining repentance. 上帝的仁慈毫无疑问包括祂的忍耐跟宽容,是指向一个目的,这个目的就是要激励人、约束人要悔改的。(参考的经文:II Peter 3:9彼得后书第三章第九节:“主所应许的尚未成就,有人以为祂是耽延,其实不是耽延,乃是宽容你们,不愿有一人沉沦,乃愿人人都悔改。”)

And not only so,而且不单如此,the presumptuous Jew,这位狂妄的犹太人,interpreted the special goodness of God to him as the guarantee of immunity,他这样来解释上帝对他所施的特别的仁慈,他以为这个仁慈就保证了他是免疫的,from the criteria by which other men will be judged,免受到上帝审判别人的准则的判断,and he claimed for himself indulgence on the part of God; 他认为自己有上帝的纵容的; the Gentile needed repentance but not he. 外邦人需要悔改,但是他并不需要。

What the apostle says is,使徒保罗这里要说的是,that the goodness of God when properly assessed leads to repentance;当人正确地评估上帝的仁慈的时候,上帝的仁慈是引导人悔改的;it is calculated to induce repentance,上帝是刻意要让祂的仁慈激发出悔改的心,the frame of mind which the Jew considered to be the need only of the Gentile. 这种心态犹太人认为只是外邦人所需要的。The goodness of God has not only this as its true intent and purpose; 上帝的仁慈不单有着这方面的真正的用意和目的; when properly understood,当人正确地理解神的仁慈的时候,this is the invariable effect. 当人正确理解的时候这个是必然的果效。

And the condemnation of the Jew is,而犹太人被定罪的原因就是that he failed to understand the simple lesson. 他没有学到这么一个简单的教训。

V 5-11罗马书第二章第5节到第11节,请听我读第5节:“你竟任着你刚硬不悔改的心,为自己积蓄忿怒,以致神忿怒、显祂公义审判的日子来到。”

5  Having stated in verse 4 what we may call the negative aspect of the Jew’s conduct,我们可以说使徒保罗在第四节已经负面地论到犹太人,in verse 5 the apostle proceeds to state it more positively. 到了第5节的时候使徒保罗更加正面地描述了。He does this in terms of the figure of treasure which the Jew piles up for himself. 这里使徒保罗用一个比喻,就是犹太人为自己积蓄财宝。

We have no longer rhetorical question,现在使徒保罗不再用诘问了,but a direct arraignment–现在是直接的指控“but after thy hardness and impenitent heart”,“任着你刚硬不悔改的心”,新译本:“可是你一直硬着心肠不肯悔改。”

The contrast between the melting of penitence which the goodness of God was calculated to constrain and a hardened and impenitent state of heart here predicated is to be noted. 我们必须注意到这里有一个对照,一方面就是上帝的仁慈的用意就是要催逼人的心融化下来而悔改,另一方面是一种刚硬的不肯悔改的心中的状态。The person addressed by reason of his hardness of heart,使徒保罗的对象因为他的心刚硬,is represented as being himself the agent of piling up for himself wrath. 所以使徒保罗说他自己为了自己积蓄了累积上帝的忿怒。

The finesse of distinction involved should not be overlooked. 我们不要忽略没有看到使徒保罗这个很细腻的区别的。The wrath is none other than the wrath of God. 这里的忿怒肯定就是指上帝的忿怒。(cf. to Romans 1:18 and the subsequent clauses and verses in this chapter,请参考罗马书第一章18节还有在余下第二章的经文)。The wrath is therefore something of which God alone is the agent and author. 所以这里讲的愤怒,唯有上帝是这个愤怒的倾倒者,唯有上帝是这个愤怒的来源。But the person is said to treasure up this wrath. 可是使徒保罗说他是在积蓄这个愤怒的。

Again we are reminded of the principle set forth in verse 2 and applied in verse 3 ,我们再次想到在第2节所指出的也是在第3节应用的原则,这个原则就是that the judgment of God is according to truth. 这原则是上帝的审判是按照真理的。There is no wrath of God except as the reaction of his justice and truth against sin. 上帝的愤怒就不外乎祂的公义和真理对罪的回应。Hence there is no increment of wrath no addition to the pile of wrath stored up,所以这里上帝的愤怒不会逐渐地加多,不是在这一堆的愤怒上逐渐地增大,不是的,except as sin on the part of man provokes and evokes that wrath. 只不过人这方面的罪就激发引发上帝的愤怒。Hence we are said to treasure it up for ourselves. 于是使徒保罗说人(我们)是在累积,在堆积这个愤怒。

It is better to take “in the day of wrath” with the word “wrath” which precedes rather than “treasurest up”. “上帝的忿怒的日子”是指什么呢?最好是与前面的 “愤怒”连接,而不是与后面的“积蓄”连接起来。The sense then is that,因此使徒保罗在这里的意思就是要说,the wrath treasured up is to be executed in the day of wrath. 人所累积所积蓄的愤怒就是在上帝忿怒的日子要执行的那个愤怒。This day,这个日子,which is identified in verse 16,在第16节使徒保罗就更细地指这个日子是什么日子,the day when God will judge the secrets of men,神借着耶稣基督审判人隐秘事的日子,it’s also called here the day “of revelation of the righteous judgment of God”. 在这里使徒保罗是这样描述,就是上帝显明祂公义审判的日子。新译本:“祂彰显公义审判的那天。”

The righteous judgment of God is self-explanatory. 上帝公义的审判是不需再解释的。“Revelation”,显明彰显祂的公义审判,这个“彰显”point to the fact that指出一个事实,就是the manifestation and execution of this righteous judgment is reserved for a future day. 上帝要彰显和执行这公义的审判,这件事情是留到将来一个日子的。

Since it cannot be supposed that nothing of God’s righteous judgment is manifest in the history of the world既然我们不可以认为在世界的历史中上帝的公义审判没有彰显,and since such a notion cannot be created in the apostle,既然我们不可以认为使徒保罗有这种的概念,the word “revelation” in this instance,所以在这里的彰显或者显must be used in the sense of the full exhibition and execution. 的意思肯定是说上帝完全地展开、展示,上帝完全地执行的意思。

The same dynamic import of the word “reveal” which we found in 1:17 appears here also. 我们在罗马书第一章17节已经看过上帝彰显祂的公义,显明祂的公义有着一种动态的意思的,这里也是如此的。It is the righteous judgment of God in full operation and execution. 那意思就是上帝完全地运行、完全地执行祂的公义的审判。In any case,无论如何,the full description “the day of wrath and revelation of the righteousness of God”,这里一个完整的表述就是“上帝的忿怒和显明祂公义审判的日子”,identifies the day as the day of final judgment,所指的就是最后的审判的日子。

Since the day of judgment is characterized as “the day of wrath and revelation of the righteousness of God”既然审判之日的本质就是忿怒和彰显公义审判的日子,we might be disposed to regard the day spoken of here as pertaining exclusively to the judgment of the wicked. 我们可能就会认为这里所讲的只是在讲上帝对恶人的审判而已。This is not the case. 事实并不是如此的。The twofold aspect of distributive award is in the forefront. 这里使徒保罗要突出的是上帝要分配的报应是两个层次的。The day of wrath for the wicked is one in which the aspiration of the righteous will be realized,对恶人的忿怒之日就是义人的追求他们的心志会实现的日子,and they will be given glory honor and peace. 上帝会赐给他们荣耀、尊贵和平安(参考第7节和第10节)。

Romans 2:6罗马书第二章第六节:“祂必照各人的行为报应各人。”

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Verse 6 enunciates three features of God’s righteous judgment:第6节勾画出上帝公正的审判三方面的特点:

(1)第一方面的特点:the universality–它的普及性是遍盖全人类的–“to each one”,是照各人,或者向各人,effect reiterating verses 9 and 10;在第9节第10节使徒保罗重复再讲到;

(2)第二方面的特点:the criterion by which judgment is executed–上帝执行审判是按照怎么样一个准则或者标准–“according to his works”;根据人的行为;

(3)第三方面的特点:the certain and effective distribution of award–上帝分配报应是肯定的事、是有效的事–“who will render”,祂必报应。

The matter of the criterion,提到上帝审判的准则或者标准,introduce the question就引出一个问题as to whether the apostle is speaking in this passage of the judgment that will actually take place or whether he is speaking hypothetically. 问题就是使徒使徒保罗这里是在讲将来具体会发生的审判呢,还是使徒保罗这里只是做出一个假设性的讨论呢。

The latter supposition has appealed to some interpreters,有些解经家认为是后者,就是保罗这只是个假设性的讨论,是有它的吸引性呢,because,因为,if men are to be judged according to their works,假如人们是按照他们的行为受审判的话,would this not contradict the thesis of this epistle,这个岂不是与整本罗马书的论点矛盾吗that by works shall no man be justified?罗马书的主题就是说没有一个人可以靠自己的行为称义的。Could God judge any unto the reward of eternal life if works are the criteria,假如行为是准则的话,上帝有可能判断某某人赐给他永生吗?Hence it has been maintained that,因此有些解经家这样的坚持说the apostle “speaks of law only not of the gospel,使徒保罗这里“论到的是律法而已不是论福音的。He describes the legal position upon which man stands by creation irrespective either of apostasy or redemption,使徒保罗这里描述人因为他被创造,所以人在上帝面前律法的地位是什么,不论他是背弃上帝还是被救赎,in order to exhibit the principles upon which reward and penalty are distributed under the divine government.”好在这里展示出根据上帝统治人类的制度,上帝的赏赐跟惩罚是根据怎么样的原则来赐下的。

In the words of Haldane,根据Haldane的说法,“if these verses refer to the gospel,假如这几节经文是指福音,那么they bring in upon and distribute the whole train of his reasoning,from the 18th verse of the first chapter to the 20th of the third,where he arrives at this conclusion,那么这几节经文就带进整个使徒保罗的思路,就是从第一章18节到第三章20节,where he arrives at this conclusion,而使徒保罗结论就是that by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in the sight of God,就是靠着人的行为,凡有血气的没有一个人可以在上帝面前被称义的。总之,解经家认为在第6节这里“祂必照各人的行为报应各人”,不是上帝真正将来审判人类的准则。

慕理的批判:But it should be noted that,但是我们必须注意到,the principles respecting the future judgment set forth in this passage are not different from those set forth elsewhere in the New Testament and particularly in Paul’s own epistles,在这里使徒保罗所展示出的将来审判的原则与新约圣经和特别是使徒保罗书信其他经文所展示的原则完全没有不同。

那我们看一系列的经文看上帝是按照人的行为审判人类的:

Math. 16:27马太福音第十六章27节:人子要在他父的荣耀里,同着众使者降临,那时候,他要照各人的行为报应各人。

Math. 25:31-46马太福音25:31-46我们就读一段好了,在第41节开始:王又要向那左边的说:‘你们这被咒诅的人,离开我,进入那为魔鬼和他的使者所预备的永火里去!因为我饿了,你们不给我吃;渴了,你们不给我喝;我作客旅,你们不留我住;我赤身露体,你们不给我穿;我病了,我在监里,你们不来看顾我。’下面他们就问什么时候耶稣饿过渴过呢?耶稣说:“你们没有在这个最小的小子身上做…。”就是说上帝的审判是按照这些人的行为的。

John5:29约翰福音5:29:“行善的复活得生,作恶的复活定罪。”

I Cor. 3:11-15哥林多前书3:11-15:因为那已经立好的根基就是耶稣基督,此外没有人能立别的根基。若有人用金、银、宝石、草木、禾秸在这根基上建造,各人的工程必然显露,因为那日子要将它表明出来,有火发现,这火要试验各人的工程怎样。人在那根基上所建造的工程若存得住,他就要得赏赐;人的工程若被烧了,他就要受亏损,自己却要得救。虽然得救,乃像从火里经过的一样。

II Cor. 5:10哥林多后书5:10:因为我们众人必要在基督台前显露出来,叫各人按着本身所行的,或善或恶受报。

Gal. 6:7-10加拉太书6:7-10:不要自欺, 神是轻慢不得的。人种的是什么,收的也是什么。顺着情欲撒种的,必从情欲收败坏;顺着圣灵撒种的,必从圣灵收永生。我们行善,不可丧志;若不灰心,到了时候就要收成。所以,有了机会,就当向众人行善,向信徒一家的人更当这样。

Eph. 6:8以弗所书6:8:因为晓得各人所行的善事,不论是为奴的、是自主的,都必按所行的,得主的赏赐。

Col. 3:23-24歌罗西书3:23-24:无论作什么,都要从心里作,像是给主作的,不是给人作的,因你们知道从主那里必得着基业为赏赐。你们所侍奉的乃是主基督。

Ecc. 12:14参考传道书12:14:因为人所作的事,连一切隐藏的事,无论是善是恶, 神都必审问。

If the solution proposed by the interpreters quoted above were to be applied to Romans 2:6-16,假如某些解经家所提出的解决问题的方案要用来解释罗马书第二章6-16节的话,then not only this passage but those others would have to be interpreted after this pattern,那么我们必须这样来解释这段经文,也必须这样来解释所有上面所读过的经文。就是说上帝按照各人的行为审判是与福音是矛盾的、与罗马书的主题是矛盾的。

下面是慕理的批判:But examination of these other passages will show the impossibility of this procedure. 但是我们若谨慎研究这些经文的话,我们就会看出这样的步骤是不可能的。Besides,不单是如此,we must not suppose that Paul is under the necessity of discarding the provisions of the gospel in this part of the epistle. 我们不可以认为使徒保罗在罗马书这段经文里面必须要推翻福音里所提供的恩典,不是如此的。

It is true,不错,that his main purpose is to prove that all are under sin使徒保罗主要的目的是要证明全人类都服在罪之下,and that by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified in God’s sight. 凡有血气的没有一个人可以在上帝面前靠着他的守律法的行为称义的,是的这个是保罗主要要证明的要点。

And it is also true,还有另外一件事情也是事实,that not until 3:21 does he begin to unfold in detail the theme of justification by grace through faith. 一直要等到3:21节的时候使徒保罗才开始详细地展开靠着恩典藉着信心称义的这个主题。But we may not forget,但是我们不可以忘记,that in chapter 1:3,4老早在罗马书1:3-4节,he had defined that with which the gospel was concerned,他已经为我们做出一个定义究竟福音是讲什么的,and in 1:16 and 17,而在罗马书1:16-17节,he has stated the grand theme of the epistle. 他已经说出罗马书的伟大的主题,就是上帝的义要彰显出来。

Furthermore,不但如此,in this passage (vs 16),在这段经文(罗马书2:16),he appeals to that which is specifically the gospel doctrine of the judgment他特别地诉诸于福音里面那个审判的教义and in 2:28-29,而且到了2:28-29的时候,he established what has no relevance apart from the gospel. 他要证明的肯定要从福音的角度来理解不然是没有意义的。

我们来读一读第28-29节:因为外面作犹太人的,不是真犹太人;外面肉身的割礼,也不是真割礼。惟有里面作的,才是真犹太人;真割礼也是心里的,在乎灵,不在乎仪文。这人的称赞不是从人来的,乃是从 神来的。假如没有福音的话,是没有意义的。

Likewise as noted already,同样的正如我们前面已经注意到,there is allusion in verse four to the special provisions of God’s goodness exhibited in the gospel. 在第4节暗指着上帝在福音里面所彰显的那种仁慈。Finally,第四方面,the assertive way in which the apostle speaks in this passage of what will be revealed in a day of judgment constrains the conclusion of Philippi: 使徒保罗怎么样的强烈地宣称上帝在审判之日要彰显的是什么时候,就让Philippi腓立比这位解经家做这个结论,腓立比说:“The apostle speaks not in a way of abstract hypothesis but of concrete assertion….使徒保罗这里所讲的不是一种假设抽象的事,乃是具体的声称……He says not what God would do were he to proceed in accordance with the primal rule and standard of the law,使徒保罗所讲的不是说上帝假如根据这个基本的准则和律法的标准审判的时候,上帝可能会做什么,不是的,but保罗所说的乃是说 proceeding according to that rule he will actually do.”乃是上帝既然根据这个律法的准则行事,祂具体的将来必定会做怎么样的审判。

In verse 7-10,在第7-10节,the general principle stated in verse six is applied alternately to the two classes of men,在第6节所指出的一般性的原则现在是轮流地用在两组人的身上,to the just in verses 7 and 10,在第7节跟第10节是用在义人身上,and the wicked in verses 8 and 9. 在第8第9节用在恶人的身上。

这里慕理看到使徒保罗没有要讲一种与因信称义相反的一个教义,上帝必按照各人的行为审判,并没有与因信称义的恩典的福音违背,因为老早在1:3-4节、16-17节已经讲过福音是讲神的义的,然后在2:28-29节讲到内在的犹太人才是真犹太人的时候,这个一定要从福音的角度来理解,不然是没有意义的。第三在第四节已经暗指着上帝在福音里面所提供怎么样的仁慈,第四使徒保罗这里不是在假设着讨论,而是在讲上帝必然要按照怎么样的标准来审判人的,答案是按照人的行为。下面从第七节到第十节的时候,我们就看到使徒保罗要用这个原则,就是按照各人的行为,用这个原则来指出两种人当会受到怎么样的审判。

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