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认识现代神学第七讲

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立弟兄_文字:XSS姐妹

第二章后半章的,巴特对他自己后来的神学跟其他自由派神学家的影响的第二方面。第一方面巴特是New Modernism(新的自由派),因为他不接受圣经的无误,所以他是一个自然主义(或者自由派)的神学家。第二点说到他的启示观绝对是主观的。

我们继续:The difference between the Bible as merely the Bible and the Bible as the Word of God becomes man’s reaction to that book.《圣经》仅仅是圣经,和圣经是神的话之间的不同,都在于人对这本书的反应。Moreover,不但如此,should man, with a leap of faith, hear that voice of God speaking through the “token,” man can still not know God as He is.就算当人借着信心的跳跃听得到上帝的声音透过这个记号(圣经这个记号)说话的时候,人仍然不能够按照上帝本身如何来认识他(man can not know God as God is)。We can know Him only through the paradoxes of dialectic.我们只能够透过辩证的各种吊诡来认识他而已。就是上帝的启示完全是主观的,人不能够完整的、清楚的认识神。

No.3,第三方面的影响:The end result of Barth’s concept of dialectic,巴特的辩证的概念最后的结果就是:is to destroy the concept of truth,毁掉真理这个概念,and, with it, the gospel of Christianity.同时,就毁掉基督教的福音。If all non-paradoxical mediation, 假如所有非吊诡性的调解,“all historical communication,所有历史上的传递,all direct experiences of God,所有对上帝的直接的经验,fit in with a pagan, but not with a Christian conception of God,都是一个异教的,而不是基督教的上帝观里面的事物(这是巴特的看法),”how can we either approach truth or possess truth in any temporal and outward form? 那么我们怎么可能在任何时间里,或者一个外在的形式,我们怎么可能靠近真理,或者是拥有真理的呢?How can we, in the same sense, either approach the gospel or possess the gospel in any way?我们如何在同一个意义上靠近福音,或者在任何意义上拥有福音呢?The dialectical method can approximate gospel truth; it cannot convey that truth.辩证法只能够靠近福音、真理;它不能传递福音、真理。

No.4,第四方面的影响:In.the same way as Barth’s dialectical method, his emphasis on God as the Wholly Other makes God, strictly speaking, indescribable.正如巴特的辩证法一样,他对上帝是全然他者的坚持,就严格上来说让上帝是无法被形容的。Since God is not an object of time and space,上帝既然不是时空世界里一个课题,一个物件,since God is “the Unknown” (to use the language of Kierkegaard),既然上帝是(正如祁克果所说的)那位不能被认识者,since “Inscrutability . . . hiddenness, belongs to the nature of Him who is called God,”既然不能被测度,隐藏性属于被称为上帝那一位的本质,man cannot know Him directly.人不能直接认识他。In fact, as Van Til has asked repeatedly, 就正如范泰尔多次的询问,事实上,how can man know Him at all?人们怎么能够认识上帝呢?

No.5,第五,最后一个方面的影响:Barth’s view of history underlines much of contemporary theology.巴特的历史观都勾画出当代神学很多方面的想法。He finds little of value in the resurrection as an event in what he has called Historie,他认为耶稣的复活作为Historie(一般历史里的一个事件)是没有什么价值的,in that realm of reality the newspaper and television refer to as “the daily news.”就是报纸和电视称为今天新闻的那个现实世界里,是没有什么价值的。It possesses its most real significance in the realm of Geschichte,耶稣的复活最真实的重要性是在那个超历史(或者原始历史)的范围里面,the realm where man confronts the existential reality of his world in terms of himself,在这个范围里面,人根据自己来面对他的世界的存在现实(existential reality),the realm of the person-to-person relationship.就是那个位格与位格之间的关系的范围里。Here is a fatal flaw in his view of history.这个是巴特的历史观里面致命的错误。It makes problematic the genuine historicity of the redemptive work of Christ as the foundation for Christianity.耶稣基督的救赎大功是基督教的基础,那么巴特的历史观,就让这个基督的复活,或者基督的救赎大功的真正的历史性,成为一个不能解决的问题了。In the spirit of Nietzsche and Overbeck,他根据尼采和Overbeck的精神,it cuts Christianity from history,就把基督教信仰与历史切开了,and, in so doing, destroys the basis for Christianity.这样做的时候,他就毁了基督教的基础。To be sure, Barth’s purpose in this was to depose the historical method of liberalism from its sovereignty in New Testament study.不错,巴特这样做的时候,他的目的就是要把自由派神学的历史性研经法,从它垄断新约研究的地位上扯下来。But in doing so,但是他这样做的时候,he also deposed Christianity from its place in history.他也把基督教从他在历史的地位也扯下来了。

The history of contemporary theology repeats one or more of Barth’s failures time and time again.当代(就是20世纪)的神学历史一次、再次重复巴特的某一方面,或者几方面的失败。Barth could not adequately correct them himself, 巴特不能够,他也没有足够的资源来做自我纠正,for his basically Enlightenment, man-centered approach has had no radically biblical emendation.因为他基本上属于启蒙运动的方法,他基本上以人为中心的方法,没有让《圣经》来彻底的修改过。

end ChapterⅡ,第二章结束

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Chapter Ш ,第三章,NEO-ORTHODOXY,新正统派的神学

Karl Barth had unleashed a theological revolution with his work on Romans.巴特借着他的《罗马人书注释》就释放了一个神学革命。In the years that followed,其后的几年里,the revolution was refined and enlarged.这个革命就更为细腻,更加的扩大,A movement took shape, often called “neo-orthodoxy,”一个常常被称为新正统派的运动兴起了, which found expression in the writings of others beside Barth.这个运动的代表著作,包括巴特以外其他的神学家。Emil Brunner (1889-1966) ,布伦纳(1889-1966),was perhaps the most widely known member of the new school outside of Barth.可能是在巴特以外这个学派的最出名的成员。It even acted as a refining fire,他甚至乎好像一个炼金的火一样,and purged away the glossy optimism of liberals like Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971).把好像尼布尔(1892-1911)这种的自由派神学家的乐观主义练净了。

Barth’s own writing did not remain without refinement in the years that followed 1921.在1921年之后,巴特自己的著作也有细腻的修正。But, throughout his shifts and counterattacks,但是,在他的各种的移动和反击,he remained the movement’s most well-known spokesman.他仍然是新正统运动最著名的代言人。Since the early years of Barth’s initial work,自从巴特最早的著作的那些早期的时期以来,neo-orthodoxy—or Barthianism—has crossed all national boundaries.巴特主义或者新正统神学就跨越了各种的国界了。Its influence in the Far East, for example,他在远东、亚洲的影响,has been very widespread.是非常的深远的。In Japan,譬如说在日本,Barth has been described as a kind of theological pope. . . . 他被形容为一种神学的教皇。Unlike the situation in America, for instance,譬如说,不像在美国,where Barth has been considered one of the top theologians of this century,在美国巴特被认为是在本世纪最高的神学家之一,in Japan Barth has been. regarded as the only theologian. 在日本,巴特被认为是唯一的神学家(Yasuo Furuya, “The Influence of Barth on Present-day Theological Thought in Japan,” Japan Christian Quarterly XXX,4 (October, 1964), p.262.)。

This “German captivity,” as Prof. Furuya has called it,Furuya教授称这个作为德国的,或者德文对神学的俘虏。first influenced Japan through the writings of Tokutaro Takahura(1885-1934),正如Furuya教授说,这个德文对神学的俘虏,首先透过Tokutaro Takahura这位作者的著作影响到日本。Tokutaro是1885-1934年的,about 1924-1925,这个影响大概是在1924-25年出现。By 1931,到了1931年的时候,Brunner’s Theology of Crisis had appeared in Japanese translation,布伦纳的危机神学这本书已经有了日文的翻译版,and during the early part of this decade, full-length appraisals of dialectical theology by Japanese theologians were “best-sellers” in the theological world.在那个时代的前几年,在日本的神学家,对这个辩证神学的一本一本的书的评论,已经成为神学世界的最畅销书籍。And through Japan’s pre-war colonial program,透过日本在第二次世界大战之前的殖民主义计划,that neo-orthodox emphasis was planted, or at least encouraged, in the countries in her orbit.这个对新正统神学的强调,在日本整个的帝国轨迹里面的国家是被种植下来,至少是被鼓励的。

Korea showed an awareness of the impact of neo-orthodoxy in the early years of the 1930’s,在1930年代初,韩国就已经显现出对新正统神学的影响是有所意识到的,though it was not until liberation in 1945,当然要等到1945年韩国的解放。that it began to form any fully vocal part in the main current of Korean theology.那么新正统神学才成为韩国神学主流的一个带着声音的部分。Heresy trials in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s centered around the neo-orthodox concepts of revelation held by a theological professor, and resulted in disciplinary action against the man.在1940年代末和1950年代初,长老会举行过一些异端信仰的审讯,围绕着某一位神学教授的新正统的启示观,结果是教会采取了制裁来管教这位教授。

However, by the late 1960’s,但是到了1960年代末的时候,the newly installed president of the theological seminary of that same denomination,同一个宗派的神学院,新任的院长,could write of modern theology as divided into three main streams,可以这样写道,他说:“现代神学可以分为三条主流:conservative, liberal, and neo-orthodox.保守的、自由派的、和新正统的。”And he could add, now with certainty, 他现在可以带着肯定的口吻加一句说:“I think that the neo-orthodox position follows the thought of the Reformers,我认为新正统的立场是跟着宗教改革领袖们的思想的,catches fully the ear of modern man’s sensitivities,他也特别敏感于现代人的意识,and, of the three streams attempting to adhere to orthodox Christian doctrines, is the most reasonable.而当这三条主流都试图要遵循着正统基督教的教义的时候,新正统是最为合理的。(Rhee Jong-sung, The Layman and Theology (Seoul: Presbyterian General Assembly Education Committee, 1969), pp. 14-15.)”

我们的作者继续说,One must recognize much diversity in the movement.我们必须认识到,这个新正统运动里面是有很多分歧的。The sharp difference of opinion between Barth and Brunner over the reality of general revelation and the virgin birth; 巴特和布伦纳就有着非常强烈的辩论,这个是关于普遍启示是否真实的,和耶稣从童贞女所生是否真实的;the criticisms exchanged between Barth and Bultmann;巴特和布特曼的彼此的批判;the criticism of Barth’s view of history by Pannenberg还有潘能伯对他的历史观的批判,all these things indicate that there is not always one voice in the movement.这些事件都指出,新正统运动里面不都是异口同声的。

Yet, at the same time,可是,与此同时,there is too much of an underlying superstructure to say simply that Barth denies general revelation while Brunner accepts it,整个新正统运动里面,有着一个背后的深层的上层建筑,所以不能够很轻率的就说“巴特否认普遍启示,布伦纳接受它”,or that Brunner denies the virgin birth while Barth accepts it.或者说布伦纳不承认耶稣是由童贞女所生,巴特接受,不能够这样子很粗略的去理解的。In an earlier chapter, we have indicated some of the presupposition and methodology of modern theological structure.我们在前面一章(就是第一章)已经指出,现代神学的架构里面一些的预设和方法。Our emphasis now must be on the common themes.那现在我们必须要强调,现代神学的一些共同的主题。And regrettably we must continue merely to sketch.很遗憾的,我们只能够继续的做一些的简单的勾画而已。The model for our sketch will be Barth’s series on Church Dogmatics,现在,我们这个简单素描的根据,就是巴特的《教会教义学》的系列,now reaching over 8,000 pages到目前为止已经超过了8000页英文了(begun in 1932 and unfinished at Barth’s death,1932年开始,到巴特去世的时候是还没有完成的)。这个是巴特的《教会教义学》,也就是卷Ⅰ/1,2018年末,中文翻译版出版的那一系列的巨著。

那下面,我们要指出新正统神学的四方面的共同主题,之后我们会对它有五方面的批判。

我们下一讲继续。

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