末世论_37 最后审判的日子;审判的标准;最后审判的不同部分;上帝安置罪人最后的地方
Louis Berkhof,Doctrine of last things,Session 37
伯克富系统神学末世论第三十七讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:陈弟兄_中文:自由的荣耀弟兄
最后的审判,第六部分:The Time of the Judgment.上帝最后审判的日子。
Though the time of the future judgment cannot be determined absolutely,it can be fixed relatively,that is,relative to other eschatological events.虽然将来的审判的日子不能绝对地决定,但是可以相对地来决定,就是说它与其他的末世事件之间的关系是可以知道的。It will clearly be at the end of the present world,很清楚地,最后的审判是在现今世界的末了,for it will be a judgment passed on the whole life of every man,因为上帝的审判是要审判每一个人的全部的一生,Matt. 13:40-43;(马太福音十三章40到43节);II Pet. 3:7. (彼得后书三章7节)。
Moreover,it will be a concomitant of the coming (parousia) of Jesus Christ,不但如此,最后的审判是与耶稣基督的再来(parousia)同时发生的,Matt. 25:19-46: (马太二十五章19到46节);II Thess. 1:7-10;(帖撒罗尼迦后书一章7到10节);II Pet. 3:9,10,(彼后三章9到10节)。and will follow immediately after the resurrection of the dead,还有,死人复活之后随即发生,Dan. 12:2;(但以理书十二章2节);John 5:28,29;(约翰福音五章28,29节);Rev. 20:12,13.(启示录二十章12,13节)。The question whether it will immediately precede,be coincident with,or immediately follow,the renewal of heaven and earth,cannot be settled conclusively on the basis of Scripture. 但是,至于最后的审判是在新天新地之前与它同时发生,或者随着新天新地之后随即发生呢?根据圣经,是不能够作一个清楚的决定的。
Rev. 20:11 would seem to indicate that the transformation of the universe will take place when the judgment begins;启示录二十章11节好像指出,宇宙的更新是在审判开始的时候发生的。II Pet. 3:7,that the two will synchronize;彼得后书三章7节似乎指出,最后的审判和新天新地是相互协调的。 and Rev. 21:1 ,还有启示录二十一章第1节,that the renewal of heaven and earth will follow the judgment.那么,启示录二十一章第1节就好像指出,新天新地是在审判之后。We can only speak of them in a general way as concomitants.我们只能很一般性地说,最后的审判与新天新地是同时发生。
It is equally impossible to determine the exact duration of the judgment.我们也不可能决定,审判要用多少的时间。Scripture speaks of “the day of judgment,”圣经是论到审判的日子,Matt. 11:22;(马太十一章22节); 12:36,(马太十二章36节)。 “that day,”那日子,Matt. 7:22;(马太七章22节);II Thess. 1:10;(帖撒罗尼迦后书一章10节);II Tim. 1:12,(提摩太后书第一章12节)。and “the day of wrath,”还有,愤怒的日子,Rom. 2:5 ;(罗马书二章5节);Rev. 11:8.(启示录十一章8节)。We need not infer from these and similar passages that it will be a day of exactly twenty-four hours,我们不必从这些,还有其它的类似的经文推论出说,审判就是恰恰就是24小时这样的一天,since the word “day ” is also used in a more indefinite sense in Scripture.因为圣经也会用“日子”这个字论到一个比较不确定的一段时间的。
On the other hand,however, 但是,反过来说,the interpretation of some of the Premillenarians,that it is a designation of the whole millennial period,cannot be regarded as a plausible one.反过来说,有一些的前千禧年论者的解释,说这个是指整个千禧年的时间呢,就是不可信了。When the word “day ” is used to denote a period,it is a period which is,as a whole,characterized by some special characteristic,usually indicated by the genitive that follows the word.一般来说,当圣经用“日子”这个字是指一段时期的话,这段时期一般都有一个典型的特质。一般来说,这个“日子”的后面呢,会加一个形容性的字的。Thus “the day of trouble”譬如说,“患难的日子”,is the period that is characterized throughout by trouble,它的特点就是,整段的日子都有患难;and “the day of salvation”救恩的日子,is the period which is in its entirety noted for its outstanding display of God’s favour or grace.就是一段的日子呢,整段都有上帝很突出地彰显他的恩宠或者恩典的。
And it certainly cannot be said that the millennial period of the Premillenarians,while beginning and ending with a judgment,is throughout a period of judgment.我们肯定不能说,前千禧年论者的千禧年,虽然开始、结束都有审判,我们不能说它整段一千年是一个审判的一段时期。It is rather a period of joy,of righteousness and of peace. 不是的,前千禧年派的千禧年是一段喜乐的、公义和和平的日子。The outstanding characteristic of it is certainly not that of judgment.千禧年的特点肯定就不是审判。
第七部分:
G.The Standard of Judgment.上帝最后审判的时候所用的标准。
The standard by which saints and sinners are judged will evidently be the revealed will of God.很明显地,上帝用什么标准来审判圣徒和罪人呢?就是上帝所启示的旨意。This is not the same for all.但是对每一个人却不是相同的。Some have been privileged above others,一些人比其他人有更多的特权,and this naturally adds to their responsibility,很自然地,他们的责任就更大了。Matt. 11:21-24;(马太十一章21到24节);Rom. 2:12-16.(罗马书二章12到16节)。This does not mean that there will be different conditions of salvation for different classes of people.这个并不意味着说,不同种类的人得救的条件是不一样。不是这样看的。
For all those who appear in judgment所有来到审判台前的人呢,entrance into,or exclusion from,heaven,will depend on the question,whether they are clothed with the righteousness of Jesus Christ. 是否进入到天堂,或者排除在天堂以外呢?是在于他们有没有穿上了耶稣基督的义(或者公义)。But there will be different degrees,both of the bliss of heaven and of the punishment of hell.但是得到怎么样天堂的福乐或者地狱的惩罚呢?那么有不同的程度。And these degrees will be determined by what is done in the flesh,得到什么程度的赏或罚,就由在肉身的时候所做的是什么来决定了。Matt. 11:22,24;(马太十一章22,24节);Luke 12:47,48;(路加十二章47,48节); 20:47;(路加福音第二十章47节);Dan. 12:3; (但以理十二章3节);II Cor. 9:6.(哥林多后书九章6节)。
The Gentiles will be judged by the law of nature,inscribed in their hearts,外邦人是根据刻在他们心版上的本性之律受审判,the Israelites of the old dispensation by the Old Testament revelation and by that only,而在旧约时期的以色列人,只是根据旧约的上帝的启示来接受审判。and those who have enjoyed,besides the light of nature and the revelation of the Old Testament,the light of the gospel,will be judged according to the greater light which they have received. 那么那些不单有本性之光,又有旧约的启示,更有福音之光的人,当然就根据他们所领受更大的光照来接受审判了。God will give to every man his due.上帝会把每个人应得的报应分配给每一个人的。
第八部分:
- The Different Parts of the Judgment.上帝审判的不同的部分。
Here we should distinguish:这里我们要作三方面的区分:
- THE COGNITIO CAUSAE. 上帝所知道的。
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- THE SENTENTIAE PROMULCATIO. 上帝所颁布的判决。
- THE SENTENTIAE EXECUTIO. 上帝所执行的判决。
1.THE COGNITIO CAUSAE. 上帝所知道的。
God will take cognizance of the state of affairs,of the whole past life of man,including even the thoughts and secret intents of the heart.上帝知道整个人过去一生的状态,包括他在心中隐藏的心思意念和动机。This is symbolically represented in Scripture as the opening of the books,圣经里很象征地来形容,这个就是把一本的书打开。Dan. 7:10;(但以理书七章10节); Rev. 20:12.(启示录二十章12节)。The pious of the days of Malachi spoke of a book of remembrance written before God,Mai. 3:16.在玛拉基时期敬畏上帝的人呢,他们论到一本上帝所写的“纪念之册”(玛拉基书三章16节)。It is a figurative description which is added to complete the idea of the judgment. 这个是一个喻意的说法,就加在整个审判的概念之上,使它更加的完整。A judge usually has the book of the law and the record of those who appear before him.一般来说,一个审判官手上有着法律,也有那些来到他面前的人,他们的记录的。In all probability the figure in this case simply refers to the omniscience of God.大概这里所用的比喻就是指上帝的无所不知就是了。Some speak of the book of God’s Word as the statute book,有些人认为,上帝的话就是那本的法律、规条的书,and of the book of remembrance as the book of predestination,God’s private record.而“记念册”就是上帝的预定或者说上帝独有的记录。But it is very doubtful whether we should particularize in that fashion.但是,我们非常怀疑是否要讲得那么的细。
2.THE SENTENTIAE PROMULCATIO. 上帝所宣判的判决。
There will be promulgation of the sentence.上帝会宣告祂的判决的。The day of judgment is the day of wrath,审判的日子是上帝倾倒祂的愤怒的日子,and of the revelation of the righteous judgment of God,也是上帝要彰显他的公义审判的日子,Rom. 2:5.罗马书第二章第5节。All must be revealed before the tribunal of the supreme Judge,所有的人都会在至高的审判者的审判台前要显露出来的,II Cor. 5:10.哥林多后书五章第10节。The sense of justice demands this.人所感觉到的公义就要求必然是如此。
The Sentence pronounced upon each person will not be secret,will not be known to that person only,那么,对每一个人所做的判决不会是隐藏的,不是只有他自己所知道的,but will be publicly proclaimed,乃是公开地宣告的,so that at least those in any way concerned will know.所以至少那些与这个人有关的人都会知道。Thus the righteousness and grace of God will shine out in all their splendor.因此,上帝的公义和上帝的恩典,在他们一切的灿烂荣耀中会照得非常的光亮。
3.THE SENTENTIAE EXECUTIO. 上帝所执行的判决。
The sentence of the righteous will convey everlasting blessedness,and that of the wicked everlasting misery.义人所得到的判决就给他们带来永恒的福乐,恶人就带来永远的痛苦。The Judge will divide mankind into two parts,审判官会把人类分成两种,as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats,就正如一个牧羊人把山羊跟绵羊分开一样,Matt. 25:32马太福音二十五章32节开始的那段。In view of what will be said of their final state in the following chapter,nothing more need be added here.因为我们在下一章会继续讲,所以我们这里就不必再多讲了。
Chapter V. The Final State
第五章,也就是整本系统神学的最后一章:人类和宇宙最后的状态
The last judgment determines,and therefore naturally leads on to,the final state of those who appear before the judgment seat.最后的审判,就决定了一切来到审判台前的人,他们最后的状态。最后的审判,也自然导致这个最后的状态的。Their final state is either one of everlasting misery or one of eternal blessedness.他们最后的状态,要就是永远的痛苦,不然,就是永远的福乐。
A.The Final State of the Wicked.罪人最后的状态。
There are especially three points that call for consideration here:我们这里需要考虑到三点。
1.THE PLACE TO WHICH THE WICKED ARE CONSIGNED. 上帝指定罪人要去的地方。
In present day theology there is an evident tendency in some circles to rule out the idea of eternal punishment. 在今天的神学(伯克富写这本书是1930年代),他说,在今天的神学圈子里面有一个明显地趋向,就是要排除任何永远的惩罚的概念。The Annihilationists,which are still represented in such sects as Adventism and Millennial Dawnism,and the advocates of conditional immortality,deny the continued existence of the wicked,有一班人,他们是不承认恶人会以后永远持续地存在的,包括“Adventism”(复临主义),还有Millennial Dawnism,还有一些只是在有条件之下相信灵魂的不灭的,他们是不承认恶人是继续会存在的。and thereby render a place of eternal punishment unnecessary.因此他们就认为,永远的惩罚就是不必有的。
In modern liberal theology在二十世纪的自由派神学,the word “hell” is generally regarded as a figurative designation of a purely subjective condition,“地狱”这个词一般来说是喻意的,是指一个完全是主观的状态,in which men may find themselves even while on earth,人可能在地上的时候已经感觉到是在地狱里,and which may become permanent in the future.可能在未来成为一个永久性的状态。But these interpretations certainly do not do justice to the data of Scripture.可是这些的解释,肯定没有正视圣经所提供的资料的。
下面是伯克富的批判。
There can be no reasonable doubt as to the fact that the Bible teaches the continued existence of the wicked,毫无疑问地圣经教导,罪人、恶人必持续地存在的。Matt. 24:5;(马太二十四章5节);25:30,46;(马太二十五章30,46节);Luke 16:19-31.(路加十六章19到31节)。Moreover,in connection with the subject of “hell” the Bible certainly uses local terms right along. 不但如此,当圣经讲到“地狱”这个题目的时候,肯定一直都是用着一些好像地区性、有地域的、地理上的词。It calls the place of torment gehenna,折磨的地方是叫做“gehenna”中文很多时候翻成“阴间”,a name derived from the Hebrew ge (land,or valley) and hinnom or beney hinnom,这个字来自希伯来文的“ge”(就是“地方”,或者是“山谷”),还有“hinnom”,that is,Hinnom or sons of Hinnom.就是“Hinnom”或者“Hinnom”的后代。
This name was originally applied to a valley southwest of Jerusalem.这个名词以前是指耶路撒冷西南区的一个山谷。It was the place where wicked idolators sacrificed their children to Moloch by causing them to pass through the fire.这个地方就是非常邪恶的敬拜偶像者,把他们的儿女献给摩洛神,让他们的儿女经火的。Hence it was considered impure因此,这个地方被认为是不洁净的,and was called in later days “the valley of tophet (spittle),as an utterly despised region.因此,后来被称为是被吐痰的一个的山谷,是完全被人轻视、藐视的。Fires were constantly burning there to consume the offal of Jerusalem.那里永远有着火在烧,在焚烧耶路撒冷的废物,或者排泄物。As a result it became a symbol of the place of eternal torment.因此,后来就成为永远受到折磨地方的一个象征。Matt. 18:9马太福音十八章9节,speaks of ten geennan tou puros,the gehenna of fire,论到一个有火的阴间,and this strong expression is used synonymously with to pur to aionion,the eternal fire,这个很强烈的说法是永恒的火的一个同义词,in the previous verse. 就在前面的一节就论到的。The Bible also speaks of a “furnace of fire,” Matt. 13:42,and of a “lake of fire,” 圣经也论到“火炉”(马太十三章42节),还有“火湖”Rev. 20:14,15,(启示录二十章14,15节)。which forms a contrast with the “sea of glass like unto crystal,”就与这个水晶的海作为一个强烈的对照,Rev. 4:6. (启示录四章第6节)。
The terms “prison,”还有“监狱”这个词,I Pet. 3:19,(彼得前书三章19节),”abyss,” Luke 8:31,深渊(路加八章31节),and “tartarus,” II Pet. 2:4 are also used.还有彼得后书二章4节,都用到这些不同的词汇的。From the fact that the preceding terms are all local designations,因为这些字都是指一些的地方,we may infer that hell is a place.我们可以推论说“地狱”是一个地方。 Moreover,不但如此,local expressions are generally used in connection with it.与“地狱”一同用的一些词都是有这个地方性的意义的。Scripture speaks of those who are excluded from heaven as being “outside,” and as being “cast into hell.”圣经说,那些被排除在天堂门外的人,是在外面的,他们是被扔进地狱的。The description in Luke 16:19-31 is certainly altogether local.路加福音十六章19到31节的描述,肯定是指着一个地方的。
2.THE STATE IN WHICH THEY WILL CONTINUE THEIR EXISTENCE. 他们继续、持续的存在是在怎么一种的状态中?我们下一讲继续讲。
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