末世论_34 死人复活(续);最后的审判:教会历史上的不同观点
Louis Berkhof,Doctrine of last things,Session 34
伯克富系统神学末世论第三十四讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:陈弟兄_中文:自由的荣耀弟兄
我们上一讲在讲,是否有两个不同的死人复活呢?前千禧年派说是有两个的,他们用的圣经根据很重要的是哥林前书第十五章22到24节。他们认为死人复活有三个阶段:第一是基督他自己的复活,第二是信徒们的复活,第三就是恶人的复活。下面伯克富有一些的批判。
It will be noted that the idea “not immediately” is carried into the text.因为圣经是这样说的,在哥林多前书十五章23节:但各人是按着自己的次序复活,初熟的果子是基督,以后在他来的时候,是那些属基督的。24节:再后,末期到了,那时基督既将一切执政的、掌权的、有能的都毁灭了,就把国交与父上帝。前千禧年派,他们就会说,这个“以后”不是马上,’Then,’ but not immediately,’cometh the end’“以后”不是“马上”,末期到了,然后恶人就复活。
下面我们开始讲伯克富的批判。
It will be noted that the idea “not immediately” is carried into the text.当圣经说“在后”,然后前千禧年派说,就不是“马上”喽,这个“不是马上”的概念呢,是读进去经文的。The argument is that because epeita (then) in verse 23 refers to a time at least 1900 years later,the word eita (then) in verse 24 refers to a time 1000 years later. 前千禧年派的论点是,因为在第23节的“以后”(then、epeita)是指至少1900年之后的事情,就是从基督的复活到信徒的复活。因为在第23节的“以后”,是指至少1900年之后的事。所以,在24节的“再后”(then、epeita)是指再1000年之后的时间。
伯克富的批判。
But this is a mere assumption without any proof. 但是这个只不过是一个假设,是没有任何证据的。The words epeita and eita do indeed mean the same thing,“以后”和“再后”这两个字,是的,它们是有同样的意义的,but neither one of them necessarily implies the idea of a long intervening period. 但是这两个词都没有必须是暗示着中间有很长的一个中介的时期。Notice the use of epeita and that of eita请注意这个“以后”和“末后”这些字在圣经是怎么用的,in Luke 16:7 and Jas. 4:14 for epeita,and eita in Mark 8:25; John 13:5; 19:27; 20:27。首先,“epeita”就是在23节“以后”这个字呢,参考路加福音第十六章第7节和雅各书四章14节。24节的那个“再后”呢,参考马可福音第八章25节,约翰福音十三章第5节、十九章27节、二十章27节。
我们来看一些的经文,就是这个“以后”、“再后”呢,不一定是隔了很长的时间的以后。
【路16:7】又问一个说:‘你欠多少?’他说:‘一百石麦子。’管家说:‘拿你的账写八十。’(这个“又”就是,很快地就问另外一个人了。)
【雅4:14】其实明天如何,你们还不知道。你们的生命是什么呢?你们原来是一片云雾,出现少时就不见了。
“再后”:
【可8:25】随后又按手在他眼睛上,他定睛一看,就复了原,样样都看得清楚了。(这个是指耶稣基督行神迹,两个步骤。)
【约13:5】随后把水倒在盆里,就洗门徒的脚,并用自己所束的手巾擦干。(耶稣洗门徒的脚,没有用一千年哦。)
【约19:27】又对那门徒说:“看,你的母亲!”从此那门徒就接她到自己家里去了。(耶稣基督在十字架上这边看,那边看,就对这个门徒说:看哪,你的母亲,中间没有隔很多的时间的。)
【约20:27】就对多马说:“伸过你的指头来,摸(“摸”原文作“看”)我的手;伸出你的手来,探入我的肋旁。不要疑惑,总要信。”(这个“就对多马说”,就是耶稣基督在向门徒显现的时候,当下所讲的话。)
Both words can be used for that which will immediately occur and for that which will occur only after some time,这两个字的意思有可能是马上就发生的事,或者是指经过一段时间才发生的事。so that it is a pure assumption that the resurrection of believers will be separated by a long period of time from the end.所以,假如假设说,信徒的复活与世界末日之间隔了很长的时间,这个纯粹是一个假设而己。Another gratuitous assumption is’ 另外一个多余的、没有用的假设是,that “the end” means “the end of the resurrection.”就是在哥林多前书第十五章24节:再后,末期到了。这个多余的假设就是,假设这个“末期”是指复活的末期。
According to the analogy of Scripture it points to the end of the world,假如我们用以经解经的方法来看,这个末期是指世界的末了,the consummation,万物的结束,或者救赎计划的结束,the time when Christ will deliver up the kingdom to the Father and will have put all enemies under His feet.就是耶稣基督要把神的国交给父上帝的时候,也就是耶稣基督要把一切的仇敌都压在他的脚下的那个时候。This is the view adopted by such commentators as Alford,Godet,Hodge,Bachmann,Findley,Robertson and Plummer,and Edwards.很多的解经家都是采取这个观点的。
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第四方面我们要注意到的。
D.Another passage to which the Premillenarians appeal is I Thess. 4:16,另外一段经文,是前千禧年派者喜欢指出的,就是帖撒罗尼迦前书第四章第16节,”For the Lord Himself shall descend from heaven with a shout,with the voice of the archangel,and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first.” 因为主必亲自从天降临,有呼叫的声音和天使长的声音,又有上帝的号吹响,那在基督里死了的人必先复活。From this they infer从这段经文,就是帖前四章16节,前千禧年派的人士做这方面的推论,他们说,that those who did not die in Christ will be raised up at a later date.他们的推论就是,那些没有在基督里死的人,就会在后来的一个日子复活的。
下面是伯克富的批判。
But it is perfectly clear that this is not the antithesis which the apostle has in mind.但是绝对清楚的一件事,是使徒保罗所想到的,不是这样子的一个的对立。The statement following is not,”Then the dead who are not in Christ shall arise,”帖前第四章16节之后那句话不是说:哦,那么没有在基督里死的人,之后就复活了。不是这样说的。but,”Then we that are alive,that are left,shall together with them be caught up in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.”后面是这样说的:
【帖前4:16-18】因为主必亲自从天降临,有呼叫的声音和天使长的声音,又有上帝的号吹响,那在基督里死了的人必先复活。以后我们这活着还存留的人必和他们一同被提到云里,在空中与主相遇。这样,我们就要和主永远同在。所以,你们当用这些话彼此劝慰。
This is frankly admitted by Biederwolf.“Biederwolf”这位解经家是愿意承认这点的。Both in this passage and in the preceding one Paul is speaking of the resurrection of believers only; that of the wicked is not in his purview at all.不论在这段经文,就是帖前四章16节,或者前面我们在考虑的哥林多前书第十五章22到24节,使徒保罗只是在论到信徒们的复活,那么恶人的复活不是在他考虑的范围之内。
- The most important passage to which the Premillenarians refer is前千禧年派人士所指出的最重要的经文是,Rev. 20:4-6启示录二十章4到6节。”and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years. The rest of the dead lived not until the thousand years should be finished. This is the first resurrection.”这里在启示录第二十章是这样说的:(第4节)他们都复活了,与基督一同作王一千年。(第5节)这是头一次的复活。Here the verses 5 and 6 make mention of a first resurrection,这里在第5节和第6节提到头一次的复活,(第5节)这是头一次的复活,(第6节)在头一次复活有份的有福了。and this,it is said,implies that there will be a second.前千禧年派就会这样说,这就暗示着还有第二次的喽。
下面是伯克富的批判。
But the supposition that the writer is here speaking of a bodily resurrection is extremely dubious.但是,若以为启示录的作者在这里(启示录第二十章4到5节)是在论到身体复活是极度的可疑的。The scene in the verses 4-6 is evidently laid,not on earth,but in heaven.第4到第6节的场景,很明显地不是在讲地上,是在讲天上。And the terms employed are not suggestive of a bodily resurrection.这里所用的词汇,并没有暗示着身体的复活。The seer does not speak of persons or bodies that were raised up,but of souls which “lived” and “reigned.”看见异象的人,没有论到某些人,或者某些的身体复活了。他讲的是灵魂会活,会做王。
And he calls their living and reigning with Christ “the first resurrection.”他称他们活着和他们与基督做王,称为头一次的复活。Dr. Vos suggests that the words,”This (emphatic) is the first resurrection,” may even be “a pointed disavowal of a more realistic (chiliastic) interpretation of the same phrase.”霍志恒博士建议说,“头一次的复活”这些字,甚至乎可能是直接地否认同一句话的比较现实的千禧年论的解释。In all probability the expression refers to the entrance of the souls of the saints upon the glorious state of life with Christ at death.最可能的是,“头一次的复活”这种的表述,是指圣徒们死的时候,他们的灵魂就进入到,与基督一同活着的那个的荣耀的状态。
The absence of the idea of a double resurrection may well make us hesitate to affirm its presence in this obscure passage of a book so full of symbolism as the Revelation of John.这里没有一个双重或者两次复活的概念的。所以,我们就必须要很谨慎,不要在启示录这本充满着象征的书卷里面,在这段满不清楚的这段经文里面,我们就应该很谨慎,不要肯定说,这里有着一个两次的复活。Wherever the Bible mentions the resurrection of the righteous and the wicked together,每次圣经同时提到义人跟恶人的复活的时候,as in Dan. 12:2; John 5:28.29; Acts 24:15,正如在但以理十二章2节,约翰福音五章28、29节和使徒行传二十四章15节。it does not contain the slightest hint that the two are to be separated by a thousand years.圣经一点都没有暗示着说,义人跟恶人的复活中间隔了一千年的。On the other hand反过来说,it does teach that the resurrection will take place at the last day,圣经的确教导复活会在末日发生。and will at once be followed by the last judgment.而复活之后,马上就是最后的审判的。Matt. 25:31,32; John 5:27-29; 6:39,40,44,54; 11:24; Rev. 20:11-15.马太福音二十五章31,32节;约翰福音五章27到29节;约翰福音六章39,40,44,54节;约翰福音十一章24节;启示录二十章11到15节。
第三章结束。
第四章Chapter IV. The Final Judgment最后的审判
Another one of the important concomitants of the return of Christ is the last judgment,which will be of & general nature.与基督再来同时发生的另外一件很重要的事情,就是最后的审判,这个是一个比较普遍性的审判。The Lord is coming again for the very purpose of judging the living and consigning each individual to his eternal destiny.主耶稣必再来,目的就是要审判每一个人,然后,把他们安置在他们的永恒的结局的状态里。
A.The Doctrine of the Last Judgment in History.在教会历史里的最后审判的教义(就是说,不同时代的不同看法。)
The doctrine of a final general judgment was from the very earliest times of the Christian era connected with that of the resurrection of the dead.从我们主后的纪元,就是说主耶稣基督来了之后,最早的教会历史的时期开始,最后的一般的审判这个教义,都是与死人复活连接在一起来讨论的。The general opinion was that一般的意见是,the dead would be raised up,死人会复活,in order to be judged according to the deeds done in the body. 好叫人能够按照在肉身所做的事接受审判。As a solemn warning the certainty of this judgment was stressed.教会一直强调着这个审判必定会发生的,作为一个严肃的警告。
This doctrine is already contained in the Apostolic Confession:《使徒信经》就已经包含了这个教义的:”From thence He shall come to judge the living and the dead.”从那里(从天上)耶稣必要回来,审判活人和死人的。The prevailing idea was that多数的教会领袖的概念是说,this judgment would be accompanied with the destruction of the world.这个最后的审判,同时会有世界的被毁灭。On the whole the early Church Fathers did not speculate much about the nature of the final judgment,一般来说,早期教会的教父们,并没有在最后审判的性质方面做很多的猜测,though Tertullian forms an exception.虽然特土良是一个例外。
Augustine sought to interpret some of the figurative statements of Scripture respecting the judgment,奥古斯丁尝试去解释一些圣经里面有关审判的比较是寓意性的句子。In the Middle Ages在中世纪(中世纪一般是指主后1000到1500年),the Scholastics discussed the matter in greater detail.经院主义的学者们、牧师们,他们会比较细地来讨论这件事。They,too,believed that the resurrection of the dead would be followed immediately by the general judgment,他们也相信,死人复活之后马上就有一般性的审判,and that this would mark the end of time for man.而这个审判就标志着人类的历史的结束。
It will be general in the sense that all rational creatures will appear in it,这个是一个一般性的审判,意思就是说呢,所有有灵魂的受造物都要来到这个审判的面前,and that it will bring a general revelation of each one’s deeds,both good and evil.而这个审判就带来,每一个人所做的每一项行为的显示,不论是好的或者是邪恶的。Christ will be the Judge,基督必做审判官,while others will be associated with Him in the judgment; 还有其他的会与他的审判有所联结。not,however,as judges in the strict sense of the word.这些人呢,严格来说不是审判官。Immediately after the judgment there will be a universal conflagration. 审判之后马上会有一场的大火。
We leave out of consideration some of the other particulars here. 我们这里就不讨论一些其他的细节的。The Reformers shared this view in general,宗教改革的领袖们,一般来说都持守同样的这个的观点,but added little or nothing to the prevailing view.他们也没有在一般的观点上面多加了什么新的看法。The same view is found in all the Protestant Confessions,在基督教所有的教会的信条里面我们都读到同样的观点,which explicitly affirm that there will be a day of judgment at the end of the world,这些的信条都明文地肯定说,在世界的末日有审判的日子,but do not enter into details.但是没有说细节的。It has been the official view of the Churches up to the present time.这个直到今天都是众教会的官方的观点。This does not mean that no other views found expression.这个没有意味着,没有其他的观点被表达出来。
我们下面就开始讲康德,还有浪漫主义和自由派他们对审判的看法。下一讲继续。
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