认识现代神学第十讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_文字:XSS姐妹
第四章 形式批判布特曼的方法。我们上一讲讲了引言,现在我们来看它的特点,一共有六方面的特点。
第一方面,形式批判的前提,就是“《圣经》是不可靠的”,对于耶稣基督和他的使徒们的生平和教导,是不可靠的。In the language of a contemporary form critic,根据一位当代的形式批判者的说法,“the work of the Form Critic was designed to show that,形式批判者的工作的原意,就是要指出:the message of Jesus as given to us in the Synoptics is, for the most part, not authentic,符类福音(就是马可、马太、路加福音)所留给我们的耶稣的信息,大体上来说不是真实的,but was minted by the faith of the primitive Christian community in its various stages.乃是在原始的基督教群体经历了不同的阶段的时候,他们所制造的(minted)。”For Bultmann,对布特曼来说,the Bible is not the inspired Word of God in any objective sense.《圣经》从客观的意义来说不是上帝所默示的话语。While God speaks to men through the Bible,虽然上帝透过(或者借着)圣经向人们说话,“objectively the Bible is a product of the ancient historical and religious influences,客观的来说,《圣经》是古代的历史上和宗教上影响的产品,and must be evaluated exactly like any other ancient religious literature.因此,必须好像任何其他古代的宗教、文学一样来检讨。”
No.2,第二方面的特点。The fundamental assumption of form criticism is that,形式批判学派最基本的假设是:the Gospels are primarily products of the editing work of the early Christian church.福音书主要是早期基督教教会的编辑的工作的产品。The gospel writers sought to link together various contradictory, independent oral traditions circulating in the church before the time of the writing of the New Testament.福音书的作者们所试图要做的,就是把一些在新约圣经被写下来之前的时期,在教会里面所流传的一些不同的、彼此矛盾的、彼此独立的口传传统,把这些口传传统连接起来。These oral traditions are not even themselves totally reliable.而这些的口传传统本身,甚至乎不是完全可靠的。
They consisted basically of individual sayings and narratives concerning Jesus and His disciples.这些口传传统的内容,基本上就是关于耶稣和他的门徒们个别的言论和叙述。The church used them,教会使用了这些口传传统,and tied them together in narrative form,用了一个叙述的形式把它们接起来,inventing locations, times, and linkings to bind the independent traditions together.用了一些的地点、时间和连接的写法,来把这些独立的传统连接起来。Such phrases in the Gospels,福音书有这些的字词的,as,例如:“on a ship,在一船上”, “immediately,马上 ”,“the next day,第二天、次日”, “on a journey,在路上的时候”,are all said to be simply literary devices used by the gospel editors,他们说这些只不过是福音书的编辑们用的写作的伎俩,to unite all the independent sayings and stories about Jesus.把所有关于耶稣的独立的言论和故事统一起来。As K. L. Schmidt, one of the pioneers in this method,正如这个形式批判的理论一位的开荒者K. L. Schmidt说过:“We do not have the story of Jesus, we only have stories about Jesus.我们手上并没有耶稣的故事,我们只有一些关于耶稣的不同的故事。”
No.3,第三方面的特点。The purpose of the form critical method,形式批判方法的目的,is to analyze the history of the oral tradition underlying the written Gospels.就是要分析被写下来的福音书背后的口传传统的历史。The Gospels serve us only as the raw material for our study to find “the gospel before the gospels.”福音书对我们来说,只不过是原始资料,提供了这些资料,让我们去研究、去寻找“福音书之前的福音”。Since the assumption is that the early church has organized artificially, according to its own apologetic and evangelistic purposes, the material of the Gospels into one harmonious account,研经者,他的假设既然是早期教会已经是很虚伪的、人为的,根据他自己的护教和宣教的目的,人为地把福音书里面的资料组织成为一个一个和谐的记载,the form critic must destroy that artificial harmony,形式批判着就必须毁掉这个人为的和谐,try to discover the original forms of the oral tradition now embedded in the writing,而试图去发现在目前的著作里面,所深植的口传传统的原来的面貌,and then reconstruct the earliest tradition as best he can.然后尽他所能的重新建构最早的传统。
No.4,第四方面的特点。The first step in this technique is to admit,这个技巧的第一步,就是要首先承认:that any indications in the Gospels of sequence, time, place, etc., are unhistorical and untrustworthy.在福音书里面,任何所指出的顺序、时间、地点,等等,是不符合历史的、不可靠的。We must pare away the framework of the story,我们必须为这个故事的架构去剥皮,to find the bare skeleton,去找到那个赤裸的骨干,of the beginning, the detached anecdotes and teachings artificially strung together by the early church.去找到那些早期教会很随意连接起来那些的开始,和被分隔的个别的故事,和教训。
No.5,第五方面的特点。When this has been done,当这个工作做好了之后,the individual passages are classified into such groups,一段一段的经文就被分类,分成这些的组别,as,例如miracle stories,神迹的故事,controversial sayings,有争议性的言论,prophecies,预言,apophthegmata.格言,等等。Each of these groups has a certain fixed form.每一个组别有它固有的形式。Thus,因此,if one finds the individual tradition more or less similar to this fixed form,假如有人看到某一个传统比较与固有的形式相似,one can judge whether it belongs to a primary or secondary tradition,就要判断究竟是属于原始的传统,还是第二层的传统,to an earlier or later source,是可以追溯到一个比较早的来源,或者一个后期的来源,to a more or less reliable tradition.也就是说可追溯到一个比较可靠的传统,或者没有那么可靠的传统。
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As one writer has described it,正如一位作者这样描述:“the form critic determines the age of gospel stories and sayings by looking at their forms,形式批判者透过看福音书里面的故事和言论的形式,来决定这些故事跟言论的年日的,in the same way as a horse dealer tells the age of horses by looking at their teeth.就好像一个卖马的商人看马的牙齿来判断这匹马的年龄一样。”The older an account is, the more reliable it is as a historical source.一个记载越是老旧,作为一个历史的资料,他就更为可靠。
No.6,第六方面的特点。The results of this sort of methodology are highly inducive of skepticism, to say the least.这种方法所带来的结果,我们若说是非常鼓励人抱着怀疑主义的态度的话,一点都不过分。For Bultmann,对布特曼来说,the historical residuum is found largely in the teachings of Jesus, not in the record of His deeds, and even less so in the portrayal of His person.历史所存留下来的,大体上是耶稣的教导,不是他的作为的记录,更加不是对他位格的描述。He does not doubt that Jesus lived and did many of the works attributed to Him in the analyzed tradition.布特曼并不怀疑耶稣曾经活过,也做过很多这些被分析的传统,声称他所做过的事。But he is skeptical about everything else.但是对所有其他的,布特曼就抱怀疑态度。He writes,他这样写道:“I do indeed think that we can now know almost nothing concerning the life and personality of Jesus,我诚然的相信,现在对于耶稣的生平和位格,我们差不多什么不知道,since the early Christian sources show no interest in either,既然早期基督教的文献对这两方面(就是耶稣的生平跟他其人)不感兴趣,are moreover fragmentary and legendary,而且更加是零碎的片段和传说;and other sources about c about Jesus do not exist.我们并没有其他关于耶稣的原始的来源。”
For the orthodox Christian,对一位正统信仰的基督徒来说,there are formal points of contact between himself and some of Bultmann’s emphases.他自己和布特曼所强调一些的要点之间有一些形式上的、表面上的接触点的,我们的作者列出五点。
No.1,第一个接触点:Form criticism reminds us that,形式批判提醒我们,the gospel was, in fact, preserved for a generation in oral form before it was reduced to writing in the New Testament.福音还没有在新约圣经里写下来之前,的确有整整一代的时间是以口传保存下来的。
No.2,第二个接触点:Form criticism also reminds us that,形式批判也提醒我们,the Gospels are not “neutral, impartial” records,福音书并不是一些所谓“中立的、没有偏见”的记录,but witnesses to the faith of Christian believers.他们乃是对基督信徒的信仰的见证。
No.3,第三个接触点:Form criticism has failed to discover a non-supernatural Jesus.形式批判并没有发现一位不是超自然的耶稣。All of the New Testament documents, no matter how form criticism cuts them up, still reflect a supernatural Jesus, the Son of God.所有新约的文献,不论形式批判如何把它们切到支离破碎,仍然反映出一位超自然的耶稣,上帝的儿子。
No.4,第四方面的接触点:Form criticism reminds us of the occasional character of the Gospels.形式批判提醒我们,福音书有着一个场合性的性质。They were written with a view to the particular historical occasion and situation他们是考虑到一个特定的历史的场合或者处境而写下的——Matthew to the Jews,马太福音是向犹太人写的,Mark and Luke to the Gentiles.马可和路加是向外邦人写的。As such, they do express a concern for the life situation in which they were written, and in which they were concerned.既然是如此,福音书也表达出一种在他们写的时候的生活的情况,他们也关注到他们所关注的那个处境。
No.5,第五个接触点:Form criticism reminds us that,形式批判提醒我们,the Gospels are not nearly as much interested in geographical details and chronological details as even the orthodox community had formerly thought.福音书本身并没有好像甚至正统的信仰群体以前所认为的,对地理和历史年份的细节感兴趣。
But all these points of contact with orthodox Christian views of the gospel are ultimately superficial.但是,这些与正统基督徒的福音观的接触点,至终是表面上的。Like Barth, Bultmann’s method itself does radical injustice to the nature of the New Testament in basic ways.布特曼和巴特一样,在一些很基本的方面,彻底的、不公允的对待新约圣经的性质。
No.1,第一方面的批判:Although it is true that the Gospels do not always give a chronicle of continuous events,虽然福音书不是每次都给我们一个顺序的时间上的次序,这个是事实,it does not mean, as form criticism argues, that there is no trustworthy historical outline for the life of Christ.但是这个并不好像形式批判者所说的,并不意味着福音书里面没有一个基督生平大纲的一个可靠的历史架构。
我们下次继续讲这个第一点,还有其他,一共五点的批判。
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