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当代释经学的危机 第21讲­

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:加立弟兄_文字:Rosa姐妹

当代释经学的危机 第21讲,我们上一讲已经讲过,威敏斯特神学院的教会历史与神学科的教授团,他们在批判Enns的书Inspiration and Incarnation 《默示与道成肉身》,说他否认《圣经》是神写的,也否认《圣经》的自我见证乃是唯一的准则可以用来设定《圣经》论的。下面又是另外一段的批判unqualified provisionality咱们看他这两个英文字是什么意思。

Third, 第三点and following from the previous two points, 根据上面两点,这是第三点。It seems clear that because of the notion of evidence given in I and I and of the intrinsic humanness of Scripture, the concept of truth and its content appears to us to be anti-confessional.  教授团说,很清楚的,因为 I and I这本书所用的“证据”这个观念,和“《圣经》本质上是人写的”这个观念,因为这两个观念,这本书的真理观,真理是什么?真理的内容是什么?我们认为他的这个真理观与《威敏斯特信仰告白》是违反的。

For example, in the estimate of I and I, 比方说,I and I书里面,现在是书里面的第49页有一句话。Enns是这样说的,Attempts to articulate what God’s word is have a necessarily provisional dimension. 人们尝试去说明神的话是什么?必然是暂时的,必然不是,肯定不是绝对的。provisional ,  This seems to indite confessional and reformed theology. 这句话是对信仰告白和改革宗神学一个控告。Which is thought that he has something final to say on what the Bible is, that is, it is the very word of God.

因为信仰告白和改革宗神学一直认为,他们对《圣经》是什么,是有一句最后的最终的话要讲的,就是《圣经》是神的话本身。and this affirmation is meant, that the words given, were themselves, God’s word in the text, self. 《圣经》是神的话,是神亲自讲的话、写的话。意思就是说,《圣经》里面的字是神的字,God ‘s words in the text itself神所给我们的祂的话语,就是在文本书里面的话。As we will note below, 下面我会指出,in the context of the rest of the book从整本书其它的部分来看的话,this article toward truth choose seems consistent with post conservative evangelical notions of theology as in J funk.  因为Enns上面说嘛,假如我们尝试去说“神的话是什么?”这些都是,都不可能是绝对的。但是改革宗神学认为,“《圣经》是神的话”,这句话是肯定的。讲完就没有其它话好讲的。所以这本书的真理观是与后保守福音派Post conservative evangelical的神学观是符合的。后保守福音派post conservative evangelical. Elsewhere, the fundamentally provisional nature of all doctrine assertions is expressed again. 在书的其它地方,比方说167页,Enns又再一次说,所有的教义的宣称,基本上都是暂时的,都是不绝对的。167页,Enns这样 说,when we have to be somewhat self-absorbed to think he or she can have anything fine to say about what the bible is and what we should do with it.  Enns说,假如有人认为《圣经》是什么,我们应该怎么对待《圣经》?他已经有一个最后的话要讲,就是至终的原则要提出的话,他肯定是一个自我陶醉的人。就是说,Enns认为,假如你有一个教义是绝对性的话,那你一定是很傲慢的。

It is difficult to see how one can hold to the theopneustos of Scripture and affirm such unqualified provisionality.

教授团说,假如一个人真的相信《圣经》是神所默示的话,怎么可能同时毫无保留的说所有的教义都是暂时的呢?注脚11。

我们看注脚11。Note, for example the same emphasis from Karl Barth. 请注意巴特也有这种的重点的。To use just one example according to Barth,  我们只指出巴特所说的一句话,这句话是来自《教会教义学》 Church dogmatics卷一第二册483页。Volume one part two page four eighty three,Barth是这样说的,a biblical theology can never consist in more than a series of attempted approximations: a collection of individual exegesis. 一个《圣经》的神学,它只可能是人们尝试去靠近《圣经》的神学,只不过是一些的个别的解经凑起来而已。就是说,所有的神学都只不过是一堆的结论,不可能是绝对、不可能是完全是统一的。这个是注脚11。

To summarize教授团说,我们来总结这一段。The consensus of reformed thought has always been that Scripture is the word of God; God is its primary author. 改革宗思想的共识一直来都是“《圣经》是神的话,神是《圣经》主要的作者”。Problems interpretive and otherwise are understood and worked out within that over overarching context. 若有难题的话,不论是解经的难题,还是其它的难题,都必须在这个“《圣经》是神的话”这个范围里面去讨论、去解决。So that evidential and extra biblical phenomenon are never meant to determine the doctrine of Scripture.  所以证据、还有在《圣经》以外的文化的现象,是不可以当做是决定《圣经》论是什么的一些因素的。In that sense just how one handles extra biblical material is irrelevant to the doctrine of Scripture. 所以,我们怎么对待这些《圣经》以外的资料,对《圣经》论是毫无关系的。however one chooses to work with those issue, 不论你怎样面对这些的问题,就是说古近东文化里面的神话等等,the reformed  had insisted that改革宗人士多年来都是坚持when working with scripture one is handling the very word of God written?当你在研读《圣经》的时候,你所拿着的就是书写的,就写成书的神的话语本身。thus ,the doctrine of Scripture is something that can be gleaned only from Scripture itself. The doctrine of Scripture is something that can be gleaned only from Scripture itself.  《圣经》论只能从《圣经》本身显现出来。

To move even slightly beyond Scripture in order to reform the doctrinal Scripture is to take away from Scripture’s authority.  不论你离开这个原则一点点,就是说,怎么决定《圣经》论,你加了其它的因素一点点,就是妥协了《圣经》的权威了。这一段就讲完了,《圣经》是神写的,是自我见证的,等等。

下面的又是另外一段。这一段的批判的是关于《圣经》的合一性The unity of Scripture,你听下去你就知道这个合一性是什么意思。

The unity of Scripture, fourth, and this seems to follow from analysis above WCF one four

第四点,我们前面讲的《威敏斯特信仰告白》的第一章第四段,那个分析就引致我们这个第四点。the historical and theological committee believes that the unity of scripture as expressed in Westminster Confession of Faith one five is also a variance of a certain affirmation of I and I.  神学与历史的教授团认为,《圣经》的合一性就是《威敏斯特信仰告白》第一章第五段所宣称的,也是跟 I and I这本书里面所宣称的是不协调的。Following on WCF one four and its affirmation of one primary authors of Scripture is a notion in one five of unity and perfection of Scripture. 《威敏斯特信仰告白》第一章第四段宣告了《圣经》的主要的、唯一的作者就是神之后,第一章第五段就讲到《圣经》的合一性和它的完美性unity and perfection. I and I affirm a unity of Scripture.

Enns的书也讲到《圣经》的合一性的but the unit affirmed in I and I does not reside in a text of Scripture itself. 但是Enns的书讲到《圣经》合一性的时候,《圣经》的合一性并不在于《圣经》文本本身,rather, unity is to be found on in the person of Crist.《圣经》的合一性是从耶稣基督这个位格而来的,注脚12。

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注脚12是这样说的the notion of unity present in I and I is also present in Barth. 这种的《圣经》的合一性的观点,在巴特也可以找得到,In his affirmation that Scripture is the word of God Barth is also opposed to any notion of a  unity to the text of Scripture. 当巴特肯定《圣经》是神的话的时候,巴特也反对任何的说法。假如说,《圣经》的合一性是在《圣经》的文本本身,他是反对的。Rather, for Barth, unity resides in God’s revelation which Barth is only and always in Christ.  反之,对巴特来说,《圣经》的合一性是在神的启示里,而神的启示只有在基督里的。《教会教义学》Church dogmatics卷一第二册482-483页。Church dogmatics volume one part two pages 482 to 483. 我们来看什么意思哈,什么叫做《圣经》的合一性?不是在《圣经》,而现在转移到在基督里什么意思?For example, I and I implies that the meaning of Scripture passages can be as attained by virtue or what a particular passage says.  比方说,Enns暗示,《圣经》一段经文的意义,可以从某一段经文所说的而来。Regardless of what the rest of Scripture taking as a unified whole might say.  一段经文说什么,就从这段经文而来。不要理睬整本《圣经》作为一本前后不矛盾的《圣经》所说的。就是说,这节经文说什么就是什么,你不要理整本《圣经》说什么。这个是教授团批判Enns的一个错误。So, in trying to understand the meaning of passage in Genesis 6:1-4, for example, 比方说,Enns在解释创世记第六章第一到第四节的时候,Enns 会这样说,这个是在书里面的104页。

Number one, God creates everything good.  第一,神创造万物都是好的。

Two, wickedness and evil enter.  二,罪和邪恶进到世界。

Three,  God reacts. 这个Enns 的强调reacts,  by intending to wipe out everything he made. 现在上帝做主反应,上帝要消灭一切祂所创造的Of course it is possible to say that God already anticipates step three In step one. 当然我们可能这样说,可以这样说,有这个可能。上帝已经在第一步就是创造的时候,已经预期第三步。That is, he knew what was going to happen. 祂知道要发生事情会怎么发生的And so step two is not taken by any surprise所以,第二步,就是罪进到世界,对上帝来说不是惊奇,That may be so, 可能是这样的?but that is only a guess. 这个只是人所猜测的。That goes far beyond what we read这个是超越了我们在《圣经》所读到的, story is taught in such a way. 《圣经》的故事不是这样讲的,是这样讲的。

再来一次,假如说,神知道人会犯罪,这个只是猜测而已,这个是书里面104页所说的。好了现在回到教授团的话。Is it really only a guess?  That God knew what was going to happen? 神知道事情会怎么发生,有罪进入世界,这只是我一个猜测吗?If all that we have is the story, then perhaps假如我们只有这个创世记第一到第六章的故事,噢那可能。but we only have the story if the individual human authors of Scripture as well as immediate kinds of a passage take precedence over,  or even determine what the divine author is saying. 假如我们说,《圣经》的个别的人的作者,和这些经文的本身的经文跟上下文,是比上帝要说什么更重要的话,那就是了,我们就有这个故事本身了。

我们再解释一次。那这个是当代福音派的解经者常常用的这个方法。就是,对了,这段经文说什么?这个个别的《圣经》的人的作者说了什么?这段经文上下文说了什么?这里的文化背景告诉我们这段经文说了什么?而不再问What the divine author is saying神《圣经》的主要作者说什么,人说了什么比上帝说什么更重要,而且人说什么就决定了上帝说什么。那,这个,假如是这样子的话,那当然我们只有《圣经》的故事喽。

It is only a guess if the story is so locked into its own cultural culture of context as to be indeterminate with respect to anything else that other passages with their own author’s context circumstances( 15:37) I resay. 假如这个《圣经》的故事,只是限于它的文化,它的上下文,它的处境,所以就其它的经文说什么,我们就不能决定喽,假如是这样子的话,是呵,只是猜测而已。因此,Enns 的书I and I说,这里是106的107页。教授团引用Enns的他自己书的话,so, for the Old Testament to speak up god is changing his mind所以,当旧约《圣经》说到上帝改变祂的主意的时候,means that this is his choice for how he wants us to know him. 上帝改变了主意就是上帝选择祂要,祂要我们怎么认识祂。上帝改变了祂的主意了Christian prayers all preach on the assumption that our words have some effect on God. 基督徒的祷告,是假设我们的话,我们找的话是对上帝由某种被影响的,but do they really? 真的吗?that is for God to know, not us. 真的影响上帝吗?那只有上帝知道,不是我们知道的。There are diverse portrayals of God in the Old Testament. 旧约《圣经》给我们不同上帝的描述,He is, on the one hand, powerful. 一方面,上帝是蛮有全能的, One who knows things before they happen. 事情没有发生前,上帝就知道有什么会发生and who causes things to  happen上帝是使事情发生的那一位。One who is in complete control,上帝掌控一切的那一位。On the other hand, 从另外角度来看, He finds things out, 上帝会发现一些事,He can feel grieved 祂会感觉忧伤,about things that happen. 祂看到事情这样发生祂会感到忧伤,He changes His mind上帝会改变了主意,祂就有两幅图画。

Enns继续说,If we allow either of these dimensions to override the other, 假如我们让一个副图画来压住另外一幅图画的话呢,We set aside part of God’s word in an effort to defend Him我们就把神话的一部分把它拿走,好叫为上帝辩护, which is somewhat of a self-contradiction. 为上帝辩护本身就是一个矛盾。这个是Enns的话。他说, 旧约《圣经》就是那麽messy就是那么乱七八糟嘛,有的时候上帝是大有权能的、无所不知的,有的时候上帝又改变了主意,你要用一方面的《圣经》的话来压倒另方面吗?你要这样子来为上帝辩护吗?这是Enns的意思。好,教授团说,对不起,这里是注脚13号。

我们来看这个注脚第13。It should be said here教授团说: 我们在这里必须指出,One of the chief characteristics of reformed and evangelical thought is, that it has sought not to set aside any part of God’s word with respect to the matters at hand.  改革宗跟福音派的神学的一个特点,一个主要的特点就是我们不会把《圣经》的任何部分,把它放开,But rather to show how all of these elements cohere. 福音派跟改革宗神学就是要把《圣经》所有的话语调和,把它联络起来。To think otherwise is to think that reformed and evangelical theology is ignored a fuller doctrine of God . 假如你认为改革宗跟福音派神学不是这样看的话,你就是认为改革宗跟福音派神学,它的神论是不够完整的。因为上面Peter Enns在取笑那些人把一方面来压倒另一方面嘛。他说,我们从来就不是这样做的,你在控告我们的神论不够完整吗?On the other hand,  just what does I and I mean when it speaks out allowing either one of these dimensions to override the other? 他说,Enns究竟是什么意思?当他说让其中一个层面来压住另一个层面呢?Surely, in all of Reformed thought the dimension of God’s sovereignty overrides the dimension of his covenant interaction with his people in such a way that his plan and purposes do not and have not changed even from eternity. 他说,改革宗思想,这是教授团的话,还是在注脚第13。他说,在所有的改革宗神学里面,神的主权会被放在上帝与祂的约民之间,约的互动之上。但是当上帝主权的与祂的约民互动的时候,从来没有改变过祂从永恒定的计划的。这个是改革宗的看法。有呵,他说,我们会看到上帝的主权,看到上帝的立约, 等等。但是从来不会说上帝永恒的计划会改变的。注脚第13,讲毕。

But what if we allow all dimensions to speak?  那,教授团说,假如我们让《圣经》所有的层面都讲话,都教导我们又怎么样?Do we then conclude with some kind of a human such like resolved that God changes mind and that he doesn’t? 那我们是不是就好像,上帝有的时候改变主意,有的时候不改变主意呢?Are we simply left with contextual human evidential contradiction? 我们是不是只是有《圣经》的一些的处境的、人为的、从证据而来一些的矛盾呢?because of what the bible says in one place, with one author in context compared to what it says in another. 当我们把作者跟作者,上下文跟上下文比较的时候,就是矛盾呢?Conclusions of this nature surely cannot be helpful to evangelicals for the doctrine of Scripture.  假如你这样来看的话,当然对福音派的《圣经》论是没有帮助,further, I and I states, 不但如此,Enns的书在109页是这样说的:The messiness of the Old Testament which is a source of embarrassment for some, is actually a positive.  Enns说,旧约《圣经》的杂乱对某些人来说是很尴尬的。事实上,是一个正面的一个特点。On one level, it may not help with a certain brand of apologetics. 但是那对某一个品牌的护教学就不利喽。where we used the so called perfection of the Bible to prove to non-believers that Christianity is true. 因为这种品牌的护教学是用《圣经》的完整,完全毫无瑕疵来去向非基督徒证明基督教是真的but This method is as wrongheaded as it is to argue that Christianity is true by downplaying the humanness of Christ. 但是这种的护教学是错的。就等于说,基督教是真的,当你把基督的人性压下去的时候,基督教是真的一样。这个是Enns的话。

现在教授团来回应。In Van Til’s approach 范泰尔的护教的进路,and behind him the entirety of reformation thought. 整个改革宗的思想都支持范泰尔的说法。It is just the perfection of Scripture that in part attests it to be the word of God and constitutes it as the principium cognoscendi.  范泰尔跟整个改革宗的看法是,就是《圣经》是毫无瑕疵的,是完美的,就证明它是神的话。也让《圣经》作为认识神的主要的准则。Without this perfection, there can be no knowledge of anything, certainly not of God.  假如《圣经》不是十全十美的话,人就没有任何的知识,特别没有对上帝的知识,就不可能认识神了。The natural question might come just how do we prove to unbelievers that Christianity is true if not by the fact of Scripture itself attesting perfection. 请问,我们究竟怎么样来向非基督徒证明基督教是真的?假如不提出《圣经》自证它是神的话、是十全十美的话呢?这里教授团在批判Enns说这个《圣经》是很乱的,但是很乱也很好噢。我们说,不行的,改革宗从来就不会这样说的,从来不会说《圣经》是乱。也就是说,等于Peter Enns有点在说《圣经》是自我矛盾。

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