末世论_32 死人复活(续)
Louis Berkhof,Doctrine of last things,Session 32
伯克富系统神学末世论第三十二讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:陈弟兄_中文:自由的荣耀弟兄
- Scriptural Proof for the Resurrection.有关死人复活,就是最后的复活的圣经根据。
1.IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 旧约圣经。
It is sometimes said that the Old Testament knowns of no resurrection of the dead,or knows of it only in its latest books.有的时候人们会说,旧约没有死人复活的概念,或者只有在最后期的书卷才有。The opinion is rather common有一个很普遍的概念就是,that Israel borrowed its belief in the resurrection from the Persians.就是以色列是从波斯人那里把复活的信念借过来的。Says Mackintosh: “Mackintosh”这样说:”Strong evidence exists for the hypothesis that the idea of the resurrection entered the Hebrew mind from Persia.”我们有很强的证据支持一个假设,就是复活的概念是从波斯引进到希伯来思想的。
Brown speaks in a somewhat similar vein:另外一位学者布朗也是有类似的说法: “The doctrine of individual resurrection first appears in Israel after the exile,and may have been due to Persian influence.”以色列中的个人复活的教义,最初是在被掳之后才出现的,很有可能是借着波斯的影响。Salmond also mentions this view,学者“Salmond”也提过这个观点,but claims that it is not sufficiently warranted. 不过,他宣称这个证据不够。Says he : 他这样说:”The Old Testament doctrine of God is of itself enough to explain the entire history of the Old Testament conception of a future life.”旧约的神论本身,已经足够解释整个旧约对来生的概念的历史发展。
De Bondt comes to the conclusion学者“De Bondt”作这个结论,that there is not a single people among those with whom Israel came in contact,which had a doctrine of the resurrection that might have served as a pattern for the representation of it that was current among Israel;他的结论就是,以色列的周遭,就是以色列接触过的民族,没有一个有一种的复活论是可以用来作一个模式,给以色列普遍流行的复活观。and that the faith in the resurrection which finds expression in the Old Testament does not find its basis in the religions of the Gentiles,but in the revelation of Israel’s God. 还有,以色列人相信身体复活,就是在旧约表达出的复活概念呢,它的根据不是外邦人的诸般的宗教,乃是以色列的上帝所启示的。
It is true that we find no clear statements respecting the resurrection of the dead before the time of the prophets,没有错,以先知时期以前,旧约没有清楚地论述到死人复活。though Jesus found that it was already implied in Ex. 3:6 ;cf. Matt. 22:29-32,虽然耶稣基督认为,早在出埃及记第三章第6节,就已经暗示着复活的。(参考马太福音二十二章29到32节)and the writer of Hebrews intimates that另外就是,希伯来书的作者也暗示着说,even the patriarchs looked forward to the resurrection of the dead,就算先祖们,就是亚伯拉罕、以撒、雅各等等,都期待着从死里复活的。 Heb. 11:10,13-16,19. (希伯来书十一章第10节、13节到16节和19节)
Certainly evidences are not wanting that there was a belief in the resurrection long before the exile.肯定的是,我们并不缺乏证据证明,在被掳之前老早,神的子民就相信从死里复活的教义的。It is implied in the passages that speak of a deliverance from sheol,一些经文说到从阴间被救出来,就暗示着这一点了。Ps. 49:15 ; 73:24,25; Prov. 23:14.(诗篇49篇15节;诗篇73篇24,25节;箴言23章14节。)It finds expression in the famous statement of Job,在约伯著名的讲论中,就表达出来了。Job,19:25-27.(约伯记19章25到27节。)Moreover,不但如此,it is very clearly taught in Isa. 26:19 (a late passage,according to the critics),很清楚地,以赛亚书第26章19节有教导这个教义,根据批判圣经的学者们,以赛亚书是很迟才写出来的。and in Dan. 12:2,还有在但以理书12章2节,and is probably implied also in Ezek. 37 : 1-14.还有在以西结书37章1到14节,大概也是暗示着的。
2.IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. 新约圣经的证据。
As might be expected,the New Testament has more to say on the resurrection of the dead than the Old,我们可以预期的,新约比较旧约圣经呢,在死人复活这件事情上,有更多的讲论,because it brings the climax of God’s revelation on this point in the resurrection of Jesus Christ.因为,新约把上帝对复活的启示,在耶稣基督复活这件事情上带到他的高峰了。Over against the denial of the Sadducees,Jesus argues耶稣反驳撒都该人的不相信复活,反驳他们的否认,耶稣这样说,Jesus argues the resurrection of the dead from the Old Testament,耶稣从旧约论说到死人复活的,Matt. 22:23-33,and parallels,还有其他的平衡的经文的,cf. Ex. 3:6. 参考出埃及记三章第6节。
Moreover,He teaches that great truth very clearly不但如此,耶稣很清楚地在一些经文里教导这个复活的伟大的真理。John 5:25-29;(约翰福音第五章25到29节)6:39,40,44,54;(约翰福音第六章39,40,44,54节)11:24,25; (约翰福音第十一章24和25节)14:3;(约翰福音十四章3节)17:24. (约翰福音十七章24节)。The classical passage of the New Testament for the doctrine of the resurrection is I Cor. 15.新约圣经论到复活的教义的经典经文是哥林多前书第十五章。Other important passages are:其他重要的经文包括:I Thess. 4:13-16; (帖撒罗尼迦前书4章13到16节;)II Cor. 5:1-10;(哥林多后书五章1到10节;)Rev. 20:4-6(启示录二十章4到6节) (of dubious interpretation),不过对这段经文的解释是可疑的,and 20:13.最后,启示录二十章第13节。
C.The Nature of the Resurrection.复活的性质。
1.IT IS A WORK OF THE TRIUNE GOD. 第一点,复活是三一真神的作为。
The resurrection is a work of the triune God.复活是三一真神所作成的作为。In some cases we are simply told that God raises the dead,no person being specified,有些经文说到,上帝使死人复活,没有指明是哪一个位格。 Matt. 22:29;(马太福音二十二章29节;)II Cor. 1:9.(哥林多后书一章9节)
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More particularly,however,the work of the resurrection is ascribed to the Son,不过有的时候,复活这个大工呢,是归给圣子的,John 5:21,25,28,29; (约翰福音五章21,25,28,29节)6:38-40,44,54;(约翰福音六章38到40节,44节,54节)I Thess. 4:16.(帖撒罗尼迦前书四章16节)。Indirectly,it is also designated as a work of the Holy Spirit,另外,有的时候也间接地指圣灵是使人复活的。 Rom. 8:11.
2.IT IS A PHYSICAL OR BODILY RESURRECTION. 这是一个物质身体上的复活。
There were some in the days of Paul who regarded the resurrection as spiritual,在保罗的时代就有些人认为,复活是属灵的而已,II Tim. 2:18.提摩太后书二章18节。And there are many in the present day who believe only in a spiritual resurrection.到了今天,也有很多人只相信一个属灵的复活的。But the Bible is very explicit in teaching the resurrection of the body.但是经文是明文教导身体的复活的。Christ is called the “firstfruits” of the resurrection,耶稣基督被称为“从死里复活的初熟的果子”,I Cor. 15:20,23,(哥林多前书15章20,23节)and “the firstborn of the dead,”还有从死人复活的头生者,Col. 1:18;(歌罗西书第一章18节);Rev. 1:5.(启示录一章5节)。This implies that这个就暗示着说,the resurrection of the people of God will be like that of their heavenly Lord.上帝子民的复活,就会好像他们在天上的主耶稣一般。His resurrection was a bodily resurrection,and theirs will be of the same kind.基督的复活是一个身体上的复活,信徒们的复活也是同类的。
Moreover,不但如此,the redemption wrought by Christ is also said to include the body,基督所成就的救赎也包含了身体的救赎的,Rom. 8:23; (罗马书八章23节);I Cor. 6:13-20. (哥林多前书六章13到20节)。In Rom. 8:11在罗马书八章11节,we are told explicitly that God through His Spirit will raise up our mortal bodies.上帝借着他的灵,会使我们必死的身体复活的。And it is clearly the body that is prominently before the mind of the apostle in I Cor. 15,cf. especially the verses 35-49. 在哥林多前书第十五章,使徒保罗特别想到的就是人的身体,特别哥林多前书十五章35到49节。According to Scripture there will be a resurrection of the body,根据圣经,将会有一次的身体复活,that is,not an entirely new creation,意思就是说,不是一个完全新的创造,but a body that will be in a fundamental sense identical with the present body.乃是一个身体,在一个很基本的意义上是与现今的身体是同一个的。
God will not create a new body for every man,上帝不会为每一个人创造一个新的身体,but will raise up the very body that was deposited in the earth.而是使那个存在地里的那个身体本身复活起来。 This cannot only be inferred from the term “resurrection,” but is clearly stated in Rom. 8:11,I Cor. 15:53,这个不单单是可以从复活这个字引申、推论出来,也是很清楚地在罗马书八章11节;哥林多前书十五章53节指出的,and is further implied in the figure of the seed sown in the earth,which the apostle employs in I Cor. 15:36-38.进一步地圣经借着在哥林多前书第十五章36到38节,使徒保罗所用的一个种子埋在地上这个比喻就暗示着是同一个身体复活的。
Moreover,再进一步说,Christ,the firstfruits of the resurrection,conclusively proved the identity of His body to His disciples. 耶稣基督,就是那位从死里复活的初熟的果子呢,基督,就是那位从死里复活的初熟的果子,确定地证明他的身体是同一个身体,在他复活之后,他向他的门徒们显现他的身体。At the same time Scripture makes it perfectly evident that the body will be greatly changed.同时,圣经特别清楚地指出,这个身体会经历大大的改变。Christ’s body was not yet fully glorified during the period of transition between the resurrection and the ascension;在基督复活之后到他升天之前这段时间,耶稣基督的身体在这个过渡时期还没有完全被荣耀的,yet it had already undergone a remarkable change.但是身体已经经历了一个奇妙的改变。
Paul refers to the change that will take place,when he says that in stowing a seed we do not sow the body that shall be; 保罗说,当我们撒种,种埋在地上的时候,我们不是撒一个将来的那个种子,他这样子就指出,将来会有的这个改变。we do not intend to pick the same seed out of the ground.我们把种子埋在地上,将来收成的时候,我们并不是收获同一个种子的。Yet we do expect to reap something that is in a fundamental sense identical with the seed deposited in the earth.但是,我们会期待将来收成的时候,所收成的是与那个埋在地里的种子,基本上是同样的一个事物。
While there is a certain identity between the seed sown and the seeds that develop out of it,yet there is also a remarkable difference.一方面撒下去的种子,和所发展出来那些的种子之间是有它的共通点,它是同一个东西,但同时又很奇妙的不同的。We shall be changed,says the apostle,使徒保罗说,我们必改变,”for this corruptible must put on incorruption,因为这个必朽坏的,必定穿上不朽坏的,and this mortal must put on immortality.”这个不死的,会穿上不死的。The body “is sown in corruption;身体是在败坏中被种的,it is raised in incorruption:复活的是不败坏的;it is sown in dishonor; it is raised in power;种下去的是羞耻的,复活的是强壮的;it is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body.”种下去的是一个自然的或者属肉体的身体,复活的是一个灵性的身体。
Change is not inconsistent with the retention of identity. 身份是一样,是同一个身体,但是不排除有改变,这两者不是不一致的。We are told that even now every particle in our bodies changes every seven years,现在我们已经知道,在我们身体的每一个细胞、每一个细节,每七年就改变了,but through it all the body retains its identity.但是经过这么长的过程呢,身体仍然是同一个。There will be a certain physical connection between the old body and the new,旧的身体与将来新的身体之间,有某一种物质上的关联,but the nature of this connection is not revealed.上帝没有启示给我们知道,这个关联的本质是什么。
Some theologians speak of a remaining germ from which the new body develops;有些神学家说,有一个种子或者细菌留在身体里面,新的身体是由这个发展出来的。others say that the organizing principle of the body remains.又有其他神学家说,这个身体的组织的原则是存留着的。Origen had something of that kind in mind; 俄利根想到的是大概这种的原则。so did Kuyper and Milligan.凯波跟“Milligan”也是大概有这种的想法。
If we bear all this in mind,the old objection against the doctrine of the resurrection,namely,that it is impossible that a body could be raised up,consisting of the same particles that constituted it at death,since these particles pass into other forms of existence and perhaps into hundreds of other bodies,loses its force completely.假如我们记住这点的话,那老旧的反对理由就完全没有能力了。这个老旧的反对“死人复活”的教义就是说,身体复活是不可能的,因为身体在死的时候,有这么多的不同的细胞跟原子等等,这些都已经进入到不同的生存形态,甚至乎进入到成千上百的人的身体里面了。这个反对的理由就完全不成立了。
3.IT IS A RESURRECTION OF BOTH THE RIGHTEOUS AND THE WICKED. 复活的性质第3点:将来的复活是义人复活,同时也是罪人或者恶人的复活。
According to Josephus根据犹太人的史学家约瑟夫,the Pharisees denied the resurrection of the wicked.法利赛人是不相信恶人必复活的。The doctrine of annihilationism and that of conditional immortality,both of which,at least in some of their forms,deny the resurrection of the ungodly and teach their annihilation,embraced by many theologians,has also found favor in such sects as Adventism and Millennial Dawnism. 某一些的近期的旁门异端,譬如说“Adventism”,Adventism是什么呢?包括安息日会,还有其他的派别的,还有千禧年的“晨光主义”,这些的近期的旁门也会相信这个“灵魂消灭论”或者是一个“有条件的不朽论”。不论是什么形式,总之,他们是不相信恶人会身体复活,他们相信恶人的身体就消灭了。
They believe in the total extinction of the wicked.他们相信恶人完全地消灭了。The assertion is sometimes made that Scripture does not teach the resurrection of the wicked,but this is clearly erroneous,有人有的时候会这样说,圣经并没有教导恶人会复活,但这个很清楚地是错误的。Dan. 12:2; (但以理十二章2节);John 5:28,29;(约翰福音五章28,29节); Acts 24:15 ; (使徒行传二十四章15节);Rev. 20:13-15. (启示录二十章13到15节)。At the same time it must be admitted that与此同时,我们必须要承认,their resurrection does not stand out prominently in Scripture.恶人的复活在圣经里面并不是很突出的。
The soteriological aspect of the resurrection is clearly in the foreground,复活带来的救赎的层面,很明显地是突出的,and this pertains to the righteous only. 而这个只是与义人有关。They in distinction from the wicked,are the ones that profit by the resurrection.从复活得到好处的是义人,有别于恶人。
4.IT IS A RESURRECTION OF UNEQUAL IMPORT FOR THE JUST AND THE UNJUST. 复活对义人和不义的人的意义不是同等的。
我们下一讲,讲这个第4个复活的性质,之后,我们就进到第四大点,D.The Time of the Resurrection.复活会在什么时候发生。我们下一次继续。
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