末世论_13 中介·状态(续)
Doctrine of the last things,Session 13末世论第十三讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:陈弟兄_中文:自由的荣耀弟兄
D.The Roman Catholic Doctrines Respecting the Abode of the Soul After Death.罗马天主教论灵魂死后的居所。
1.第一段:PURGATORY. 炼狱。
According to the Church of Rome the souls of those who are perfectly pure at death are forthwith admitted to heaven or the beatific vision of God,Matt. 25:46; Phil. 1:23;根据罗马天主教,那些在死的时候完全是纯洁的人呢,他们的灵魂就马上获准进到天堂,或者是“ the beatific vision of God”能够瞻仰上帝的这个福分;他们用的经文是马太二十五章46和腓立比书一章23节。
马太二十五章46节:这些人要往永刑里去,那些义人要往永生里去。
腓立比书一章23节:(保罗说)我正在两难之间,情愿离世与基督同在,因为这是好得无比的。
but those who are not perfectly cleansed,who are still burdened with the guilt of venial sins and have not borne the temporal punishment due to their sins可是,那些并没有完全被洁净的人呢,他们仍然有一些轻罪的罪孽,要付这些的负担,也没有完全为他们的罪承担了今生的惩罚。and this is the condition of most of the faithful at death而这个是大部分的信众死的时候的情况。— must undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter into the supreme blessedness and joys of heaven.那么他们呢,要进入到最高的福份——天上的喜乐之前,就必须经过一个洁净的过程。
Instead of entering heaven at once,他们不能够马上直接进天堂,they enter purgatory. 他们乃是进到炼狱去。Purgatory is not a place of probation,炼狱不是一个考验的地方,but a place of purification and of preparation for the souls of believers who are sure of an ultimate entrance into heaven,but are not yet fit to enter upon the bliss of the beatific vision.炼狱乃是一个洁净、炼净和预备的地方,是为了这些信徒的灵魂,他们是已经有最后能够进到天堂的确据的,但是他们还是不完全适合进到瞻仰上帝这个福分这个状态中。
During the stay of these souls in purgatory这些灵魂停留在炼狱那个时间呢,they suffer the pain of loss,他们会遭受一种失去的痛苦。that is,the anguish resulting from the fact that they are excluded from the blessed sight of God,失去什么呢?就是因为他们还不能蒙福,看到上帝,从这个福分他们是被排除的,因为这个缘故他们心里面会非常忧伤。and also endure “the punishment of sense,同时,他们要承受一种五官方面的惩罚,that is,suffer positive pains,which afflict the soul. 他们要正面地承受一切的痛苦,来折磨他们的灵魂。
The length of their stay in purgatory cannot be determined beforehand.那么一个灵魂在炼狱要呆多久呢?这个不能够事先决定的。The duration as well as the intensity of their sufferings varies according to the degree of purification still needed. 那么他们在炼狱的时间有多长,和他们的受苦有多么的严厉,要看他们还需要什么程度上的炼净而定。They can be shortened and alleviated 他们在炼狱的痛苦呢,可以减短,也可以减轻,by the prayers and the good works of the faithful on earth,透过地上的信众的祷告和好行为,and especially by the sacrifice of the mass.特别是透过弥撒所献上的祭来减短减轻他们在炼狱受的苦。
It is possible that one must remain in purgatory until the time of the last judgment.有一个可能,就是有人必须要留在炼狱直到最后审判的时候。The Pope is supposed to have jurisdiction over purgatory.天主教认为呢,教皇有统治炼狱这个治理权的。It is his peculiar prerogative to grant indulgences,教皇有特殊的权利可以颁布赦罪,lightening the purgatorial sufferings or even terminating them.他可以减轻在炼狱的苦,甚至乎使它终结。The main support for this doctrine is found in II Maccabees 12:42-45,对炼狱这个教义主要的支持,来自旧约的旁经麦克比二书十二章42到45节,and therefore in a book that is not recognized as canonical by the Protestants.因此呢,来自一个基督教不承认为正典里面的一卷书。
But this passage proves too much,that is,more than the Roman Catholics themselves can consistently admit,可是,这段的旁经所证明的所谓太多了,比天主教徒本身愿意一致性承认的更多。namely,也就是说呢the possible deliverance of soldiers from purgatory who had died in the mortal sin of idolatry.就是说呢,一些的士兵,当他们死的时候,已经犯了致死之罪,就是敬拜偶像的话,也可以从炼狱搭救出来的。连天主教都不承认重罪是可以这样子拯救。Certain passages of Scripture are also supposed to favor this doctrine,他们认为某一些的经文呢,是应该可以支持“炼狱”这个教义的,such as例如Isa. 4:4;以赛亚书四章4节;Mic. 7:8;弥迦七章8节;Zech. 9:11;撒加利亚书九章11节;Mal. 3:2,3; 玛拉基书三章2和3节;Matt. 12:32;马太十二章32节;I Cor. 3:13-15;哥林多前书三章13到15节;I Cor. 15:29. 还有哥林多前书十五章29节。
It is perfectly evident,however,that these passages can be made to support the doctrine of purgatory only by a very forced exegesis.但是,完全明显的一件事就是,这些经文除非用非常牵强的解释,才能够用来支持炼狱这个教义。The doctrine finds absolutely no support in Scripture,炼狱的教义在圣经里面绝对没有任何的支持的,and moreover,rests on several false premises,还有,他是根据几个错误的假设,such as例如(有四个):
(a)第一个错误的假设:that we must add something to the work of Christ;我们在基督所完成的大工之上,要加添一些事情;(b)第二个错误的假设:that our good works are meritorious in the strict sense of the word;我们的好行为呢,从最严格的意义来说,是有功劳的;(c)第三方面错误的假设:that we can perform works’ of supererogation,works in excess of the commands of duty;就是说,我们可以做一些超过上帝命令我们要尽的本分,超过这些的能够赚得额外的功劳的好行为;and (d) 最后第四方面的错误假设:that the Church’s power of the keys is absolute in a judicial sense.教会的天国的钥匙的权柄,是绝对有司法的权柄的。According to it the Church can shorten,alleviate,and even terminate the sufferings of purgatory.根据这个最后的错误的假设,教会能够使在炼狱里所受的苦减短、减轻,甚至乎停止。
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2.天主教的教义第二方面:THE LIMBUS PATRUM.地狱的边缘。
The Latin word limbus (fringe) was used in the Middle Ages to denote two places on the fringe or outskirts of hell,在中世纪的时候,拉丁文这个字“limbus”是用来指在地狱的外围的两个地方,namely,the Limbus Patrum and the Limbus Infantum.就是先祖的外缘和婴孩的外缘。The former is the place where,according to the teachings of Rome,the souls of the Old Testament saints were detained in a state of expectation until the Lord’s resurrection根据罗马天主教的教导,前者就是“Limbus Patrum”先祖的、我们的祖先的地狱外围呢,就是旧约的圣徒被拘留的地方,他们在那里停留在一种期待盼望的状态,直到耶稣基督的复活。
After His death on the cross Christ is supposed to have descended into the abode of the fathers,基督在十字架上死了之后呢,天主教认为,他就下到这个先祖的居所,to release them from their temporary confinement and to carry them in triumph to heaven.释放他们脱离那个暂时的拘禁。and to carry them in triumph to heaven.然后呢,曾带着他们胜利地进到天堂。This is the Roman Catholic interpretation of Christ’s descent into hades.这个就是天主教怎么去解释基督降到阴间。Hades is regarded as the dwelling place of the departed spirits,他们认为,阴间就是那些已经离开世界的灵魂的居所,having two divisions,有两个部分,one for the righteous and one for the wicked.一部分是为义人,一部分是为恶人的。
The division inhabited by the spirits of the righteous was the Limbus Patrum,known to the Jews as Abraham’s bosom,and paradise,那么留给义人的灵魂的那部分呢,就是“Limbus Patrum”,犹太人称这个作亚伯拉罕的怀中,或者是乐园,路加十六章23;路加二十三章43节。It is maintained that heaven was not open to any man until Christ had actually made propitiation for the sin of the world.他们坚持说,要到基督具体地为世界上的罪、世人的罪献上挽回祭之后,任何人才能够进到天堂的。
3.第三方面罗马天主教的教导:THE LIMBUS INFANTUM.还没有受洗的婴孩的去处,地狱的边缘的婴孩的部分。
This is the abode of the souls of all unbaptized children,irrespective of their descent from heathen or from Christian parents.这个就是所有还没有受洗的孩子们,不论他们是来自异教或者基督宗教的父母亲,他们的灵魂的居所。According to the Roman Catholic Church根据罗马天主教的说法,unbaptized children cannot be admitted to heaven,cannot enter the Kingdom of God,John 3:5. 没有受洗的孩子,不能够获准进到天堂,不能够进到上帝的国的。约翰三章第5节,他们是这样解释约翰三章第5节的。当然,我们改革宗完全不认为约翰三章从第一节到第八节有任何指洗礼的地方,那段不是在讲洗礼的。
There was always a natural repugnance,however,to the idea that these children should be tortured in hell,那么,人们不断都有一种的排斥,就是排斥一个概念就是,孩子们要在地狱受到折磨。and Roman Catholic theologians sought a way of escape from the difficulty.而罗马天主教神学家呢,试图要找一个方法逃脱这个困境,这个难题。有三方面的想法:第一,Some thought that such children might perhaps be saved by the faith of their parents,有人认为呢,这些没有受洗的孩子可以透过他们的父母亲的信心而得救;第二个想法,and others,that God might commission the angels to baptize them.上帝或者可以委派天使们来给他们施洗;But the prevailing opinion is that,第三,最多人的想法就是,while they are excluded from heaven,虽然他们是排在天堂以外,they are consigned to a place on the outskirts of hell,他们被指定在一个在地狱以外的一个地方,where its terrible fires do not reach.那么在这个地方地狱恐怖的火焰烧不到他们的。They remain in this place forever without any hope of deliverance.他们停留在这个地方,永永远远在那里没有被搭救的盼望的。
The Church has never defined the doctrine of the Limbus Infantum,罗马天主教从来没有为这个婴孩的地狱边缘这个教义做出定义。and the opinions of the theologians vary as to the exact condition of the children confined in it.而罗马天主教的神学家呢,他们认为,这个孩子们在这个地狱的边缘里面,具体的状态是什么呢?他们的意见都有所分歧的。The prevailing opinion is,however,但是呢,最多人的看法是,that they suffer no positive punishment,no “pain of sense,”他们没有遭受到一些积极的、正面的惩罚,没有感官上的痛苦,but are simply excluded from the blessings of heaven. 他们只不过是排除在天堂的福份以外而已。They know and love God by the use of their natural powers,and have full natural happiness.他们透过使用他们自然的能力来认识神来爱神,而他们得到的是充分的、自然的快乐。这个是天主教的教导。这个是D部分。
我们来到E部分,E.The State of the Soul after Death:One of Conscious Existence.现在正面的伯克富来讲了,他说,灵魂死后的状态是一个有意识的存在。
1.THE TEACHING OF SCRIPTURE ON THIS POINT.第一,圣经在这点上的教导。The question has been raised,whether the soul after death remains actively conscious and is capable of rational and religious action.有人问这个问题:死之后的灵魂是否仍然是积极的、有意识的呢?是否仍然可以有能力做出一些理性的动作,或者向上帝做出什么的动作呢?This has sometimes been denied有人认为,没有的!这个灵魂就没有这个意识了。on the general ground that the soul in its conscious activity is dependent on the brain,他们一般的理由是说,因为灵魂的有意识的动作都是要靠大脑的,and therefore cannot continue to function when the brain is destroyed.那么大脑被毁之后呢,灵魂这些的动作就不可能运作了。
那下面是伯克富的回应跟批判。
But,as already pointed out in the preceding但是,正如上文我们已经指出过的,the cogency of this argument may well be doubted.我们大可以怀疑这个论点是否可信。”It is,” to use the words of Dahle,”based on the error of confusing the worker with his machine.”用到“Dahle”这位神学家的话来说,他说这个是根据一个错误的想法,就是把一个功能和他的机器混为一谈了。From the fact that the human consciousness in the present life transmits its effects through the brain,it does not necessarily follow that it can work in no other way.虽然我们相信,人的意识在今生是透过大脑来传递他的意识的果效的。但是,从这个事实不一定有这方面的推论就是说,人的意识不可能透过另外的方法运作。
In arguing for the conscious existence of the soul after death,当我们要为灵魂死后还是有意识的存在来争辩的时候,we place no reliance on the phenomena of present day spiritualism,我们一点都不会靠着现今20世纪的“spiritualism”就是有异能的所谓灵恩的,或者有灵魂方面的宗教,他们的现象。and do not even depend on philosophical arguments,我们也不是依靠一些哲学的论点,though these are not without force.虽然这些宗教方面、哲学方面的论点,本身不是没有理由的。
We seek our evidence in the Word of God,我们在上帝的话里面去找我们的证据,and particularly in the New Testament.特别是新约圣经。The rich man and Lazarus converse together,Luke 16:19-31.在路加福音十六章19到31节这个比喻里面,财主和拉撒路这时候是一起谈话的。Paul speaks of the disembodied state as a “being at home with the Lord,” and as something to be desired above the present life. 保罗说,那个与身体隔离的那个灵魂的的状态,是与主在一起,而且是比今生更加可羡慕的。II Cor. 5:6-9; Phil. 1:23.哥林多后书五章6到9节,腓立比书第一章23节,我们来读。
哥林多后书第五章6到9节:所以,我们时常坦然无惧,并且晓得我们住在身内,便与主相离。因我们行事为人是凭着信心,不是凭着眼见。我们坦然无惧,是更愿意离开身体与主同住。所以,无论是住在身内,离开身外,我们立了志向,要得主的喜悦。
腓立比书第一章23节:(保罗说)我正在两难之间,情愿离世与基督同在,因为这是好得无比的。
Surely,he would hardly speak after that fashion about an unconscious existence,which is a virtual non-existence.那么,保罗当然就不会为了一个没有意识的存在——意思就是不存在的状态——来这样讲话。In Heb. 12:23在希伯来书第十二章23节,believers are said to have come to . . .”the spirits of just men made perfect” which certainly implies their conscious existence. 告诉我们呢,信徒们是进入到那个完全成义的人的灵魂。那这个就当然意味着他们的存在是有意识的。Moreover,不但如此,the spirits under the altar are crying out for vengeance on the persecutors of the Church,Rev. 6:9,在祭坛下面的灵魂呢,他们在喊叫,他们呼求,求上帝报应那些逼迫教会的人,启示录六章第9节。and the souls of the martyrs are said to reign with Christ,Rev. 20:4. 而那些殉道的人的灵魂,圣经说,他们是与基督一同作王的,启示录二十章第4节。This truth of the conscious existence of the soul after death has been denied in more than one form.这个真理——就是灵魂在死之后是有着一种有意识的存在,这个教义呢,有多方面不同种类反对的说法的。
我们下一段呢,要讲“灵魂睡眠论”THE DOCTRINE OF THE SLEEP OF THE SOUL (PSYCHOPANNYCHY)。所以下面我们要讲“灵魂睡了”或者“灵魂灭了”,这些都是不承认死后人的灵魂有意识地存在的。我们下一讲继续。
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