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约翰慕理《罗马人书注释》卷2_29 罗11:8-10

Epistle to the Romans volume 2 session 29 《罗马人书注释》卷二第29讲

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:Cherry姐妹_文字:丽燕姐妹

我们在讨论一个问题,在罗马书11:7-10节,那里上帝的拣选是指拣选个人得救呢,还是一种神治的国家,以色列这个神治制度里面,上帝拣选整个以色列民呢?根据用词跟上下文,慕理的结论是:是指个别的个人的得救的拣选。上次我们已经提出第一个理由跟第二个理由。第一个理由是,这段经文不断做出一个区别的,以色列全民还有七千人,全民跟余数,心里刚硬顽梗的人和上帝拣选的人。我们必须要问,这些区别是从哪里来的,为什么原因,有什么含义,有什么结果。第二个原因是拣选是根据恩典的of grace,而在第六节保罗谨慎指出恩典真正的性质,还有恩典与行为是对照的,当保罗这样子强调恩典的时候,是指上帝拯救人的恩典。上次我们讲到第二个原因,现在我们来看第三个和第四个原因,为什么这里的拣选是指个人得救的拣选。

(3)第三个原因“The election”( vs. 7) is said to have obtained it(第七节说)“拣选的选民”得到了and, as noted above, the thing obtained cannot be anything less than the righteousness unto eternal life. 得到什么呢?无它,就是上帝的义和永生(参考罗马书5:18,21)

(4)第四个理由The 7 thousand (vs. 4) are said to have been kept for God himself and as not having bowed a knee to Baal. 上帝为祂自己的缘故保留了七千人,第四节他们没有向巴力屈膝。As characterizations these imply a relation to God作为这些人的描述,这两句话是暗示着他们与上帝的关系similar to the obtaining of righteousness favor and life of vs. 7. 与第七节的得到义、得到上帝的恩宠和得到生命是相似的。These reasons render it impossible to think of the election as anything other than the election unto salvation of which the apostle speaks elsewhere in his epistles.基于这些理由,我们不可能认为这里的拣选不是指被拣选得救election unto salvation,这是保罗在其他书信、其他的经文都提到的。

我们来看一系列的经文。cf. Romans 8:33 罗马书第八章33节,谁能控告上帝所拣选的人呢?有上帝称他们为义。拣选跟称义是连在一起的。Ephesians 1:4,以弗所书1:4,上帝从创立世界以前,在基督里拣选了我们,使我们在祂面前成为圣洁无瑕疵。拣选跟成圣是连在一起提到的。Colossians 3:12,歌罗西书3:12节,所以你们既是上帝的选民,圣洁蒙爱的人,就要存怜悯、恩慈、谦虚、温柔、忍耐的心。拣选和圣洁是连在一起的。I Thess. 1:4,帖撒罗尼迦前书1:4,被上帝所爱的弟兄们啊,我知道你们是蒙拣选的。因为我们的福音传到你们那里,拣选是跟上面的爱和福音是连在一起、一口气所所提到的。Titus 1:1,提多书1:1,上帝的仆人、耶稣基督的使徒保罗,凭着上帝选民的信心与敬虔真理的知识。拣选、选民是与信心跟敬虔跟真理的知识连在一起来提到的。) These considerations derived from this context are confirmatory of what we have found above regarding election referred to in 9:11. 这些理由来自经文的上下文的,证实我们在上文第9章第11节所看到的拣选的意义是什么,就是得救、被称义等等。

“The rest are hardened”. “其他的人就被刚硬了”。The contextual emphasis upon election as entirely of grace and therefore upon the free and sovereign will of God as determining cause of the differentiation involved requires us to apply in this case the same doctrine stated earlier in 9:18: “so then he hath mercy on whom he will, and whom he will he hardeneth”. 其他的人就被刚硬了,上下文强调的拣选完全属于恩典,因此是源自上帝的自由的主权的旨意;上帝主权的旨意乃是这些区别的成因,因此我们必须在这里应用9:18节的教义,就是“祂要怜悯谁就怜悯谁,祂要叫谁刚硬就叫谁刚硬。Furthermore, ultimate issues are bound up with this hardening. 再者这些人被刚硬是带来永恒的至终的结局的。There are several reasons for this conclusion. 我们做出这个结论基于几个理由。

慕理这里提出三个理由。

(1) 第一个理由Election is bound up with the issue of righteousness unto life拣选和义和永生和救恩是不可分割的and therefore with salvation; hardening as the antithesis cannot have a less ultimate issue in the opposite direction. 被刚硬是与它对立的,是与拣选对立的,不可能没有相反的永恒的后果。

(2) The hardened are those in view in verse 7 when we read: “that which Israel seeketh for, that he obtained not”; 被刚硬的人就是第七节所提到的那些人:“以色列所求的他们没有得到”,“obtain not”“没有得到”,means coming short of the righteousness that is unto life and therefore of salvation. “没有得到”是指没有得到义和永生,就是没有得救的意思。

(3) The parallel in 9:18 means, because of the antithesis, that the hardened are not the partakers of God’s mercy and thus not of the salvation of which mercy is the only explanation. 9:18这个平衡经文的意思是,因着这个对立,被刚硬的人在上帝面前在上帝的怜悯上无份,因此在救恩上也无份,怜悯是救恩的唯一的解释。

The subject of the hardening is not mentioned in this verse as in 9:18. 使人刚硬者是谁没有好像9:18节那样,这里是没有提到的。But, as we shall discover in the vs.s which follow,但是我们在下面这几节将要看到, there does not need to be doubt that the same subject, namely, God is in view as in 9:18. 毫无疑问的,使人刚硬者就是上帝,就如第9章18节一样。We may not abstract this hardening from the sustained indictment brought against Israel in the preceding context. 我们不可以把这个使人刚硬与上下文不断对以色列的控告把它抽离出来考虑。

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下面是一系列的经文,我们来看。

Romans 9:31-32,罗马书9:31—32节, “Israel, following after a law of righteousness, did not arrive at that law. Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by works  ”(9:31,32)但以色列人追求律法的义,反得不着律法的义。这是什么缘故呢?是因为他们不凭着信心求,只凭着行为求,他们正跌在那绊脚石上。“Being ignorant of God’s righteousness, and seeking to establish their own, they did not subject themselves to the righteousness of God”(10:3)罗马书10:3,因为不知道上帝的义,想要立自己的义,就不服上帝的义了。10:16,罗马书10:16节,只是人没有都听从福音,因为以赛亚说,主啊,我们所传的有谁信呢?“But they did all hearken to the glad tidings”(10:16) “But as to Israel he saith, All the day long I spread out my hands unto a disobedient and gainsaying people ”(10:21 )And ten twenty-one,还有10:21节,至于以色列人,他说,我整天伸手招呼那悖逆顶嘴的百姓。It is judicial hardening这个叫人刚硬是一个法律上的叫人刚硬and finds its judicial ground in the unbelief and disobedience of its object. 是根据这些人的不信和不顺从作为法律上的依据的。

This does not, however, interfere with the sovereign will of God as the cause of the differentiation which appears here as at 9:18. 可是这个并没有影响到上帝的主权旨意乃是这个区别的成因,就正如在第9章18节一样。The elect have not been the object of this hardening. 上帝使人刚硬这件事,选民不是祂刚硬的对象。But the reason is not that they had made themselves differ. 但是原因不是他们做了什么事使自己不一样。Election was all of grace拣选完全出自恩典and the elect deserve the same hardening. 选民也是配受到上帝叫人刚硬的对待的。

But of mercy (9:18) and of grace (vss. 5,6) they were not consigned to their ill-desert. 但是因为怜悯的缘故(9:18),因为恩典的缘故(5,6节),他们没有被治于这个不好的结局。Thus grace as the reason for differentiation and unbelief as the ground of the judicial infliction are both accorded their proper place and emphasis. 因此,因为恩典的缘故所以做出这个区别,而上帝执行法律上的惩罚是因为人的不信,这两者恩典与人的不信有着各自的地位,两者保罗都强调。

In verse 8-10 Old Testament passages are adduced to support and confirm the proposition in verse 7 that “the rest were hardened”. 第8节到第10节保罗引用旧约圣经来支持的正是这个概念,就是第7节的“其他人被刚硬了”。Verse 8  is for the most part taken from Deuteronomy 29:4. 第八节主要引自申命记29:4。(第八节是说,如经上所记,上帝给他们昏迷的心,眼睛不能看见,耳朵不能听见,直到今日。)

Instead of the negative form of Deuteronomy, “the Lord had not given you a heart to know”,不过不像申命记29章的负面的说法,耶和华没有赐给你们一颗认识我的心the positive form, “God gave them a spirit of stupor”, is adopted保罗采用了正面的说法,上帝给他们一个盲目的、愚笨的心或者灵and this corresponds more closely to Isaiah 29:10 where God is the agent imparting of the spirit of deep sleep. 这可以与以赛亚书29:10比较,上帝是倾倒一个沉睡的灵在人身上的那一位。This form is taken over保罗采用这种的说法because the apostle wishes to represent the hardening as wrought by God himself. 因为保罗要指明上帝乃是叫人刚硬的那一位。The action of God is likewise carried over to the two clauses which follow. 上帝的作为继续在下面两个从句再次出现。He gave eyes so that they would not see 上帝给了眼睛叫他们看不见,he gave them ears so that they would not hear. 给他们耳朵叫他们听不见。God’s hardening of Israel in Paul’s day is parallel to that in the days of Moses and Isaiah.上帝在保罗时代叫人刚硬是与祂在摩西时期和以赛亚时期所做的是平衡相应的。Verse 9 and 10 are taken from Psalm 69:22,23,而罗马书11:9-10是源自诗篇69:22-23,and with slight meditation in verse 9 follows the terms of the Greek version. 漏读的原文

我们先读11:9-10,大卫也说,愿他们的筵席变为网罗,变为机槛,变为绊脚石,作他们的报应。愿他们的眼睛昏蒙,不能看见,愿你时常弯下他们的腰。The messianic reference of Psalm 69:21  is apparent)很明显的诗篇第69篇第21节是指弥赛亚说的。(我们看诗篇69:21,他们拿苦胆给我当食物,我渴了他们拿醋给我喝。参考马太福音27章34跟48节。

In succeeding verses那么接下来几节,从诗篇69:21接下来的几节we have David as God’s mouthpiece uttering imprecatory curses. 大卫作为上帝的出口在诗篇里说出咒诅的话。The words “snare”, “trap” and “stumbling block” are closely related陷阱、网罗、绊脚石等等是密切相关的and distinction of meaning is not to be pressed. 不要去找它们中间意义上的不同。The combination serves to enforce the purpose and effect of turning “their table” into the opposite of its intent. 这些词汇结合起来是要强化他们的“桌子”被推翻这个目的跟意义,指出与原意相反的概念。

The table stands for the bounties of God’s providence placed upon it桌子是指上帝根据祂的护理放在上面的丰盛的象征and the thought may be that those concerned are conceived as partaking of these gifts in ease and contentment but instead of peaceful enjoyment they are caught as in a trap or snare,世人的意思可能是他们是在这些恩赐上有份的人,悠游自在,但是他们并没有享受这些恩赐,他们困在陷阱网罗中,服在上帝的审判之下,  overtaken by the judgments of God. (cf. Dan. 5:1,4,5参考但以理书5:1,4,5 伯沙撒王为他的一千大臣摆设盛宴,与这一千人对面饮酒。第四节,他们饮酒赞美金银铜铁木石所造的神。当时忽有人的指头显出,在王宫与灯台相反的粉墙上写字,王看见写字的指头就变了脸色。)

In any case a table as intended for comfort and enjoyment is turned to be the occasion of the opposite. 总之,无论如何,这个桌子的意思就是原意是要安稳享受,结果是被用来变成一个相反的结果。The word “recompense报应”这个字 bespeaks the retribution meted out and therefore confirms the judicial character of the hardening (vs. 7) and of the spirit of stupor (vs. 8). “报应”所指的是上帝所分配的审判,因此就证实了叫人刚硬(第七节)还有麻木愚笨的灵(第八节)是有法律上的性质的,换言之是上帝在法律上的作为。

The judicial blinding already expressed in verse 8, is reiterated in the first part of verse 10 in stronger terms. 法律上的叫人盲目在第八节已经表达过,现在在第十节上半节再重述,语气就加强了。The last clause in verse 10 differs from the Hebrew though identical with the Greek version. 第10节最后的从句与希伯来文旧约不一样,但是与希腊文的译本是相同的。It is difficult to know whether the figure of a back bowed down portrays the bondage of slaves bending under heavy burden or represents the bowing down under grief especially that of terror. 很难断定弯着腰是描述奴隶担着重担所受的捆绑,还是忧伤恐惧的压迫。The Hebrew, “make their loins continually to shake”, suggests the latter.希伯来文“叫他们的大腿不断的颤抖,暗示着可能是指恐惧和忧伤”。

The application of these Old Testament passages to the unbelief of Jews in Paul’s day has relevance surpassing anything that could have been true in Israel’s earlier history. 保罗应用这些旧约经文在他的时代的犹太人身上,让这些经文的适切性远远超过在以色列比较早的历史上的适切性。The movements of redemptive revelation and history had reached their climax in the coming and accomplishments of Christ,上帝的救赎启示和上帝的救赎作为借助耶稣基督的降世和所成就的大工已经到了高峰了, and the contradiction which Israel offered correspondingly climaxed the gravity of the sin which had been exemplified in the successive stages of Israel’s history. 而以色列的抵挡、抵挡上帝救赎的启示跟作为(第十章21节)同样的使罪的严重性也达到了高峰,这在以色列前面的历史不同的阶段都看得出的。

我们下次开始讲罗马书第十一章11—15节,会从第十一节和第十二节开始。

下次继续。

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