22、第十一章:进化神学学派
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:XSS姐妹_中文:姣姐妹
《认识现代神学》第22讲。第11章,进化神学学派。他们的重点的第四和第五点。前面我们讲了整个的进化的过程是从Alpha point(起点)进化到Omega point(终点),而Omega point可以说就是耶稣基督,也就是上帝“灌于万物”,God will be “all in all”。
第四个要点,The center of this evolutionary process, its inner principle, is said to be Christ.德日进说,这一个进化的过程的中心,它的内在原则就是基督。The Christ of Teilhard, as one commentator has noted, “is the reflection into the heart of the process of the Omega point which stands at its end.德日进的基督正如一位评论家所注意到的,是整个的Omega point(终点),他是站在整个过程的终点的,他的过程反映到心里面,the reflection into the heart of the process of the Omega point,终点的过程反映到心中。Christ assures us of its reality by actualizing it in our midst. . . .基督在我们中间把这个终点的过程实现,因而向我们确保他的真实性……” By a personal act of communion and sublimation, Christ aggregates to himself the total psychism of the earth.基督藉着一个他亲自的相交和提升的作为(communion and sublimation,相交和自我提升的过程),他把全地的,全部的精神,在他里面聚合。The universe fulfills itself in Christ in a synthesis of centers in perfect conformity with the laws of union.全宇宙在基督里自我实现。这个自我实现是完完全全遵守着联合的定律的(laws of union),是藉着一个synthesis of centers(不同的中心的组合)在基督里,宇宙就自我实现了。
NO.5,第五个要点。This moving towards the Christ-center, the Omega point, is the process of love.这个朝向基督中心,朝向Omega(终点)的整个的行动就是爱的过程。Love, says Teilhard, is not peculiar to man, but the general property of all life, that is to say, the affinity of being with being.德日进说爱不是人类独有的,是所有生命共同的特质。换言之,爱就是存有和存有之间的结合。Driven by the forces of love, the fragments of the world seek each other,世界上不同的片段,都是因为爱的动力所催逼,会彼此寻找,so that the world may come to being.以至于世界进入到存有。
Teilhard’s principles offer many dificulties for a sympathetic appraisal by the Calvinist.德日进的原则对一个加尔文主义者来说,是很难用同情的态度来评估的。His language is torturous.他的用词简直是对人折磨的。His effort to make Christ the key to evolution seems inherently contradictory to most of us.徳日进试图把基督说为是打开进化过程的钥匙,对我们大部分人来说,这个是本质上矛盾的。But, to his credit, he reminds us that,但是我们必须归功于他,因为他提醒我们,we must take science seriously as Christians,提醒我们作为基督徒,我们必须认真正视科学,and he has apparently reminded the materialists of science,而他似乎也提醒了科学界的唯物论者,that this world is not simply governed by blind, purposeless determinism.这个世界并不完全由盲目的、没有目的的命运或者是决定主义所掌管的。If his system cannot be accepted, it should at least succeed in stimulating the biblically oriented Christian to develop a better one-one,假如我们不能接纳他的系统,那么他至少刺激了圣经导向的基督徒去发展出一个更好的系统,that will do biblical justice to the world as a manifestation of God’s plan and the cosmic dimensions of God’s salvation.刺激基督徒对圣经更加的公允的来发挥一套的原则,说明世界是彰显上帝的计划的,而上帝的救赎计划是有着宇宙性的范围的(罗8:19-22)。
As a theology of evolution, Teilhard’s system fails to provide us with that orientation.德日进的系统作为进化的神学,不能给我们这种的圣经导向,他是失败的。下面是七方面的批判。
NO.1 第一方面的批判。The root error in Teilhard’s program is the dichotomy of nature and grace that marks Thomistic thought generally and his in particular.德日进整个的工程基本的错误,是他从多玛·阿奎那那里借了这个自然和恩典的二分法。这个是阿奎那和德日进两者的思想的共同的特点。For each part of the dichotomy there is a separate source of revelation,对自然和恩典这个二分的两个范围,每一个范围有它各自的启示的来源的,in the natural sphere,在自然的范围,an autonomous human reason “which is supposed to be capable of discovering the natural truths by its own light.在自然界那个启示的来源就是自主的人的理性。他们认为,人的理性能够按照自己的亮光发现自然的真理的。The Phenomenon of Man reflects, in fact,德日进的著作《人的现象》一部分反应出a philosophical attempt of autonomous human reason to discover the substance of the Deity, and His supreme intentions, in ‘nature.’一部分的反应出徳日进在哲学上的努力,他让自主的人的理性去发现神的本质和神在所谓‘自然’里的至高的原意。”For the world of grace,对恩典这个世界来说,the divine Word is the source of revelation.启示的来源是神圣的话或者神的话。And one can see its influence in Teilhard’s book, The Divine Milieu,那我们可以从德日进的另外一本的著作《神的氛围》看出这方面的影响,where it undergirds the presentation of a theology of revelation.这个原则是支撑着一个启示论的论述。This dichotomy, incompatible with the central motives of the Christian faith, is “presented anew in a modernized fashion by Teilhard de Chardin,这个的二分法,就是自然和恩典的二分,与基督教信仰的中心的主题是不一致的,而这个二分法现在由德日进用一个现代化的方法重新的再表达,by accommodating it to the humanistic ideal of free personality,因为他迁就了人文主义的这个自由的人格这个理想,which, since Kant, expresses itself in the dualistically opposed religious basic motives of nature and freedom.而这个现代化的人文主义的理想,自从康德以来是这样表达的:他有着一个二元的彼此对立的两个的宗教主题,就是自然和自由。”
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好,我再说一次,在阿奎那的思想里面自然和恩典,自然就是自主的人的自然理性,可以凭自己发现真理。恩典,是另外一个范围。现在,康德之后,这个恩典改名作自由。在这个范围里面,需要上帝的话作为启示的来源的。这个二分法是不符合基本的基督教的信仰的。
第二,NO.2,第二方面的批判。From this root in synthesis comes the rest of Teilhard’s divergencies with biblical truth.因为有着这个两者组合的一个思想根基,那么德日进就表达出还有其他的与圣经真理偏离的一些的说法。Like other evolutionary theories, Teilhard’s defense of evolution still remains explicitly at variance with the Bible’s description of the origin of life through the fiat creation of God.德日进与其他的进化理论者一样,他如何为进化过程做辩护呢?他的辩护与圣经的创世记第一章所描述的上帝透过他的晓谕创造世界,这个是生命的来源,徳日进为进化论的辩护与圣经所描述的是完全不一样的。
Many contemporary evangelical theologians concede,那下面是简河培在1970年代初描述的福音派,他说,当代很多福音派的神学家承认,the vast antiquity of the earth,承认地球是非常老旧的,and the possibility of the development of a wide variety of species from the specially created “kinds” of life.而且很有可能的,很多不同的类别的生命,是从上帝特别创造的各从其类那个类(kinds)发展出来的(创1:21、24、25)。But none of these concessions are felt to be weakening the biblical revelation of creation.但是自己多方面的所谓让步,它的原意不是要弱化圣经的创造论。They are merely a recognition of the role of natural revelation in the interpretation of special revelation.他们只不过承认自然启示在解释特殊启示——圣经的时候,可以扮演的角色而已。Teilhard’s theory completely neglects the most obvious emphasis of Scripture,德日进的理论完全忽略了圣经最明显的重点——the work of creation as “God’s making all things of nothing, by the word of His power, in the space of six days, and all very good.”圣经最明显的教导就是创造大工是“上帝自己从无创造一切,藉着他大能的话语,用了六天的时间,而万物都是甚好的。”这里简河培是引用了《威敏斯特小要理问答》第九问。
NO.3,第三方面的批判。Like other evolutionary theories, Teilhard’s ideas also assume,德日进的概念和其他进化理论一样,也假设了,假设了什么呢?That man reaches his true dignity and spiritual fulfillment through the evolutionary process.人透过进化的过程达到他真正的尊严和属灵的自我实现的。This is contrary to the revelations of grace.这个是与恩典的启示相反的。“For Christian theology,对基督教的神学来说,there is only one such perfect man, Jesus Christ.唯有一位完全的人,就是耶稣基督。And man can attain his true destiny only in and through his relation to Jesus Christ.而人唯有藉着与耶稣基督所建立的关系,才能够达到他真正的生命的目标(destiny)。”
NO.4,第四方面的批判。Like other evolutionary theories, Teilhard’s ideas also predicate the understanding of evolution as what he calls “the most prodigious event perhaps ever recorded by history.”德日进与其他的进化理论者一样,认为“对进化论的理解是历史所记录的最令人兴奋的一件事。”As a Dutch Calvinist has said, 正如一位荷兰的加尔文主义者这样说,“Teilhard becomes so excited about evolution,德日进对进化是那么的兴奋,that he even forgets that, according to his Christian belief, the greatest event in history is the coming of Jesus Christ, and not the discovery of evolution.他甚至乎忘记了,根据他作为基督徒的信仰,历史最伟大的事件是耶稣基督的来临,而不是对进化的发现。”
NO.5,第五方面的批判。Like other evolutionary theories, Teilhard’s “theology of evolution” is overly optimistic.德日进的“进化神学”与其他的进化理论一样是过分乐观的。He promises an optimistic end for all of us without any reference to the gracious activity of God.他对我们众人应许了一个乐观的终点,而完全没有考虑到上帝恩典或者救恩的作为。This may be one reason for its rapid spread.可能这个是他为什么发展的这么迅速的一个原因。Modern man is willing to swallow any kind of opiate if it is presented to him in the name of science.现代人对什么都可以接纳,只要是用科学的名字,任何一种的鸦片都可以吞下去的。
NO.6,第六方面的批判。In this same connection,与此有关的是,just as Teilhard’s views do not allow God’s grace to be grace,正如徳日进的观点不容许上帝的恩典作为恩典,so also he does not allow man’s sin to be sin.同样的,他也不允许人的罪作罪。Teilhard’s unfaltering proclamation of the harmony and unity of the whole creation is never broken by the biblical reality of man’s sin and its effects on that harmony.德日进坚定的宣告,整个受造宇宙的和谐跟合一从来没有因为人的罪和罪对这个和谐的影响而被破碎,而后者,就是人的罪和罪的后果,乃是圣经所描述的世界的现实情况。For this reason, the biblical theme of judgment hardly appears in Teilhard’s universe.因此,圣经的审判这个主题,差不多从来没有在德日进的世界中出现过。“In Teilhard, evil emerges as a sort of superabundance from the very structure of evolving world itself.在德日进的思想中,邪恶是一种的过分或者是多余,就是正在进化的世界本身的结构里面有所剩余。It manifests itself on different planes,他在不同的层次上显明出来的,for example as material disorder, or as decomposition resulting from unhappy chance;例如,因为不幸的偶然有物质上的不协调,或者是物质的分解;as death which is an indispensable condition of the replacement of one individual by another along a phyletic stem;死亡是在整个种族的体系里面一个个人取代另外一个个人的一个的不可或缺的状态;as solitude and anxiety accompanying the labor pains of a consciousness wakening up to reflection;那孤独和焦虑就是一种陪伴着意识的,好像生产的痛苦一样,当这个意识醒觉过来的时候,他就进入到反省中;or as growth,还有成长,with all its risks and all its painful efforts to progress in the direction of the highest synthesis of the spirit.成长充满着冒险和痛苦的挣扎,因为成长就是进步,朝着这个最高的精神的组合这个方向前进。Here again, we recognize the disastrous influence of early scholasticism which aimed at an accommodation of Greek thought to the doctrines of the Christian faith.这里我们看见早期的经院哲学,就是阿奎那的哲学,是怎么样影响到基督教信仰的教义,早期的经院神学,就是要迁就,要使用希腊思想,而进入到基督教的教义中,它的结果是灾难性的。”
第七,NO.7,Teilhard’s view that the universe represents the still-becoming organical body of Christ produces at least two major deficiencies: 徳日进认为,宇宙是代表着这个正在生成的基督的有机体,基督的身体,这样带来两方面主要的缺陷:the deification of the functional, organic creation;让这个有生命的,有功能的受造宇宙神话;and the mythical transformation of the Christ of the Bible,另外,就是让圣经里的基督用神话来改变成为into some mystical, cosmic Christ,成为一个奥秘的宇宙性的基督。In the end, we lose both the world and Jesus Christ.最后,世界和耶稣基督都失去了。
End of CHAPTER XI,第11章结束。
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