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约翰慕理《罗马人书注释》卷1_17c (5:7-14)

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:Cherry姐妹_文字:兰月姐妹

罗马书5:12,我们讲到目前,指出几件事:第一,从第12节到第21节有着一种群体认同关系solidaric relationship,就是说所有人类都在亚当里面,亚当是头,我们都与亚当认同的;另外一个就是所有在基督里的人,都与基督认同;首先有这两个群体认同关系,上帝是根据这两个群体认同关系来管理全人类的。这个是第一件事情。第二件事情是第12节是讲两件事:一件是罪怎么进到世界的,怎么进到人类的世界的?答案是借着一个人,而且是一个人——亚当,他所犯的罪;第二件事情是罪和死是怎么遍满了世界的,怎么渗透的、沁入了全人类的?答案是:因为众人犯罪in that all sinned,中文是因为众人都犯了罪

我们再读一次英文和中文第12节:Therefore,as through one man sin entered into the world,and death through sin; and so death passed unto all men,for that all sinned:——这就如罪是从一人入了世界,死又是从罪来的;于是死就临到众人,因为众人都犯了罪。(罗马书 5:12 和合本)

正好象罪借着一个人入了世界,死又是从罪来的,所以死就临到所有人,因为所有人都犯了罪。(罗马书 5:12 新译本)

那问题是:这个人人都犯了罪是什么意思呢?下面慕理要用很长的篇幅来解释,不是因为每一个人犯了具体的罪,所以死临到全人类的。他说我们不可能从伯拉纠跟伯拉纠主义的角度来解释第12节的最后几个字“因为众人都犯了罪”。伯拉纠(Pelagius),公元约360年出生,420年去世,英国神学家,是一位修道士,住在罗马、迦太基还有巴勒斯坦,极力的反对奥古斯丁派“人类是完全堕落”这个教义的;伯拉纠主义其中的一个自由意志论,是后来被定为异端的。他否认原罪,并且说上帝的恩典不是人所不配得到的恩赐,也不是得救所必须要有的,所以上帝的恩典不是得救所必须要有的。他常常说“如果我应该做,我就能做”(if I ought I can),所以他主张人得救不是靠神主权的恩典,乃是靠自己的自由意志,人得救不是出于神,乃是出于自己。在公元431年以弗所大会被定为异端。这个古老的异端现在有半伯拉纠主义,一个是天主教,一个是阿民念主义。天主教和阿民念主义一般都会说要有信心,然后还是要靠自己。相信伯拉纠主义的就会看罗马书五章12节“因为众人都犯了罪”,就是指我们个别的罪或者本罪

下面慕理要一点一点的驳斥为什么不可能是如此的。一共有四个论点:

(1)第一It is not historically true. 这个不符合历史事实。Not all die because they actually and voluntarily sin. 不是所有的人都是因为自己具体、自愿所犯的罪而死的。Infants die婴儿会夭折,and they do not voluntarily sin. 而他们并没有自愿的犯罪。

(2)第二个理由,In verses 13 and 14 Paul says the opposite–保罗在第13、14节所说的刚好是相反的–death reigned over those who did not sin after the similitude of Adam’s transgression. 死也在那些没有好像亚当那样子犯罪的人身上做王。It is futile to try to evade the direct bearing of this fact upon the view in question. 我们必须正视这个事实的含义怎么应用在考虑伯拉纠主义的观点上。If all die because they are guilty of actual transgression,then they die because they sin just as Adam did. 罪人死若是因为具体的过犯而有罪而死,那么他们就好像亚当那样犯了罪。But Paul says the reverse但是保罗所说的是相反的;some died even though they did not sin after the pattern of Adam.有些人死不是像亚当那样犯罪却死了。

(3)第三个原因,为什么不是指我们每个人具体所犯的罪,The most conclusive refutation of the view in question最强而有力的驳斥伯拉纠主义的观点、最强而有力的理由是is the explicit and repeated affirmations of the context就是上下文多次的明文的宣告说that condemnation and death reign over all because of the one sin of the one man Adam. 定罪和死在众人身上做王,理由是因为亚当一个人的一次的犯罪。On at least five occasions in verses 15-19 this is asserted–从第15到19节至少5次保罗直接说的–(verse 15第15节)“by the trespass of the one the many died,因一人的过犯众人都死了”(verse 16,16节)“the judgment was from one unto condemnation因一人犯罪就定罪,或者说审判是由一人而定罪的”;(verse 17节)“by the trespass of the one death reigned through the one,因一人的过犯死就因这一人做了王”;(verse 18十八节)“through one trespass judgment came upon all men unto condemnation,因一次的过犯众人都被定罪”;(verse 19节)“through the disobedience of the one man the many were constituted sinners,因一个人的悖逆众人成为罪人,【新译本】因着那一人的悖逆众人都被列为罪人”。(5次)

This reiteration establishes beyond doubt that the apostle regarded the condemnation and death as having passed on to all men by the one trespass of the one man Adam. 这种的重复,毫无疑问的证明保罗认为定罪和死临到众人是因为亚当一人一次的过犯。This sustained appeal to the one sin of the one man rules out the possibility of construing it as equivalent to the actual personal transgressions of countless individuals.保罗这样子多次的指出一个人的一次的犯罪,就完全排除了下面这个可能,(有人说这里所指的是无数的人亲自具体所犯的罪,)这个可能性就完全排除掉了。

(4)第四个反对伯拉纠主义的理由,This view is inconsistent with the analogy which supplies the framework of this passage as a whole. 这种伯拉纠主义的观点完全不符合整段经文(就是12-21节)的架构。The polemic of this epistle is directed against the thesis that we are justified by works,整卷罗马书的辩论就是针对靠行为称义;and the doctrine being established is 而罗马书要证明的教义是men are justified and attain to life by the righteousness of the one,Jesus Christ. 称义、人得生命是靠一个人的义,就是耶稣基督的义。

How contradictory would be the appeal to the parallel obtaining on the side of condemnation and death if Paul finds the basis of the condemnation and death of all in the actual transgression of each individual.假如保罗认为定罪和死是根据每一个人具体的过犯,那么当保罗诉诸这个平行与定罪和死的相反一面的时候,会是多么的自我矛盾呢。

If this latter were Paul’s teaching 假如后者是保罗所教导的here the parallel that would be necessary on the other side would be justified by works,那么另外一边平行、另外一边就是靠行为称义了,that each individual will be justified by his own actions每一个人是靠自己的行为称义and attain to life on that basis. 也是靠自己行为这个基础得生命的。But we know that this is the reverse of Paul’s teaching. 但是我们知道这个是与保罗的教导相反的。

On these grounds 根据这些的理由we must reject the supposition that when Paul says,“in that all sinned” he means the actual voluntary sins of all men. 我们必须拒绝下面这个看法,就是当保罗说“因为众人都犯了罪”他是指众人的具体的自愿所犯的罪

上面是驳斥了伯拉纠主义,下面慕理要修正奥古斯丁的原罪论。

In the Augustinian tradition it has often been maintained that the clause in question refers to original sin,在整个奥古斯丁的大传统里面,往往有人这样坚持,这里的从句是指原罪,to it that all posterity became depraved in Adam. 意思就是说在亚当里所有的后裔都堕落了。

Hence the thought would be  这样子意思就会是that death penetrated to all because all derived from Adam a corrupt nature死临到众人、渗透到众人,因为众人从亚当里得到一个败坏的人性and the ground upon which condemnation and death wield their universal sway 那么定罪和死为什么会掌管全人类,根据就是is that al,even infants,are afflicted with this hereditary taint. 根据就是全人类,甚至乎婴孩,都遭受到这个先天的污染。

This view stands on more biblical ground than the foregoing . 这个观点就是用奥古斯丁原罪论来解释第12节最后那几个字,就比前面的伯拉纠主义的观点更有圣经根据的。It is true that all are by nature defiled and depraved by sin 没有错,全人类,包括婴孩,都在本性上由罪所污染,因为罪而败坏堕落了and this of itself does entail universal condemnation and death. 这个本身就带来牵涉到定罪和死。

慕理的批判But there are also good reasons for thinking that this is not the sin the apostle has in mind when he says,“in that all sinned”. 但是我们有足够的理由相信这个并不是保罗所说“因为众人都犯了罪”的意思的。There are two conclusive objections. 有两个强而有力的反对的理由的。

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(1)第一个反对的理由,It is inconsistent with the repeated affirmation of verses 15-19 这个与第15-19节多次所宣称的是不一致的to the effect that condemnation and death came to reign over all by the reason of the one sin of the one man Adam. 15-19节所说的是定罪和死在众人身上做王是因为亚当一个人的一次的犯罪。This sustained emphasis upon the one trespass of the one man 保罗这里坚持的强调亚当一个人的一次的过犯does not comport with the notion of original sin or hereditary depravity.原罪(就遗传的堕落)的概念是不一致的。The latter cannot by any means be characterized as the one sin of the one man. 不可以用一个人一次犯罪来描述原罪

(2)第二个反对的理由,It is inconsistent with a parallel which is drawn in this passage as a whole. 这种用原罪来解释因为众人的犯的罪是与整段经文所勾画出的平行性是不一致的。We are not justified on the ground that we are made inherently righteous. 我们被称义的原因根据不是因为我们成为了一个本质上义的义人。这个是天主教的称义观。

But if we are condemned and suffered death because we are depraved and inherently sinful the only analogy or parallel to this would be that we are justified because we become inherently holy. 可是,我们若是因为我们本质上是堕落的、本质上是罪人而被定罪遭受死,在整个平行比较上唯一可以比较的是我们是因为成为了本质上义的义人因此被称义的。And this is plainly not Paul’s doctrine. 很明显的这个不是保罗的教义。We are justified and attained to life by the obedience and righteousness of the one,namely,Jesus Christ. 我们被称义得生命是根据一人,耶稣基督的顺服和祂的义。

If neither the actual transgressions of men nor the depravity with which all are inflicted will comport with the teaching of this passage the question still remains: what sin is in view when Paul says,“in that all sinned”? 那么既然每一个人具体的本罪与这段经文的主旨不一致,而人类的原罪所遗传的堕落也与这段经文的主旨不一致,那么我们仍然要问保罗说“因为众人都犯了罪”是什么意思呢?The following considerations lead to one conclusion下面我们有一些的考虑导致一个的结论,结论就是for some reason 为了某一些的原因the one sin of the one man Adam is accounted to be the sin of all. 亚当一个人一次所犯的罪被算为是、被归算为是全人类犯了的罪。

下面有一些考虑,告诉我们亚当所犯的罪被上帝归算为是每一个人所犯的罪三方面的考虑。

(1)第一方面的考虑,It is unquestionable that the universal sway of death is represented in verse 12 as based upon the fact that “all sinned”– 毫无疑问,死在众人身上做王是根据一件事实,就是“众人都犯了罪”第12节–“death passed on to all men on the ground of the fact that all sinned ”.死就临到全人类,因为人人都犯了罪12节。这个是第一方面的考虑。

(2)第二In verses 15-19 it is asserted with equal clearness that the universal reign of death is based on the one trespass of the one man Adam 15-19节同样清楚地声称死在全人类做王是根据亚当一个人一次所犯的罪and,in like manner,universal condemnation is based on the same fact of the one sin of the one man. 同样的,全人类被定罪根据同一个事实,就是一个人的一次的犯罪。

(3)第三方面的考虑,We cannot suppose that the apostle is dealing with two different facts when in verse 12 the death of all is grounded upon the sin of all and when in the subsequent verses the death of all is grounded upon the one sin of the one man. 我们不可以认为保罗这里在处理两件不同的事实,12节众人的死是根据众人所犯的罪,在下面几节众人的死是根据一个人的一次的犯罪,这两个不可能是两件不同的事实。

The whole passage is unit. 12-21节整段经文是一个单元。The central Strand 而主要的整段经文主要的脉络是the analogy that exists between the passing of condemnation and death to all by the sin of the one man and the passing of justification and life to the justified by the righteousness of Christ. 主要的脉络是在于这个比较,就是一方面因一人的罪定罪和死就传到众人全人类了,而另外方面,因基督的义,称义和生命就临到那些被称义的人。Furthermore 不但如此,verse 12 is an unfinished comparison 第12节是一项未完成的比较。

It would be out of the question to suppose that the apostle,dealing as he is with the universal reign of death,should so explicitly and repeatedly affirm in a succeeding verse something quite different from that which he affirms in the unfinished introduction to his argument. 因此没有可能认为当保罗在讨论死在人类中做王的时候,就是在下面的几节,当他讨论这件事情的时候,会多次的明文宣称一件与他在12节,就是没有结束的导言所宣称的,不同的事,不可能是两件事。

If verse 12 were in a context of its own 假如第12节是独立的一段在另外一段经文里面and if there were an obvious transition from one subject to another而假如经文显示出保罗明显的有个转折点,从一个题目转到另外一个题目,then we might say that in verse 12 he deals with one fact and in verses 15-19 with another. 那么我们还有可能说保罗在第12节处理一件事,在15-19节在处理另外一件事的,才有这个可能。

We cannot posit such transition 但是我们不可以假设这样的一个的转折for the simple reason 原因很简单that verse 12 relies upon the succeeding verses to complete the subject which is introduced.第12节是要靠着下面那几节(特别是15-19节)来完成这项的比较的,12节是一个没有完成的比较,要靠下面15节开始那段来完成它的比较。

And finally,as noted earlier,最后正如前文已经注意到,verse 14 makes it impossible to interpret “all sinned” in verse 12 as we might be disposed to interpret it if we stood apart from what follows. 第14节就排除了下列的可能性,就是把第12节“因为众人都犯了罪”任由我们的意思去解释,就算是12节与整段经文分开来处理,14节已经排除了这个可能性的。“All sinned” cannot mean the actual voluntary transgressions of men because if this were the case Paul would have contradicted himself. 众人都犯了罪是不可能指人具体的自愿的罪行的,因为若是如此保罗就自我矛盾了。

For all these reasons 为了这些的原因,we must conclude 我们必须做这样子的结论that the “all sinned” of verse 12 and the one trespass of the one man of verses 15-19 must refer to the same fact or event12节的众人都犯了罪和15-19节的一人一次的过犯是同一个事件,that the one fact can be expressed in terms of both singularity and plurality as a sin of the one and a sin of all. 同一件事可以用单数一个人来表达,也可以用复数众人来表达,同一件事情是一个人的罪,也是众人的罪。

And the only solution is 唯一解决这个问题的方案是there must be some kind of solidarity existing between the “one” and the “all” 一人和众人之间肯定有着某一种的认同关系with the result that 结果是the sin of the one may be at the same time and with equal relevance be regarded as the sin of all. 结果就是一个人的罪,同时也带着同样的意义被认为是众人的罪。一个人的罪,被认为是众人的罪。What this solidarity is it is not our purpose at present to determine. 那这个认同关系是什么呢?决定这个问题的答案不是我们在目前的目的。

But once the fact of solidarity is appreciated,then we understand why the apostle can speak of the one sin and the sin of all. 不过我们一旦体会到这个认同关系这件事实,就能够理解保罗为什么论到一个人的罪和众人的罪。We must not tone down either the singularity or the universality. 我们不可以冲淡一个人单数,也不可以冲淡众人复数普世性。

We are now in the position to grasp the force of the comparison or correspondence implied in the continuative  “and so” in verse 12. 我们现在可以掌握到第12节那个“这样一来”这个继续性的表述所暗示的比较。A comparison is instituted 保罗在这里设立了一个比较between the way in which sin and death entered and the way in which they became universal. 罪和死如何进入到人类,和罪和死如何遍及全人类。Adam sinned and with sin came death. There is an inevitable sequence. 亚当犯了罪而死因为罪就临到了。这个是必然的顺序。

But the same sequence applies to all. 是这个先后次序是临到众人的,是用在众人身上的。Since the sin of Adam is the sin of all,既然亚当的罪是全人类的罪,death spreads to all as inevitably as it fell to the lot of Adam and thus entered the world . 亚当的罪既然是众人的罪,死就必然传到众人,正如必然临到亚当一样,因此死就是这样进入到世界了。The immediate sequence exemplified in Adam in the entrance of death applies also to the universal reign of death. 亚当身上所经历到的,就是马上死就临到,是有先后次序的,死在全世界做王也有着如此的次序。

The solidarity existing between Adam and posterity establishes a correspondence between that which is exemplified in the case of Adam himself and that which happens to the whole human race. 亚当和他后裔之间的认同关系就设立一个相配的关系correspondence,一方面是亚当个人的经历,另外一方面是发生在全人类身上的事。Adam sinned and death entered 亚当犯了罪死就进入了,in Adam all sinned and therefore death passed through to all. 在亚当里全人类犯了罪了,因此死就传到全人类。This is the force of “and so”. 因此“这样”是这个意思。

There is an exact parallel between what occurred in the case of Adam himself and that which occurred in the case of all. 亚当身上所发生的和全人类中所发生的两者是完全相对称的。And the parallel in this case can only be properly understood if we appreciate the solidarity in sin. 而我们必须体会在罪里的认同关系,就是亚当和全人类在罪这方面的认同关系,才能够正确理解这里的平行的对比。Paul says elsewhere,(I Cor. 15:22)“in Adam all die”. 保罗在其他的经文(哥林多前书第15:22)说“在亚当里众人都死了”。The only adequate explanation is that provided by Romans 5:12 that in Adam all sin. 唯一完备的解释(解释哥林多前书15:22)的就是罗马书5:12所提供的,就是在亚当里全人类都犯了罪。

好,我们停一下。

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