第十一讲、第6章:启示与人的主体性
主讲:林慈信教授_校对:刘加立弟兄_英文:cherry姐妹_文字:飞弟兄
《圣言论》第十一讲 Doctrine of the Word of God
Chapter 6: Revelation and Human Subjectivity 第六章: 启示与人的主体性
这个 subjectivity 这个字有主观的这个意思的。但是,一般哲学神学喜欢把这个主观性翻成主体性。
We have seen that modern theologians have developed ideas of revelation drastically different from the traditional views of the church. 我们已经看到,现代期的神学家他们所发展出的启示概念是与传统教会的观点非常的不同的。They have substituted human reason for the personal words of God, as the ultimate test of truth. 他们把上帝亲自所讲的话是绝对的真理的考验(准成了),他们用人的理性来取代了。
Some have also tried to locate revelation in history rather than in divine words, 有些人想要在历史中去找到神的启示,而不是在上帝亲自讲的话,not only because of the actual prominence of history in Scripture,不是因为圣经里面历史是这么显著, but because history seems more amenable to autonomous rational thought than divine words. 乃是因为历史可能比较容易由人的自主的理性来操纵,不像神的话。因为神亲自讲话,就不那么容易操纵喽。I have tried to show that it is biblically wrong to substitute either history or human rationality for the ultimate authority of God’s personal words. 我上面已经指出,假如用历史或者人的理性来取代了上帝亲自所讲的话作为最高的权威的话,是不符合圣经的,因此是错误的。
Another approach to revelation in liberal theology has been to identify it with a subjective event, 在自由派神学的另外一个对启示的进路,乃是把启示与一个主观的事件认同,something that takes place within the human heart. 启示乃是一个在人的心中所发生的事。This view is most often associated with Friedrich E. D. Schleiermacher (1768–1834), 这个观点最有代表性的人物就是士莱马赫(1768到1834),often called the “father of modern theology.” 常常被称为是现代神学之父。
Schleiermacher was not pleased with the rationalism of earlier modern thinkers such as Baruch Spinoza and Immanuel Kant. 士莱马赫不满足于早期的现代思想家的理性主义,比方说斯宾挪莎或者康德的理性主义。He thought the focus on reason was unsuitable to the distinctive nature of religion. 他认为这样子的把焦点放在人的理性对于宗教的特性来说是不适合的。To him, religion was based not on reason, but on Gefühl, 他认为宗教不是基于理性,而是基于Gefühl,a German term that can be translated “feeling” or “intuition.” 这个德国的名词可以被翻成感觉或者是直觉。
Religion begins, he thought, with a “feeling of absolute dependence,” 士莱马赫认为,宗教起源于一种绝对依靠的感觉,and God is, in the first instance, a name for that reality we feel dependent on. 而上帝是什么,最重要的他是一个名字,指出我们感觉到要依靠的那个的实存。The Christian faith interprets that reality in terms of Jesus Christ. 基督教的信仰去解释这个实存是用耶稣基督来解释的。So Christian theology expresses the Christian religious affections in the form of speech. 所以,基督教的神学就用话语来表达这个基督徒的宗教的感觉或者情操。The feeling is first, the words (of Scripture and theology) a secondary expression of and reflection on the feeling. 感觉是首要的,而话语,圣经的话跟神学的话,是次层的、次要的来表达这个感觉和来反映出这个感觉。
So for Schleiermacher, revelation is not the deliverances of reason as such, 所以对士莱马赫来说,启示不是理性所颁布的的一些的真理,or the history presented in Scripture, 启示也不是圣经里所提出的历史,but the feeling of God, the religious consciousness, that interprets the biblical history. 启示是感觉到上帝是一种宗教的意识,来解释圣经的历史的。Revelation is primarily subjective, not objective. 启示主要是主观的,不是客观的。It is not objective truths,启示主要不是客观的真理, but our subjective responses to objective truths.乃是我们对客观真理的主观的回应。
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Although Schleiermacher tries to lessen the emphasis on reason that was so strong in the work of his predecessors, 虽然,士莱马赫试图去把他之前的一些思想家,强调理性这方面把它冲淡了,虽然如此,(we should note that) Schleiermacher’s voluminous writings are not just expressions of feeling. 而施莱马赫还写了这么多本书,本身不仅仅是在表达感情的。They are rational analyses of religious feeling. 他们是关于宗教感觉的一些的理性的分析。And as with others we have discussed, Schleiermacher gives no indication of bringing reason under the authority of divine words. 正与其他的思想家一样,士莱马赫并没有让我们看见他愿意把理性伏在上帝的话语的权威之下的。
His reasoning seeks to be autonomous. 他的理性是尝试要自主的。Autonomous feelings interpreted by autonomous reasoning.一些自主的感觉由自主的理性去解释。 In fact, one suspects that Schleiermacher has limited revelation to feeling in part to avoid making religious feeling subordinate to divine words. (这句话非常重要啊。)事实上我们怀疑,为什么施莱马赫把启示限制在感觉的范围里面呢?其中一部分的原因就是为了避免让宗教的感觉要服在上帝的话语之下。So Schleiermacher’s differences from the rationalists are not as great as he would have us believe. 所以,士莱马赫与理性主义者有多么的不同呢?不好像他想要给我们感觉到的没有那么大。
Emotion and reason, I believe, are not sharply separate aspects of the mind.1 感觉和理性,并不是人的心智,人的心 mind 的完全分隔的不同的层次的。Each affects the other, of course. 当然,其中一方面会影响另外一方面。Moreover, each defines the other in an important sense. 不但如此,感觉和理性一方面会给另外一方面定义的。Emotion can be understood as a kind of reasoning,感觉可以说是某一种的推理法, in the sense that it is an appropriate or inappropriate response to data given to the person.2因为感觉感情是什么呢?就是对一些人收到的资料的恰当的或者不恰当的回应。
下面有两个注脚,前面我们说过理性和情感不是人的心的完全分隔的层次。注脚一:假如要多看这方面的讨论的话,请看《神学认识论》原著 Doctrine of the Knowledge of God 337到339页。还有傅兰姆的《神论》Doctrine of God 608到611,还有 Doctrine of the Christian Life还有他的《伦理学》370到382页。但是我们说感觉好像是理性的的一种,叫推理的一种。
Emotional responses tend to be more spontaneous, 注脚二:感觉上的回应比较上是激发的,rational responses more labored; 理性的回应可能是深思熟虑的; but there is a continuum between these, not a sharp division.而这两方面只是程度上的不同,不是绝对的不同。注角二结束。
刚才我们说感觉是某一种的理性的推理,那现在呢?傅兰姆说 And reason is a kind of emotion: 而我们的思想是感觉的一种: for when we arrive at conviction following a process of rational analysis, 因为当我们经过了理性的分析之后,达到一些的信念的时候, that conviction is very much a feeling, 这种的信念非常是一种的感觉的,what I have elsewhere called “cognitive rest.”3我在其他的书里面称这种的感觉,为思想认知的安息。(注脚3《神学认识论》doctrine of knowledge god 原著152到162页。
So when we pass from Spinoza to Schleiermacher, 所以当我们从斯宾诺莎到士莱马赫的时候,from reason to feeling as a judge of truth, 我们从理性是真理的审判官,然后过到感觉是真理的审判官的时候,we have not passed very far.我们并没有走很远的路的。 The real issue is between those who accept and reject autonomy, not between autonomous reason and autonomous feeling. 真正的问题呢,是接受人的自主和拒绝人的自由自主,这两者之间的区分,不是自主的理性和自主的感觉之间的区分。
Similarly, there is not a great difference between Schleiermacher and those liberal theologians who have identified revelation with history. 同样的士莱马赫和其他的自由派的神学家,他们认为启示就是在历史中这两派的分别也没有这么大。For what they consider history is either an achievement of autonomous reason 他们要么就是认为历史就是人的自主所达到的(Albrecht Ritschl, Wolfhart Pannenberg) or a datum malleable to subjective faith 或者历史是一些需要被要伏在主观的信心之下的一些的资料。(Oscar Cullmann). Rationalism, historicism, and subjectivism 理性主义,历史主义和主体主义或者主观主义are three perspectives on autonomous human thought. 是人类思想的三个不同的层次。None are capable of dealing properly with God’s personal words.理性主义,历史主义,主体主义都不能够正确的来处理上帝亲自所讲的话的。
Nevertheless,虽然是如此,we should look at some more recent representatives of theological subjectivism, 我们还是需要去考虑一些其他的近代期的神学主体主义的代表人物,for many have followed Schleiermacher’s emphasis.因为很多人呢是跟着士莱马赫所强调的来思想的 。 Although Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) 虽然祁克果(1813到1855)recognized an objective revelation in Scripture, 虽然祁克果承认圣经里面有客观的启示,he considered the objective truth of Scripture to be far less important than our subjective response to God. 祁克果认为,我们主观的对上帝的回应,是比圣经客观的真理远远的更重要的。
Emil Brunner (1889–1966)布伦纳(1889-1966)was deeply critical of Schleiermacher. 是对士莱马赫有深刻的批判的。Yet, following suggestions of Martin Buber (1878–1965) and Ferdinand Ebner (1882–1931),但是布伦纳是受到马丁·布伯(1878-1965) 和埃布纳(1882-1931)年的, Brunner came to think that revelation in its highest sense was a personal encounter between God and the individual. 布伦纳认为,最高层次的宗教,或者宗教从最高层次的意义来说,就是人与上帝之间亲自的相遇encounter 。The divine-human encounter cannot be described objectively.神与人之间的相遇不能够客观的去被描述的。 Indeed, the use of words depersonalizes it. 是的,用话语来描述,本身就使的非位格化了。
Factual knowledge “about” God compromises the integrity of our knowledge of God himself. 假如我们说有些事实让我们认识关于神,这样子就已经妥协掉我们的知识的整体性,就是我们对上帝的知识的整体性。So revelation can never be identified with a spoken discourse or a written document. 所以,上帝的启示永远不能够等于某某一段的话语,或者写下来的一篇的文件。In this sense, it is subjective rather than objective.所以从这个角度来说,这种的宗教,这种的启示是主观的,而不是客观的。
我们来温习一下,我们说士莱马赫认为宗教或者是启示是主观的,是人主观对客观启示的一些的回应,the feel ,feeling 感觉或者是直觉。所以我们基督徒会感觉到,我们依靠一个什么绝对的东西,absolute dependence 。启示不是圣经里面所讲的,乃是感觉到上帝。虽然士莱马赫贬低理性,但是他同时是相信人的自主理性是最重要的。然后下面有祁克果,还有他前面的Martin Buber还有 Ferdinand Ebner 。还有一位就是跟巴特一起发起新正统神学的。
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