认识现代神学第十一讲
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_文字:XSS姐妹
第四章 形式批判。现在我们来到对形式批判的批判。
我们再重新的,从第一点开始讲。Although it is true that the Gospels do not always give a chronicle of continuous events,虽然福音书不是每次都给我们一个顺序的时间表,这个是事实,it does not mean, as form criticism argues, that there is no trustworthy historical outline for the life of Christ.但是这个并不好像形式批判学派这样说,并不意味着福音书里面没有一个可靠的基督生平的历史大纲。Within the limits of a broad historical outline, each evangelist arranged his material to serve his own purpose.每一位福音书的作者遵循着一个宽广的历史大纲来安排他的资料,达成他自己的目标。It is poor criticism to demand from the gospel writers what they do not intend.若要求福音书的作者要做出不是他们用意的事情,这个是一个很差劲的圣经批判(或者是分析)。And it is poor criticism to insist that what they did intend is not historical or trustworthy.若坚持说福音书的作者们的用意并不符合历史,不可靠的话,也是非常差劲的圣经批判(也就是对圣经的分析)。Luke’s prologue (Luke 1:1-4),路加福音的序言(路1:1-4),is a clear indication of the gospel writers’ concern to root their narrative in history. 就清楚地指出,几位福音书的作者们的关注,就是要把他们的记载深深植在历史上。The Gospels remain good news.福音书仍旧是好消息。
No.2第二方面的批判:Form criticism does injustice to the writers of the gospel records.形式批判对福音书的记载的作者们是不公允的。Matthew, Mark, and Luke are reduced to mere editors of documents, and the Gospels to self- contradictory records.马太、马可和路加被约化为文件的编辑而已,而福音书也被约化为自我矛盾的记录。All this does radical injustice to the unity of the gospel record.这些都对福音书的记录的一贯性、一致性是彻底的不公允的。The Gospels possess a basic unity trustworthy witnesses to Christ.福音书是几个对基督的可靠的见证,他们本身拥有着一个基本的一贯性。Actually, the several Gospels do not present diverse frameworks for the life of Jesus.事实上个别的福音书并不是对耶稣生平的不同的架构。Rather, each Gospel is a witness to certain aspects of the single historical framework of Christ’s life which has not been completely preserved.反之,基督的生平是有着一个历史的架构的,这个架构并没有完全被保存下来,每一本的福音书就是对这个“一个的历史架构”的某一个层面的见证。Form criticism does not recognize the diversity of oral transmission within the unity of the gospel records.形式批判并不承认福音书的记载是一贯的,而在这个一贯的架构里面,有着不同的口传传统的传递,形式批判学者们不愿意承认这两点。
No.3第三方面的批判:Form criticism separates Christianity from Christ.形式批判把基督教和基督分割了。The great assumption of this method of study is that,这种的研究方法的最大的假设是,the Christian community, not Christ, exercised the major creative role in the production of the Gospels.在福音书写成的过程里面,基督教的信仰群体不是基督扮演那个最主要的创意性的角色。However,但是(下面是我们作者的批判),the message of the New Testament is centered, not in the community, but in Christ.新约的信息不是以信仰群体为中心的,是以基督为中心的(林后4:5)。 The church, like Paul and his fellow apostles, was witness, not creator (I Cor. 4:1-2).教会,正如保罗和其他的使徒们一样,是见证,不是创造者(林前:1-2)。Its major responsibility was not creation of new traditions,教会主要的责任不是创造新的传统,but the preservation and proclamation of the old once.乃是保存和宣讲固有的、老旧的传统。
No.4第四方面的批判:Form criticism separates Christianity from the apostles.形式批判把基督教与使徒们分隔了。Bultmann and others completely discount the presence of the apostles as the guardians of the accurate tradition in the early church concerning Jesus.布特曼还有其他学者们完全忽视使徒们的存在,使徒们就是在早期教会里,准确的关于耶稣的传统的保护者。The apostles were an authoritative source of information about the facts and doctrines of Christianity and of Christ.使徒们是一个具有权威的资料的来源,关于基督教和基督的事实和教义,使徒们所知道的、所传递的,是有权柄的(Acts 1:21-22,徒1:21-22)。Underlines this strategic control the apostles exercised over the spread of the gospel in these years of oral transmission.特别强调,使徒们在这些口传的传递的阶段,他们如何使用了一种战略性的、控制的权柄,控制了福音的传播。Their presence was intended to prevent the occurrence of precisely the situation described by form criticism.形式批判所描述这个处境,使徒们的存在的用意恰恰就是要阻止这种的情况的出现。The apostles were God’s guarantee of the continuity and integrity of the historic Christian faith.使徒们是上帝的保证,保证着历史性的基督信仰的连续性和整体性。
No.5最后,第五个方面的批判:Form criticism seems oblivious to the small time lag separating the historical facts and the written documents.形式批判好像完全忽视了历史事实和书写的文件之间的短暂的时间。Mark’s Gospel was written in the 60’s, if not the 50’s,马可福音是在60年代,甚至乎可能是50年代写成的,Paul received his account of the tradition in the mid-30’s.保罗是在30年代中领受他的传统的记载的 (加1:18)。Many of the apostles and eye-witnesses of Jesus lived throughout the entire period in which the Gospels were written.很多的使徒们跟耶稣基督的见证人,在整段的时期(就是福音书被写下来的整段的时期)是活着的。Where is the time for the collection, creation, and circulation of these community “sagas” and “myths”?群体所收集、所创造、所传播的所谓的“传说”跟“神话”,哪里来这些的时间呢?The events of Jesus’ life were not hidden from public view.耶稣一生的事迹并不是像大众隐藏的(徒26:26)。There were witnesses for both the defense and the attack on Christianity.对于基督教的维护和攻击,两方面都有见证人的。The gospel exploded into life in the midst of well-attested history.在这个充满着见证的历史过程中,福音爆炸、火起来了。Form criticism cannot explain this at all.形式批判对这件事完全不能解释。
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The end of chapter IV,第四章结束。
CHAPTER V 第五章DEMYTHOLOGIZATION: BULTMANN’S MESSAGE 去神话化:布特曼的信息。
One of the key words for understanding twentieth century theology is “demythologization.”“去神话化”是了解20世纪神学一个必须认识的关键性的词汇。The term was made famous by Rudolf Bultmann, when he introduced the idea in a 1941 essay.这个是布特曼在1941年一篇文章里所介绍一个概念,是由布特曼传播的。
The impact of the concept in Europe has been tremendous.去神话化在欧洲发生巨大的影响。And though, in some respects, Germany does not seem to be as interested in the concept as before,虽然目前德国好像没有以前那么对去神话化感兴趣,in the United States and Asia interest is growing.但是在美国跟亚洲学者们,越来越注意这个概念。The idea was given new encouragement when Bishop John Robinson of England popularized it in his 1963 book, Honest to God.在1963年,英国的主教罗宾逊出版他的《对神诚实的书》的时候,就是对这个概念再一次地复苏。
Not all of Bultmann’s thought may,by any means, be summed up in this phrase.布特曼的思想完全不能用这一个短句来总结的。In the previous chapter, we have tried to indicate another very significant part of Bultmann’s influence today.再上一章(第四章),我们指出布特曼的影响,另外一个非常重要的部分就是形式批判。However, the demythologization program is certainly a significant part of the professor’s theology and the part which today remains most debated.可是,去神话化的工程仍然是布特曼教授的神学里很重要的部分,在今天仍然是一个最有争议性的部分。
下面要介绍去神话化的要点,一共有五点,然后有五点的批判。
No.1第一方面的要点:The center of the program is Bultmann’s contention that one finds two things in the New Testament,整个去神话化工程的中心,就是布特曼的声称,说:我们在新约圣经里面找到两样样式——(1) the Christian gospel,第一,基督教的福音;and (2) the first century world view, mythological in character.和第二,第一世纪的世界观,它的性质是神话性的。The gospel essence, what Bultmann calls the kerygma,福音的核心,也就是布特曼所称之为所宣讲的信息——Kerygma (a transliteration of the Greek word meaning “the content of what is preached”,是用英文直接翻译希腊文的字,这个字的意思就是所宣讲的内容), is the irreducible core with which our modern age must be confronted and which we must believe.Kerygma是指我们活在现代期的人们,必须面对的那个不可以在约化的核心,也就是我们必须相信的核心。However,可是,modern man cannot accept the mythical framework in which the gospel essence is wrapped.现代人必须要接受一件事情,就是,福音是被一个神化性的架构所包裹着的。So “theology must undertake the task of stripping the kerygma from its mythical framework.”所以,“神学必须要从事一项工程,这个工程就是要拆掉所宣讲信息外面的那层的神话架构”。According to Bultmann,根据布特曼,this “mythical framework” is not specifically Christian,anyway.这个神话性的架构本身也不怎么的基督教。
No.2第二方面的特点:“Myth” for Bultmann is the undifferentiated discourse of a pre-scientific age.对布特曼来说,神话就是一个前科学(科学之前)的时代的一个不作区分的言论。It is the purpose of myth to express man’s understanding of himself, not to present an objective picture of the world.神话的目的并不是要勾画出一个对世界的客观的一幅图画,乃是要表达人的自我理解。Myth uses imagery and terms taken from this world,神话用上从这个世界取来的形象和名词,to express these convictions of man’s self- understanding.来表达人对他自我认识的信念。So, in the first century,因此,在第一世纪的时候,the Jew understood his world as a system open to God and supernatural powers.犹太人是这样理解他的世界的,世界是对上帝和对超自然的权利敞开的一个系统。The universe in the first century was said to be three-storied,他们说,在第一世纪的宇宙,是三层的,with heaven above,上面是天堂,the earth,然后地球,and hell below the earth.然后在地之下是地狱。Bultmann contends that this is the world-view contained in the Bible.布特曼坚称,这个就是圣经里所含有的世界观(world-view)。The order of nature is one frequently disturbed by supernatural intervention.根据这个世界观,自然界的秩序常常被超自然的介入所骚扰。
No.3第三方面的特点:This mythical transformation of the world also has been used to transform Jesus, according to Bultmann.根据布特曼来说,这种的用神话来改变这个世界,这个方法也被使用来改变耶稣的。耶稣其人就成为一个神话了。
我们下次继续来讲这个第三方面的特点。
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