认识现代神学25、第13章:存有神学(续)第14章:神秘主义
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:XSS姐妹_中文:姣姐妹
认识现代神学第25讲。我们讲到田立克的神学的最后,第六个特点。之后,我们看我们的作者简和培对他的批判。
第六点,NO. 6。How does man share in this conquest of estrangement from being?那么,人若要战胜这种的与存有的隔离,怎么样在这个战胜上有份呢?The traditional answers of regeneration justification,and sanctification are reinterpreted.田立克重新的去诠释传统的答案,就是重生、称义和成圣。
Regeneration becomes,重生现在变成是,“the state of having been drawn into the new reality manifest in Jesus,重生现在的意思就是,一种的状态,人被吸引进到耶稣所展示的new reality(新的实在,新的现实)中” as the bearer of the New Being.因为耶稣基督是身上承担着这个New Being(新的存有)的那一位。Justification is no sovereign act of a personal God.称义不再是一位有位格的神的主权的作为了。
It is a symbol-word,现在是一个象征的符号,to designate that man is accepted in spite of himself.来指出人虽然是如此的状况,仍然是被接纳的。这个让我想起香港中国神学研究院院刊,大概第一还是第二号,里面有一篇文章,题目就是《你被接纳了》。Sanctification also is redefined,同样的田立克也重新定义成圣,as the process by which the power of New Being transforms personality and community both inside and outside the church.成圣现在是一种的过程,新的存有的能力,不论在教会里面或者教会外面,改变人格和改变群体。In this way,the New Being manifested in Christ is said to answer man’s ultimate concern and his quest for the ground of all being.这样子,基督所展示出的 New Being(新存有)就能够回应人的至终的关怀,也回应人对一切存有的根基(ground)的追寻。Man is found by the power beyond him,一个在人以外的能力找到了人,that heals his existential conflicts,这个能力医治了它存在性的冲突,and overcomes his estrangement from himself,from others,from his ground of being.这个能力,这个医治克服了人的隔离,不论是人与自己的隔离、与别人的隔离、与存有的根基的隔离。
The most charitable judgment of Tillich’s work is,那对田立克的最礼貌的、最积极的判断是,to recognize it as “an impressive accomplishment,承认他是一个非常出色的成就,the product of a supple,precise,encyclopedic,and immensely creative mind.他的神学是一个又刚又柔,精准,百科全书般的广泛,和非常非常有创意的理性的成就。But it is not so much Christian theology as a translation of Christian theology into the language of theosophical-ontological speculation.但是他不像是基督教的神学,更像的是把基督教的神学转移成为神哲学本体论猜测的语言。Sometimes,the translation helps us to see the original in a clearer light.有的时候,这种的翻译、这种的转移,帮助我们更清楚看见的原本。But more often,但是更多的是,the translation does violence to both the spirit and the letter of that which it translates.这种的翻译是毁掉他所翻译的原本,不论是在字义上或者精神上,都毁了。”
NO.1,第一个批判。Basic to Tillich’s failure is his rejection of the Bible as the revealed Word of God applicable to this age.田立克的失败的最基本的理由,是他拒绝相信圣经是上帝启示的话语,对这个世界是有所应用的。For it,Tillich has substituted philosophy in his effort to analyze contemporary man’s deepest problems of existence.但是,田立克为了要分析当代人最深层的存在问题,他就用哲学取代了圣经了。
Tillich’s fundamental fault is not that he has substituted philosophy for theology,as the critic Kenneth Hamilton has charged.那现在简和培说,他说田立克的最基本的错误,不是好像Kenneth Hamilton所说的,不是他用哲学来取代神学。His fault is,他的错误是,that he has substituted man’s word for God’s Word.他用人的话取代上帝的话。As Colin Brown has rightly said,正如Colin Brown,多年来富勒神学院的系统神学教授正确的说,“for theology,the primary datum is God’s revelation of Himself in Christ,as witnessed to by Scripture . . .对神学来说,最基本的资料乃是上帝在基督里的自我启示,有圣经作见证的(参考太5:17起;路24:27;约5:39-47;林前1:15-31)。While theological truth illuminates life in general,虽然神学的真理一般性来是会照亮人生的,it can only be discovered from the Word of God.但是这种的神学的亮光只能够从上帝的话找到。Tillich,however,reverses the process,可是田力克把整个过程翻转过来,and makes his version of general truth the test of revelation.他用了他的一般性真理的版本,来作为考验上帝启示的标准。”
NO.2,第二个错误、批判。Tillich’s “principle of correlation”,田立克这个“关联性的原则”,argues that philosophy can give us a proper analysis of the human situation but only the “saved” reason can be expected to see the answer to the situation clearly.这个关联性原则的论点是,哲学可以给我们对人的情况的正确的分析,但是唯有这个所谓得救的理性(“saved” reason),能够清楚的看到这个情况。Tillich assumes far too much neutrality for man’s reason,田力克对人的理性假设远远太多中立性了,How can a philosophical reason not touched by the Christian faith correctly formulate the structures and meaning of human existence?一个没有被基督教信仰所触摸过的哲学理性,怎么可能正确的去诠释人的存在的结构和意义呢?Paul reminds us that,使徒保罗提醒我们,reason without Christ is a dirty window that needs washing.没有基督的理性好像一片肮脏的窗,需要被洗净的。And dirty windows,in opposition to Tillich’s theories,do not let light in.而与田立克的理论对立的是,肮脏的窗口是不会让光进来的。
NO.3,第三方面的批判。Tillich’s doctrine of God has no relation to the biblical doctrine.田立克的神论与圣经的神论是完全没有关系的。It is certainly difficult to see with what propriety Tillich uses the word “God” in any Christian sense.我们肯定很难看到,究竟田立克用“神”这个字的时候有任何的神学的意义呢,他这样做又如何说是正确的呢。As another has said,“It is hardly Trinitarian.又有另外一位评论家说,他的神完全不是三位一体的真神。His idea is not personal in any familiar or traditional sense.田立克的神的概念完全不像我们熟悉的传统的一个有位格的神的概念。It is more an all-pervading,rational power,田立克的神比较像是一个在万有以外,包围着万有的理性的能力,but not a person who communicates and with whom man can enter into communion.但是绝对不是一个能够与人沟通的位格,人也可以与他相交的一个的位格。
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Tillich’s view of being more often seems to be an aspect of this world rather than a God who exists over and above it and who is independent of it.田立克的存有这个概念比较像是事情的一个层面,而不像一位在世界以上所存在的上帝。”就是说,与世界独立的上帝,一点都不像这个上帝。The biblical distinction of Creator and creature has vanished in Tillich’s system.在田立克的系统里面,圣经里对创造者和被造物之间的区分完全消失掉了。What kind of a God is the God beyond theism?在有神论以外的神是怎么样的一位的神呢?What kind of a God is the God who is neither supernatural nor natural?一位神,又不是超自然,又不是自然的,是怎么样的一个神呢?“Tillich apparently does not want to choose between the alternatives in front of him.田立克好像不愿意在他面前不同的概念做出一个选择。A geometrician may have a concept of the square and he may have a concept of the circle.一个几何学家可能对四方形有一个概念,他也对圆圈有一个概念。But he cannot have a square circle.但是这位几何学家不可以有一个方的圆圈的。”
NO.4,第四方面的批判。Tillich’s Christology reduces Jesus to a symbol.田立克的基督论把耶稣约化,降低为一个象征。Of himself,Jesus is nothing.耶稣本身什么都不是。The significant thing is simply that “He remained transparent to the divine mystery until His death,which was the final manifestation of His transparency.”唯一重要的意义只不过是“耶稣基督不断的向神的奥秘是透明的,一直到他死,而他的死就是他透明性的最后的彰显。”We are left with what has been criticized as “a diluted Christology,剩下的是一种的基督论,有人这样批评他,说是一个淡化的基督论,which might be acceptable to a Hindu or a Buddhist.这种的淡化的基督论对一位印度教徒或者佛教徒都是能接纳的。They can accept everything in Tillich’s exposition,在田立克的诠释里的一切,都能被这些其他宗教的人士接纳的,except precisely the fact that,除了就是这个事实,就是,Jesus Himself and no other was,and is,and ever shall be,the Christ.就是耶稣他自己,没有别人,唯有耶稣基督,从过去、现在、直到永远,是基督,这个是例外,是其他的宗教的人士是不能接纳的。”
NO.5,第五,最后一个批判。Tillich’s soteriology has no concrete meaning except as another symbol,田立克的救赎论没有什么具体的意义的,他只不过是另外一个的象征,一个符号,to describe an existential situation,来描述一种的存在的状况,which has no relation to the living God.这种的状况与永活的上帝是没有关系的。What it basically amounts to,这种的救赎论是什么呢,is an awakening in man to a new self through “meditating” upon the death and resurrection “symbols” of Christ.救赎只不过是人醒过来了,向一位新的自我觉醒了,方法是“默想”基督的死和复活的这两个的“符号(或者象征)”。Those uncommitted to the Christian faith can find equal saving power by applying Tillich’s methodology to the contemplation of Buddha or Confucius.那些对基督教信仰没有委身的人士也可以同样的找到这种救赎自我的能力的,只要用田立克的方法来静观、默想佛祖或者孔子等等。Tillich keeps the shell,and throws away the kernel.田立克保存了外者,但是把核心扔掉了。
第13章结束
CHAPTER XIV第14章
MYSTICISM神秘主义
It is not a long step to move from much of modern-day thinking to mysticism,从当代的神学思想到神秘主义这个距离就不远了,from Tillich’s “theology of being” to the slogans of Zen Buddhism.从田立克的存在神学到禅宗佛教的口号,只是几步路而已。
我先解释一下,禅宗佛教在1960年代的嬉皮士时代的运动是非常非常受当时的青年人欢迎的。
Both are guilty of a common error,两者都犯了同样的错误—the obliteration of a clear line between the Creator and the creature.把创造主和被造物之间清楚的界限消除。In this connection,the recent admission of a Zen Buddhist who spoke of his admiration of Barth because their views were so similar underlines this connecting link.这个两者背后的连接,我们可以从一件事看出,最近有一位禅宗的佛教徒,他说他非常的钦佩巴特,因为他们两者的观点是那么的相似。
It appears that there are greater similarities in terms of more basic agreement between Barthianism and Shamanism,for example,than many are willing to concede.我们可以看见,很多人不愿意承认一件事,就是巴特主义的神学和沙门主义(就是交鬼的邪灵的异教)之间,有着更多的基本的同意和很多的相似性,这个是很多人不愿意承认的。There may have been no halo forming around the head of Karl Barth when he preached,巴特讲道的时候,可能头上没有一个光圈,as there is said to have been around the head of Elder Park Tae-sun,leader of the Olive-tree sect in Korea.就好像在韩国的橄榄树这个教派的领袖,Park Tae-sun长老,有人传说他讲道的时候头上有一个光圈。But both Barth and Elder Park move in a circle which may look more or less concentric,但是巴特和这位朴长老大体上围绕着同样一个圆圈,but whose center is more subjectivism than God.可是这个圈子的核心不是上帝,比较是主观主义。
Mysticism is not some movement special to the Near or the Far East,or even to Asia’s more extreme sects.神秘主义这个运动,不是近东、远东甚至乎亚洲极端的教派所独有的。It may be found around the world,全世界都可以找到神秘主义,and its elements or characteristics may sometimes be found in places where its more systematic form would be unwelcome.很多时候,神秘主义系统化之后,很多人不欢迎他,可是,它很多的要素特点是随处可见的。Frank Gaynor has defined its essence,Gaynor这位的作者,对神秘主义的定义是这样说的,as “any philosophy,doctrine,teaching or belief,任何的哲学教育教义或者是信念,centered more on the worlds of the Spirit than the material universe,更加集中于灵界多过物质的宇宙,and aimed at the spiritual union or mental oneness with the Universal Spirit,而目的是与宇宙性的灵的灵性上的合一,或者思想上的合一,through inductive and emotional apprehension of spiritual reality,透过归纳式的,或者用感情来理解属灵的实在,and through various forms of spiritual contemplation or discipline.用了各种不同的灵性的静观或者是其他的操练,来与这个宇宙合一。那这个是Gaynor这个作者对神秘主义的定义。
那我们下一讲,继续把这个简单的神秘主义的定义,把它结束。那下面就会有我们的作者简和培讲神秘主义的五方面的要点,然后又有五方面的批判。我们下一次继续讲神秘主义。
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