西方哲学神学史 – 哲学与《圣经》
原著：约翰 – 傅兰姆
John M. Frame, A History of Western Philosophy and Theology.
Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing Company, 2015.
______________________________________________________________________________
第一章Chapter 1
哲学与《圣经》 PHILOSOPHY AND THE BIBLE (1-45)
目录CONTENTS
[I] 哲学是什么？WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? (1-3) 10-14
[1]『哲学』字义 “Philosophy”: Meaning of the Word 10
[2]『哲学』的定义Definition of Philosophy 10
[3] 对『世界观』的不同态度Different Attitudes towards “Worldview” 11
[4] 基督徒对世界观的坚持：世界观源自《圣经》（傅兰姆）
Christian’s Commitment: A Worldview which Comes from Bible 13
[5]『循环论证？』的问题Question of Circularity 13
[II] 为什么要研究哲学？WHY STUDY PHILOSOPHY? (3-4) 15-18
[1] 哲学读来有什么用？What use is philosophy? 15
[2] 为什么要研究『哲学史』？Why study the history of philosophy? 15
[2.1] 操练思考：清晰的思考；培养说服力，深度的思考。
Great Exercise of the Mind: Thinking clearly, cogently, profoundly. 16
[2.2] 哲学对基督教神学深远的影响。
Philosophy had major influence on Christian theology. 16
[2.3] 西方哲学多由非基督教的假设掌控。
Western philosophy mostly governed by non-Christian assumptions. 17
[2.4] 因此：对基督教思想最艰巨的挑战，乃来自哲学。
THEREFORE: Hardest challenge to Christian thought came from philosophy. 17
[III] 哲学，神学，宗教PHILOSOPHY, THEOLOGY, AND RELIGION (4-8) 19-28
[1] 神学的定义（傅兰姆）Definition of theology (Frame) 19
神学与哲学的关系Relation of Theology to Philosophy
哲学家没有权威性文本？Philosophers – No Authoritative Text?
[2] 宗教的定义（傅兰姆）Definition of religion (Frame) 20
『宗教』一词的滥用：对巴特，潘霍华等人的批判
Critique of Barth/Bonhoeffer’s use of the word “religion.”
[3] 基督教宗教和基督教哲学的关系：基督是一切的主
Relation of Christian Religion and Christian Philosophy: Christ is Lord of All 21
[4] 非宗教性（世俗的）哲学存在吗？
Does Non-Religious (Secular) Philosophy Exist? 22
[5]宗教和哲学之间，存在着区别吗？
Does a Distinction between Religion and Philosophy Exist? 25
[6] 结论：哲学的基本问题都是宗教性问题
Conclusion: All basic philosophical questions are religious questions 27
[IV] 哲学的主要分支（范围）：形而上学，知识论，伦理学（价值论）
SUBDIVISIONS OF PHILOSOPHY: METAPHSICS, EPISTEMOLOGY, VALUE THEORY (8-13) 29-44
[1] 形而上学：对『存有』的研究METAPHYSICS: The Study of Being 29-39
[1.1] 一元论；多元论；二元论；一元与多元并存
MONISM, PLURALISM, DUALISM; BOTH UNITY & PLURALITY 31
[1.2] 唯心或唯物？物质（唯物）主义：
宇宙万物都是水？空气？火？数字？原子？物质？
或：形式和物质的结合？
IDEALISM OR MATERIALISM?
MATERIALISM: ALL IS WATER, AIR, FIRE, NUMBER, ATOMS, MATTER?
OR FORM & MATTER COMBINED? 32
[1.3] 共相真正存在？抑或：只有殊相？
UNIVERSALS = REAL? ONLY PARTICULARS? 33
[1.4] 宇宙不断变动？不变？
有些事物不变（形式）；有些事物变动（物质）？
UNIVERSE = CHANGING? STATIC?
SOME THINGS (FORM) = UNCHANGING; SOME THINGS (MATTER) = CHANGING? 34
[1.5] 自然界和历史：有目的？抑或没有目的？
NATURE & HISTORY: IS THERE A GOAL? NO GOAL? 35
[1.6] 因果如何关联？决定主义，随意自由意志
HOW DO CAUSE & EFFECT RELATE? DETERMINISM VS. LIBERTARIAN FREEDOM 35
[1.7] 人有灵魂吗？Do human beings have souls? 36
[1.8] 人类的理性如何运作？应该如何运作？
How does the human mind operate? How should it? 36
[1.9] 有神存在吗？Is there a god? 37
[2] 知识论EPISTEMOLOGY 40-42
[2.1] 知识可能吗（人能认知吗？）IS KNOWLEDGE POSSIBLE? 40
[2.2] 知识的根基：理性，五官经验，主观性（感情，意志，直觉等）
GROUND OF KNOWLEDGE:
REASON, SENSE EXPERIENCE, SUBJECTIVITY (FEELINGS, WILL, INTUITION, ETC.) 42
[3] 价值论VALUE THEORY 43-44
[3.1] 义务论DEONTOLOGISM 43
[3.2] 目的论TELEOLOGISM 43
[3.3] 存在主义EXISTENTIALISM 44
[V] 三个主要分支（形而上学，知识论，伦理学）之间的关系
RELATIONS OF THE THREE SUBDIVISIONS (13-14) 45-48
[1] 我应从哪里开始学习哲学？
WHERE DO I START IN STUDYING PHILOSOPHY? 45
[2] 三者都彼此关联；他们相互影响，是彼此的前提
ALL THREE = RELATED; THEY PRESUPPOSE/INFLUENCE ONE ANOTHER 46
[3]三个专业 = 对哲学整体的三种『观点视角』
THREE DISCIPLINES = 3 PERSPECTIVES ON WHOLE DISCIPLINE OF PHILOSOPHY 47
[VI] 《圣经》的哲学BIBLICAL PHILOSOPHY (14-19) 49-59
[1] 创造主和被造物CREATOR AND CREATURE 49
[2] 绝对三位格ABSOLUTE TRI-PERSONALITY 53
[3] 主权：三个主权属性，三个观点视角
LORDSHIP: THREE LORDSHIP ATTRIBUTES; THREE PERSPECTIVES 56
主权属性与三位一体
LORDSHIP ATTRIBUTES AND THE TRINITY 58
[VII] 人类知识的三个视角PERSPECTIVES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE (19-21) 60-63
知识论与上帝的主权属性
EPISTEMOLOGY & GOD’S LORDSHIP ATTRIBUTES 60
[1] 上帝的掌控：处境的视角GOD’S CONTROL – SITUATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 60
[2] 上帝的权威：准则的视角GOD’S AUTHORITY – NORMATIVE PERSPECTIVE 61
[3] 上帝的临在：存在的视角GOD’S PRESENCE – EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE 61
三者不可分开，都对哲学不可或缺
THE THREE CAN’T BE SEPARATED; EACH INDISPENSABLE TO PHILOSOPHY 62
[VIII] 罪和哲学SIN AND PHILOSOPHY (21-23) 64-67
[1] 拒绝《圣经》的世界观，就是罪
REJECTION OF BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW = SIN 64
[2] 抗拒上帝主权带来的后果；三部曲
CONSEQUENCES OF REJECTING GOD’S LORDSHIP: 3 STEPS 65
[3] 罪人的幻觉世界
SINNERS’ FANTASY WORLD 66
[4] 自主的范例：夏娃
EXAMPLE OF AUTONOMY: EVE 67
[IX] 基督教哲学与非基督教哲学CHRISTIAN AND NON-CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY (23-24) 69-71
[1] 在人生每一个范围里的对立
ANTITHESIS IN ALL AREAS OF LIFE 69
[2] 同意的可能性
POSSIBILITIES OF AGREEMENT 70
[3] 基督徒和非基督徒的不一致性
INCONSISTENCIES OF CHRISITAN AND NON-CHRISTIAN 70
[4] 大处境：属灵争战
LARGER CONTEXT: SPIRITUAL WARFARE 71
[X] 形而上学的对立THE ANTITHESIS IN METAPHYSICS (24-30) 72-88
[1] 形而上学上的对立：『超越』和『临在』
ANTITHESIS IN METAPHYSICS: TRANSCENDENCE AND IMMANENCE 72
[2] 符合《圣经》的超越与临在
BIBLICAL TRANSCENDENCE & IMMANENCE 75
[3] 不符合《圣经》的超越：上帝是全然他者、完全隐藏
不符合《圣经》的临在：上帝其安全显露，人成为上帝
NON-BIBLICAL TRANSCENDENCE: GOD = WHOLLY OTHER/HIDDEN
NON-BIBLICAL IMMANENCE: GOD = WHOLLY REVEALED; MAN BECOMES GOD 75
[4] 彼此敌对、对立的线条
LINES OF OPPOSITION/ANTITHESIS 76
[5] 直线：两个世界观是否一致：
符合《圣经》的观点是一致的，没有内在矛盾（张力）
VERTICAL LINES: RELATIVE CONSISTENCY
BIBLICAL VIEW = CONSISTENT, W/O TENSION 76
[6] 垂直线：两种用语言表达的思考的相似性：
（仅是）字面上的相似；事实上，两个系统彼此矛盾
HORIZONTAL LINES: SIMILARITY OF 2 WAYS TO THINK WITH WORDS:
VERBAL SIMILARITIES; CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN 2 SYSTEMS 78
[7] 『势不两立的对立』对哲学的含义：形而上学
RELEVANCE OF ANTITHESIS TO PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS (METAPHYSICS) 79
[7.1.] 例一：宇宙是『一』？抑或『众』？
EXAMPLE 1: IS THE UNIVERSE ONE? OR MANY? 79
[7.2] 例二。宇宙最基本的构造是什么？
EXAMPLE 2. WHAT IS BASIC COMPOSITION OF UNIVERSE? 82
[7.3] 例三。 共相是真实的吗？抑或，只有殊相是真实的？
唯实主义，唯名主义
EXAMPLE 3. ARE UNIVERSALS REAL, OR ONLY PARTICULARS?
REALISM, NOMINALISM 84
[8] 结论 CONCLUSION 87
[8.1] 一而众 ONE AND MANY 88
[8.2] 宇宙万物不可约化为一个『一』
UNIVERSE CAN’T BE REDUCED TO SOME KIND OF “ONE” 88
[XI] 知识论的对立THE ANTITHESIS IN EPISTEMOLOGY (30-33) 89-96
[1] 上帝的掌控和人类的知识
GOD’S CONTROL & MAN’S KNOWLEDGE 89
[1.1] 知识的可能性POSSIBILITY OF KNOWLEDGE 89
[1.2] 知识的对象：我们会知道什么OBJECT(S) OF KNOWLEDGE: WHAT TO KNOW 89
[1.3] 知识的主体：人，认知者SUBJECT OF KNOWLEDGE: THE KNOWER 89
[2] 上帝的权威和人类的知识GOD’S AUTHORITY AND MAN’S KNOWLEDGE 89
[3] 上帝的临在和人类的知识GOD’S PRESENCE AND MAN’S KNOWLEDGE 90
[4] 知识论的扭曲DISTORTIONS IN EPISTEMOLOGY 90
[5] 非基督徒的批判：基督徒的自主向上帝降服：这等于理性本身投降！
NON-CHRISTIANS’ CRITIQUE: CHRISTIANS SURRENDER AUTONOMY
SURRENDERING AUTONOMY = SURRENDERING REASON ITSELF 92
[6] 基督徒的回应：分析非基督徒立场
CHRISTIAN RESPONSE: ANALYSIS OF NON-CHRISTIAN VIEW 93
[XII] 伦理学（价值论）的对立：
价值论在基督徒对哲学的批判里所扮演的角色
THE ANTITHESIS IN VALUES:
PLACE OF VALUE THEORY IN CHRISTIAN CRITIQUE OF PHILOSOPHY (33-36) 97-10x
[1] 符合《圣经》的伦理学：唯有一个位格有资格颁布伦理准则
BIBLICAL ETHICS: ONLY A PERSON HAS AUTHORITY TO IMPOSE ETHICAL NORMS 97
[2] 非基督徒伦理学的理性主义和非理性主义
RATIONALISM AND IRRATIONALISM IN NON-CHRISTIAN ETHICS 98
[3] 伦理学里的处境视角，准则视角，和存在视角
SITUATIONAL, NORMATIVE & EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVES FOR ETHICS 99
[4] 世俗伦理学的三大学派THREE SCHOOLS OF SECULAR ETHICS 101
[5] 不符合《圣经》的伦理学必需面对形而上学问题，和知识论问题
NON-BIBLICAL ETHICS MUST FACE SAME
METAPHYSICAL & EPISTEMOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES 102
[5.1] 形而上学问题：理智，意志，主观性
METAPHYSICAL PROBLEMS: MAN’S REASON, WILL, SUBJECTIVITY 102
[5.2] 知识论问题：理性主义，经验主义，怀疑主义
EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS: RATIONALISM, EMPIRICISM, SKEPTICISM 103
[6] 哲学上的党派分裂
PARTISANSHIP IN PHILOSOPHY 104
重要名词KEY TERMS (37) （从略）
温习问题STUDY QUESTIONS (38-39) 105
书目：重要哲学教科书BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PHILOSOPHY TEXTS (39-43)
进修阅读READ FOR YOURSELF (43)
网上视频，录音LISTEN ONLINE (43-44)
名句摘录FAMOUS QUOTES (44-45)
John M. Frame, A History of Western Philosophy and Theology.
Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing Company, 2015.
ccnci.org中华展望圣约学院 [email protected]（PayPal）