末世论_35 最后的审判:教会历史上的不同观点(续);最后审判的性质;最后审判的错误观点
Louis Berkhof,Doctrine of last things,Session 35
伯克富系统神学末世论第三十五讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:陈弟兄_中文:自由的荣耀弟兄
我们在末世论的第四章The Final Judgment最后的审判,A.The Doctrine of the Last Judgment in History.最后的审判:教会历史上不同的观点。
我们上一讲开始讲了早期教父、中世纪和宗教改革的观点。我们重复一下。在宗教改革的时候,大部分的改教家都没有在前面的基本的概念上有什么增加,基本上,世界末日会有一个审判的日子,但是不谈细节的。一直到今天这个是众教会的官方的正式的观点。
This does not mean that no other views found expression.这个并不意味着没有其他表达出来的观点的。Kant康德这个哲学家,inferred from the categorical imperative the existence of a supreme Judge因为他提出一个“绝对的命令”这种的伦理的、不是人的理性或者科学可以证明的一个道德的命令,这个绝对原则,他从这个就推论出,有一个最高的审判官是存在的。who would right all wrongs in some future life.在来世他会平反所有在今生不公义的事。Schelling谢林,一个浪漫时期的哲学家,in his famous dictum,”The history of the world is the judgment of the world,” 他讲过一个很出名的话,他说,世界的历史就是世界的审判。evidently regarded the judgment merely as a present immanent process.很明显地,他是认为审判只不过是现今的,在这个世界里面的一个的过程。
Some were not inclined to grant the moral constitution of the universe,did not believe that history was moving on to some moral termination,and thus denied the future judgment.有些人不相信将来有审判的,因为他们不愿意相信宇宙的本质上是有它的道德性的。他们也不相信,历史是往前面到一个道德的终点这样子前进的。所以,他们否认有将来的审判。This idea was given a philosophical construction by Von Hartmann.这位“Von Hartmann”就做了这方面的哲学的建构。
In modern liberal theology,在现代(是指19到20世纪)的自由派神学,with its emphasis on the fact that God is immanent in all the processes of history,因为他们强调,上帝是在所有历史的过程中,就是上帝是存在在、是临在在“ immanent”所有历史的过程。there is a strong tendency to regard the judgment primarily,if not exclusively,as a present immanent process.因此,现代自由派神学有很强的倾向认为,审判主要、甚至乎只是一个现今的、在宇宙里面的一个过程。Says Beckwith: “Beckwith”这位神学家这样说:”In his (God’s) dealing with men there is no holding in abeyance,no suspension of any attribute of his being.在上帝处理人类的事情上,上帝没有暂停、没有搁置他的存有中的任何属性的。
The judgment is,therefore,no more truly future than it is present.因此,上帝的审判又是现在的,也是未来的。So far as God is the author of it,it is as constant and perpetual as his action in human life.因为上帝是那位审判者,所以,他的审判呢,是正如他在人类生活中的作为一样,是不变的,是永远持续的。To postpone the judgment to a future public hour is to misconceive of justice,as if it were dormant or suspended,假如要把上帝的审判延迟到将来一个公共的审判的时刻的话,就误解了上帝的公义,as if it were dormant or suspended,wholly bound up with outward conditions.好像认为上帝的审判在冬眠,暂时搁置,完全与外在的条件所限制。On the contrary不是如此的,反过来说,the sphere of justice must be sought not first without but within,in the inner life,in the world of consciousness.”上帝的公义这个范围应该不是在外在的世界去找,乃是在里面,在人的心灵的生活,在意识的世界里面。这个是一个自由派神学的观点,一个神学家的说法。
最后,Dispensationalists时代论者,believe whole-heartedly in the future judgment,他们全心地相信有将来的审判的,but speak of judgments in the plural.但是他们认为有多次的审判,According to them there will be one judgment at the parousia,another at the revelation of Christ,and still another at the end of the world.他们的看法是,在基督再来的时候,有一次的审判,在基督的显现,又有第二次审判,最后在世界的末日有第三次的审判的。这些是教会历史上不同的观点。
B.The Nature of the Final Judgment.第二部分:上帝最后审判的性质。
The final judgment of which the Bible speaks may not be regarded as a Spiritual,invisible and endless process,which is identical with God’s providence in history. 圣经所论到的最后的审判,我们不可以认为,只不过是一个属灵的、看不见的、不断持续的过程。换言之,我们不可以认为,它是与上帝在历史上的护理是等同的一件事。This is not equivalent to a denial of the fact that there is a providential judgment of God in the vicissitudes of individuals and nations,这个并不等于说,我们否认上帝在人类的个人和人类的不同的国家的起伏上,有着他的护理性的审判的,though it may not always be recognized as such.虽然上帝这样子护理性的审判,不一定常常被人承认。
The Bible clearly teaches us that圣经清楚地教导我们说,God even in the present life visits evil with punishment and rewards the good with blessings,圣经清楚教导,上帝就算在今生就已经会惩罚那些做恶的人,也会赏赐给善行一些的福气的。and these punishments and rewards are in some cases positive,but in other instances appear as the natural providential results of the evil committed or of the good done,这些的赏罚,很多时候是积极的,是正面的,有的时候,只不过是一件的恶行或者善行的自然的、在上帝护理中的一个的后果而己。参考: Deut. 9:5(申命记九章5节);Ps. 9:16;(诗篇第九篇16节);37:28 ;(诗篇第三十七篇第28节);59:13;(诗篇五十九篇十三节);Prov. 11:5;(箴言十一章5节);14:11;(箴言十四章11节); Isa. 32:16,17;(以赛亚三十二章16,17节);Lam. 5:7. (耶利米哀歌第五章7节)。
The human conscience also testifies to this fact.而人的良心也证明,是的,有这件事情的,有上帝的护理性的审判的。But it is also manifest from Scripture但是,圣经也明明地说,that the judgments of God in the present are not final.上帝在现今的审判不是最后的。The evil sometimes continues’ without due punishment,很多时候,人的邪恶继续在运行,没有应得的惩罚,and the good is not always rewarded with the promised blessings in this life.而行善也不一定每次在今生就得到那个上帝所应许的福份的。The wicked in the days of Malachi were emboldened to cry out,”Where is the God of judgment? “在玛拉基的时代,罪人就很勇敢地、很大胆地喊叫说:“上帝,那个审判人的上帝在哪里呢?”或者说:“公义的上帝在哪里呢?”
The complaint was heard in those days:有人这样埋怨地说:”It is vain to serve God;and what profit is it that we have kept His charge,and that we have walked mournfully before Jehovah of Hosts?And now we call the proud happy; yea,they that work wickedness are built up; yea,they tempt God and escape,”Mai. 3:14,15.玛拉基书第三章14,15节,你们说:‘侍奉上帝是徒然的,遵守上帝所吩咐的,在万军之耶和华面前苦苦斋戒,有什么益处呢?如今我们称狂傲的人为有福,并且行恶的人得建立。他们虽然试探上帝,却得脱离灾难。’”
Job and his friends were wrestling with the problem of the sufferings of the righteous,and so was Asaph in the 73rd Psalm.约伯和他的朋友们就是在挣扎,因为义人受苦是一个难题。同样的,在诗篇第七十三篇亚萨也是为了这个问题而挣扎。The Bible teaches us to look forward to a final judgment as the decisive answer of God to all such questions,上帝教导我们,要等待将来有一个最后的审判,那个是上帝对这一切问题的决定性的答复,as the solution of all such problems,也是这一切难题的解决的方案。and as the removal of all the apparent discrepancies of the present,最后这个也是上帝要除去,现今所有这些好像在道德上、逻辑上的嫌隙。Matt. 25:31-46;马太福音二十五章31到46节;John 5:27-29;约翰福音五章27到29节;Acts 25:24;使徒行传二十五章24节;Rom. 2:5-11;罗马书二章5到11节;Heb. 9:27;希伯来书九章27节;10:27; 希伯来书十章27节;II Pet. 3:7;彼得后书三章7节; Rev. 20:11-15.启示录二十章11到15节。
These passages do not refer to a process,but to a very definite event at the end of time.这些经文并不是指着一个过程而讲的,是指着一个历史在结束的时候一个确定性的一个事件。It is represented as accompanied by other historical events,圣经说,这个最后的审判,是同时有其他的历史性的事件的,such as例如,the coming of Jesus Christ,耶稣基督的再来,the resurrection of the dead,死人的复活,and the renewal of heaven and earth.还有天和地的更新,就是会有新天新地。
C.Erroneous Views Respecting the Judgment.关于最后审判的一些错误的观点。我先读一读这些错误的观点是哪一些。
1.THE JUDGMENT IS PURELY METAPHORICAL.
首先,第一个错误的观点是认为,最后的审判只不过是一个喻意的说法。
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- THE JUDGMENT IS EXCLUSIVELY IMMANENT.
- 上帝的审判只不过是在宇宙里面历史中的。
- THE JUDGMENT IS NOT A SINGLE EVENT.
- 上帝的最后的审判不是一次过的事情。
- THE FINAL JUDGMENT IS UNNECESSARY.
- 最后的审判是不需要。
第一个错误的观点:
1.THE JUDGMENT IS PURELY METAPHORICAL. 最后的审判只不过是一个暗喻,一个比喻。
According to Schleiermacher and many other German scholars根据自由派神学第一个神学家士莱马赫,还有很多其他的德国的学者们,the Biblical descriptions’ of the last judgment are to be understood as symbolical indications of the fact that the world and the Church will finally be separated.根据他们的说法,当圣经形容最后的审判的时候,我们要理解为是一些的象征的说法,指出一件事,就是世界和教会之中会分别出来的。This explanation serves to evaporate the whole idea of a forensic judgment for the public determination of the final state of man. 这个解释就对整个上帝在法律上的审判,要公开地决定人类最后的结局,对这些概念就完全泡汤了。
It is an explanation which surely does not do justice to the strong statements of Scripture这些的解释完全没有正面地正视,圣经很强地宣称,respecting the future judgment as a formal,public,and final declaration.因为圣经说最后的审判是正式的、公开的和最后的宣告。
第二个错误的观点:
2.THE JUDGMENT IS EXCLUSIVELY IMMANENT. 上帝的审判完全是在这个宇宙、这个历史中的。
Schelling’s dictum that “the history of the world is the judgment of the world” undoubtedly contains an element of truth. 谢林说的“世界的历史就是世界的审判“毫无疑问地是有一点点的真理的成份在内。There are,as was pointed out in the preceding,manifestations of the retributive justice of God in the history of nations and individuals.上面已经指出,不论是在世界各国的历史或者个人的生平中,往往有一些上帝的报应性的公义的彰显的。The rewards or punishments may be of a positive character,or may be the natural result of the good or evil done.这些的赏与罚,可能是正面的,或者只不过是一个所行出的善或者恶这件事情的自然的后果。
But when many liberal scholars claim that the divine judgment is; wholly immanent但是,当一些很多的自由派的学者们宣称:上帝的审判完全是在这个世界,这个历史中,and is determined entirely by the moral order of the world,完全是由这个世界的道德秩序所决定的时候呢,they certainly fail to do justice to the representations of Scripture.他们完全没有正视到圣经所表达的,Their view of the judgment as “self-acting” makes God an otiose God,他们认为上帝的审判是自我运行的,就等于把上帝说成是一个没有用的上帝,who merely looks on and approves of the distribution of rewards and punishments.上帝只不过是在看,也批准赏与罚的分配。
It completely destroys the idea of the judgment as an outward and visible event,which will occur at some definite time in the future.这就完全毁掉圣经的概念,就是上帝的审判是外在的、能看得到的一件事,在将来某一个时刻必定会发生的。Moreover,不但如此,it cannot satisfy the longings of the human heart for perfect justice.这种的看法不能够满足人心的渴望,人心渴望着完全的公义的。Historical judgments are always only partial历史上的审判必然只是部分的,and sometimes impress men as a travesty on justice.甚至乎历史有的时候让人看到好像是对上帝的公义的讽刺。There always has been and still is occasion for the perplexity of Job and Asaph.历史上充满着,过去是,现在也是,充满着机会让约伯和亚萨感觉得困惑。
第三个错误观点:
3.THE JUDGMENT IS NOT A SINGLE EVENT. 上帝的审判不是一次过的一件的事件。
Present day Premillenarians speak of three different future judgments. 目前,就是二十世纪的前千禧年论主义者呢,他们论到三个不同的将来的审判的,They distinguish: 他们这样来区分:
(a) A judgment of the risen and living saints at the parousia or the coming of the Lord,当主耶稣再来的时候“parousia”的时候,圣徒会复活,或者那些仍然是活着的,他们会受到审判。which serves the purpose of vindicating the saints publicly,这次的审判的目的,就是要公开地证实这些圣徒们的公义,rewarding each one according to his works,按照每一个人的行为要给他们赏赐。and assigning to them their respective places in the coming millennial kingdom,然后,分配他们各人在将要来的千禧年的国度里的地位。
(b) 第二个审判:A judgment at the revelation of Christ (the day of the Lord) ,immediately after the great tribulation,这个就是在大灾难之后,基督的显现或者是主的日子的时候的审判。in which,according to the prevailing view,the Gentile nations are judged as nations,根据大部分的时代论的前千禧年派的看法,在这次的审判,外邦人的各国身为国家要受到审判,according to the attitude they have assumed to the evangelizing remnant of Israel (the least of the brethren of the Lord).就根据他们对以色列那些的余民在地上传福音他们的态度,这些以色列的余民,就是主的弟兄里最小的那几位。
The entrance of these nations into the kingdom depends on the outcome. 那么这些的国家是否能够进入到千禧年的国度呢,就要看这次审判的结果了。This is the judgment mentioned in Matt. 25:31-46. 这个就是马太福音二十五章31到46节所提到的审判。It is separated from the earlier judgment by a period of seven years,从上面所讲的第一次审判,是隔了七年。
(c) 最后第三次的审判。A judgment of the wicked dead before the great white throne,described in Rev. 20:11-15.第三次审判,就是启示录二十章11到15节所描述的在白色大宝座面前的那些已经死的罪人的审判。The dead are judged according to their works,那些已经死的人就根据他们的行为接受审判,and these determine the degree of punishment which they will receive.这次的审判就要决定他们要得到的惩罚的程度。This judgment will be more than a thousand years later than the preceding one.这个第三次的审判,比起上面第二次就至少隔了一千年,是至少一千年之后。
下面是伯克富的批判,还有前千禧年派的回应,然后伯克富的再批判。我们下次继续来讲这个三次的审判的“前千禧年论”的看法,和批判,和他们的反驳,然后再批判。下次我们继续。
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