认识现代神学第六讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_文字:XSS姐妹
第二章1919和之后。我们再讲巴特所引进的五个新原则。第一个原则,就是对19世纪的自由派神学的反叛,上帝不是临在于这个世界,上帝是全然他者。第二个原则,是启示与圣经不同,圣经不是上帝的话,圣经可能成为上帝的话。参考《教会教义学》卷Ⅰ/1,123-124页。
我们来到第三,第三个新原则就是辩证法。巴特特别受到祁克果的影响,所有神学宣称都是”吊诡”的,人必须要把一个”吊诡”的两方面同时保存着,这个保存的动作就是信心,就是信心的跳跃。现在我们继续讲下去:
Barth was deeply influenced by this concept as he prepared the revisions for his second edition of the Romans commentary.当巴特修改《罗马人书注释》,准备第二版出版的时候,深深受到这个辩证(就是这个”吊诡”),信心的跳跃的概念所影响。Barth now contended,现在巴特声称:“as long as we are here on earth,一天我们仍然在地上,we can do no otherwise in theology than proceed by using the method of statement and counterstatement,我们在神学所能够做的,只能是用断言和反断言的方法来进行;we dare not pronounce absolutely the final word.我们不敢绝对地宣告一个最后的断言(final word)。Paradox is no accident in Christian theology.”吊诡”在基督教神学不是偶然的,It belongs, in some sense, to the heart of doctrinal thinking.从一种意义上来说,”吊诡”是属于教义思想的核心意义。
The very nature of revelation, according to Barth, proceeds by means of paradox,根据巴特,启示的本质是透过”吊诡”而进行的——God as hidden but revealed,神是隐藏,却是被启示的;our knowledge of God and our knowledge of sin,我们对上帝的认识,我们对罪的认识;every man elect but also reprobate in Christ,每一个人在基督里被拣选,同时每个人在基督里被遗弃、沉沦;Jesus as both Yes and the No of God,耶稣同时是上帝的“是”,也是上帝“不是”,man justified by God and yet, at the same time, a sinner.人由上帝称义,却同时是一个罪人。One commentator has well remarked that,有一位对巴特的评论者说得好:“according to the dialectic theology of Barth,根据巴特的辩证式的神学,revelation coming from above to man, in the contradiction of sin, and within the limits of finitude, can only appear to the human mind as a series of paradoxes.启示既然是从上而临到人,启示既然是与罪矛盾的,启示既然是在有限性的限制之内,所以,对人看来,启示肯定只不过是“一系列的吊诡(a series of paradoxes)”。
No.4, 第四个新的原则:Barth’s commentary sought to renew a call for the utter transcendence of God.巴特的注释试图再次的呼吁人正视上帝绝对的超越性(utter transcendence),In fact, Barth’s dialectical method seems to be related to his idea that God is always Subject, never Object.事实上巴特的辩证方法好像与他这个概念是相连的,上帝永远是主体的(Subject)大草S,不是客体(Object)大草O。God, for Barth, is not one unit in the world of objects,对巴特来说,上帝不是在这个许多物件、东西的世界里面的一个单元,不是的:He is the infinite and sovereign “Wholly Other” who is known only as He speaks to us.上帝是那一位无限的、掌主权的、“全然他者”,唯有当他向我们说话的时候,才被我们所认识的。“He cannot be explained, as an object can,他不能好像东西,一个物件,这样子被解释的;He can only be addressed.他只能够被我们向他说话。For this reason,为了这个缘故,theology is forbidden to measure Him in direct or unilinear thinking.我们禁止神学用直接,或者单线性的思想方法来衡量他。”We cannot speak concerning God.我们不能够论道神。We can only speak to God.我们只能向神说话。According to Barth, the nature of God demands,根据巴特,上帝的本质就要求我们,that our statements to Him must always wear the guise of contradiction.对上帝的宣称必须带着矛盾的这个面具。 We cannot call Him near except as we call Him far.除非我们称他是远远的,不然我们不可以称他为邻近的。
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Barth’s great theme, in alleged opposition to liberalism, was “the infinite qualitative difference” between eternity and time, heaven and earth, God and man.巴特在他自称反对自由派神学的伟大的主题,就是永恒和实践,天和地,上帝与人之间的无限的质的不同。God is not to be identified with anything in the world, not even the words of Scripture.上帝不可以与在世界上任何的东西所等同,甚至乎圣经的话也不可以。God comes to man, just as the tangent which touches the circle, but does not really touch it.上帝临到人,好像碰到一个圈子,但是没有真正接触到这个圈子一样。God speaks to man, just as a bombshell which bursts on the earth.上帝向人说话,就好像一个炸弹在地上爆炸。After the shell-burst,炸弹爆炸了之后,all that is left is a burnt crater in the ground.唯一存留的是地上一个被烧过的大洞。Such a crater is the church.这个洞就是教会。
No.5,第五个新的原则:Barth’s commentary underlined also a new indifference to history in the world of theology.巴特的《罗马人书注释》也强调着一种在神学世界里面对历史的漠不关心。Nineteenth century theology had sought to find “the historical Jesus” behind the so-called “supernatural Christ” of the Bible.19世纪的神学试图在《圣经》的所谓“超自然的基督”的背后,去寻找所谓“历史上的耶稣”的。Classic liberals such as Barth’s teacher, Harnack,例如巴特的老师,哈纳克这种的经典自由派人士,had sought to find kernels of historical facts concerning Jesus in the Gospels,他们试图去找出在福音书里面关于耶稣基督一些的所谓历史事实的核心(kernels),which they condemned as unreliable.而他们批判福音书本身是不可靠的。Barth denounced this search as a matter of indifference.巴特谴责这种的探索,是一种漠不关心的探索。Revelation does not enter history.启示并不进入到历史的。It only touches history as a tangent touches a circle.他只是碰一碰历史而已。 According to Barth,根据巴特(and Bultmann, who still uses these same early ideas,另外还有布特曼仍然使用的这些巴特的早期的概念),there is nothing in history on which faith could base itself.历史里面没有任何事物可以作为信心的基础的。Faith is a vacuum,信心是一个真空,filled not from history below, but from revelation above.不是用下面的历史填满,乃是用从上而来的启示来填满的。
Deeply under the influence of Kierkegaard’s and Franz Overbeck’s views of history,巴特深深受到祁克果和Franz Overbeck的历史观所影响,Barth divided history into two levels,因此他把历史分为两个层次:Historie and Geschichte,我把这两个德文字翻成历史和超历史,超历史也可以被翻译成原始历史(both words can be translated as simply “history,”这两个字都可以用history翻译成英文的,though their connotations are quite different in German.但是他们的含义在德文是非常不一样)。Historie is the sum total of historical facts in the past, which can be objectively verified. Historie(历史),就是过去历史事实的总和,这些都可以客观地被证实的。Geschichte(超历史),concerns those matters which touch me existentially,是关乎那些与我的存在有所接触的事情,which make some demand upon me and call for my commitment. 对我有所要求,也呼吁我的委身。According to Barth,根据巴特,the resurrection of Jesus belongs to the realm of Geschichte, not Historie.耶稣的复活属于超历史(或者原始历史)的范围,不属于历史(Historie)的范围。In fact, the realm of Historie is worthless for the Christian.事实上对基督徒来说,Historie(历史)的范围是毫无价值的。Jesus must be confronted in the realm of Geschichte.人必须要在一个Geschichte(超历史、原始历史)的范围里面遇见耶稣。
注脚12(footnote 12): For a full analysis of these terms as they are used by Barth,若要找到巴特所使用这些的名词的完整的分析的话,consult Cornelius Van Til, Christianity and Barthianism, 1962, pp.13-29.参考哥尼流、范泰尔,《基督教与巴特主义》,1962年,13-29页。我多加一句,这个《基督教与巴特主义》就是范泰尔所写的New Modernism(《新的现代主义》)之后的,对新总统神学的第二本的分析,1962年。
我们继续:The basic themes of Barth’s work on Romans appear again and again in the history of theology that follows in our study.在我们本书后面的好几章,我们看到在后来的神学历史上,巴特的《罗马人书注释》里面的基本的主题,一次、再次的再出现。Some seize on one theme and magnify it.有些神学家抓一个主题把它扩大。Others emphasize another.其他神学家强调另外一些的主题。But their influence remains far-reaching enough,可是这些原则的影响力是那么的深远,to designate the first half of the twentieth century in liberal theology as the world of Barth.我们可以说20世纪的上半的自由派神学就是巴特的神学世界。Barth himself, in his later work, refined much of this early emphasis,巴特自己在后来的著作,对他这些早期所强调的原则都做过细腻的修改,and, to some extent, smoothed many rough edges.可以说把一些的粗的地方铲平。But, like the world of theology that has followed him, he has never escaped its implications, even in his later work.可是,就正如跟着他而来的神学世界一样,巴特就算再他后来的著作也逃不脱这些早期的原则所带来的含义的。
后面是五方面的深远的影响,对后来的巴特,和对后来的神学。
No.1, 第一方面的影响:Though Barth’s views represent, to some degree, a revolt against classic liberalism,虽然在某一个程度上,巴特的观点是一种对经典自由派神学的反叛,in a deeper sense, Van Til is perfectly accurate in designating his views as “the new modernism.”范泰尔却称他的观点为新的现代或者自由派神学,这样的分析是绝对准确的。Barth retains the liberal critical view of Scripture.巴特保留着自由派对圣经的批判性的观点。He does not accept the inerrancy of the of the Bible. 巴特并不接受圣经的无误的。In fact, he asserts that, 事实上,巴特宣称:“the entire Bible is a fallible human document,整本《圣经》是一本有谬误的人类的文件,and to seek for infallible parts in Scripture is ‘mere self-will and disobedience.’而在《圣经》里要寻找一些无谬的部分,完全是(或者仅仅是)一厢情愿和不顺服。”The inerrancy of Scripture is one of crucial differences between naturalism and Christianity,圣经的无误,就是自然主义和基督教信仰之间一个最关键性的不同,and Barth’s position places him clearly in the liberal-naturalistic camp.巴特的立场,就是他清楚的显明是属于自由派,自然主义的阵营的。
No2,第二个影响:His view of revelation becomes purely subjective in an ultimate sense.巴特的启示观,在一个绝对至中的意义上来说,是纯粹主观的。
我们下一次继续讲第2,还有3、4、5方面的影响。这个是早期的巴特《罗马人书注释》,特别第二修订版所呈现出的巴特。讲完这个之后,第三章是讲新正统神学,也就是巴特的教会教义学,另外还有布伦纳的神学。
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