卷三 36 斥诽谤预定论之谬说
主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立、王弟兄&XSS姐妹
3.23 Refutation of the False Accusations with Which
This Doctrine Has Always Been Unjustly Burdened
(Reprobation the concomitant of election and an act of God’s will, 1-3)
Election – but no reprobation?
斥诽谤预定论之谬说
3.23.1
在这里,加尔文说,有一些批评预定论的人说:“神的忍耐是什么呢?”加尔文说:他们所讲的是错的。就是说,神宽容、容忍他们,但是暂时的不判断、不审判,可能他们会悔改。加尔文就引用奥古斯丁的话,说:“Where might is joined to long-suffering, God does not permit but governs by his power.当神的忍耐,同时有神的权能(神的忍耐和神的能力结合起来的时候),神的忍耐就不仅仅是容许,是与他的权能、统治,God does not permit but governs,神的忍耐是一个统治者的忍耐,因为有他的大能陪伴着他的忍耐的。”They add also that vessels of wrath are good reason said to be “made for destruction” but that “God has prepared vessels of mercy”,当然,对方又会说:是啊,这些是愤怒的器皿,因为上帝也另外有怜悯的器皿,for in this way Paul ascribes to, and claims for, God the credit for salvation, while he casts the blame for their perdition upon those who of their own will bring it upon themselves.所以,对方就会说,神拯救人是神的功劳,然后,人之所以灭亡是按照他自己的意志的。
加尔文在这里要把事情说到最终点/最后,他说:“It is utterly inconsistent to transfer the preparation for destruction to anything but God’s secret plan.假如我们说,预备一个人灭亡不是因为神的奥秘的计划的话,这是不一致的。God aroused Pharaoh,神挑起法老的心,he hardens whom he pleases,神要使谁钢硬 ,就使谁钢硬。God’s secret plan is the cause of hardening,神的奥秘的计划,就是为什么会使人的心钢硬的。”又回到奥古斯丁,加尔文说:“Augustine’s: where God makes sheep out of wolves,是的,神让一些豺狼成为羔羊(就是神选了一些罪人得救),he reforms them by a more powerful grace to subdue their hardness,神就用更加大能有力的恩典来胜过他们的钢硬, accordingly, God does not convert the obstinate,同时,神对那些钢硬的人并没有归正他们,because he does not manifest that more powerful grace,因为,神并没有在他们的身上显明更有大能的恩典, which is not lacking if he should please to offer it.神如果要做的话,他就会做的,如果他的美意是要让钢硬的人成为不钢硬,神是可以做的,但是,神并没有把这个停止人钢硬的就是那个归正/回转的那颗心赐给这些人。”简单的说,这是神的计划。
上帝的预旨与上帝的容许没有分别!
No distinction between god’s will and god’s permission!
3.23.8
在这里,加尔文就告诉我们,神的容许和神的预定是没有分别的(这段是我]翻译的,因为当时还没有台湾出版的新的版本,所以我就翻译了一下)。
Here they have recourse to the distinction between will and permission有些人就回到神的旨意和神的容许的这个分辩,By this they would maintain他们的坚持乃是说,that the wicked perish because God permits it罪人沉沦是因为上帝容许, not because he so wills不是因为上帝的旨意所预旨的,But why shall we say “permission” unless it is because God so wills我们为什么说:神的容许,除非是神所预旨的呢? Still, it is not in itself likely that man brought destruction upon himself through himself同样的,人自取沉沦也不完全出于人自己的, by God’s mere permission and without any ordaining就是说,人的自取沉沦不仅仅是神容许而没有预定. As if God did not establish the condition in which he wills the chief of his creatures to be因为,如果我们说是神容许的话,那么,意思就是说,上帝并没有设立了:他怎么样要人达到那个结局的条件(就是说一个人的结局不是上帝来定的)。
如果说,是容许而不是预定的话,那么,那些的条件与环境,还有那些的因素就不是上帝所定的了! I shall not hesitate, then, simply to confess with Augustine,加尔文说:“我还是与奥古斯丁统一,that the will of God is the necessity of things,上帝的旨意——他的永恒的计划,是万世的、必须的成因,necessary call,and that what he has willed will of necessity come to pass,所以上帝所计划、安排、预定的,就是必须、必然会发生的, as those things which he has foreseen will truly come to pass.同样的,神所预知/预见的事情,也是一样必须、必然的会发生的。” 所以,不论是神预定的,或者是预知的,这些事情都会必然发生的,因为,神的预旨是万物必须的成因,necessary calls。
下面,加尔文又处理四派(the Pelagians, or Manichees, or Anabaptists, or Epicureans),包括Anabaptists,重洗派的一些反对的论调。他们说:“The necessity by which they are constrained because of divine predestination,他们反对神的预定就让所有的事情都是必须发生。”They advance no argument applicable to the cause.他们的论说是不适合的、是无用的。For if predestination is nothing but the meting out of divine justice,加尔文在这里对‘预定’就加多一个因素,他说:“什么叫‘预定’?只不过是上帝执行他的公义。Secret, indeed, but blameless,是的,上帝的预定是奥秘的;但是,是毫无/不可指摘的。Because it is certain that they were not unworthy to be predestined to this condition, it is equally certain that the destruction they undergo by predestination is also most just.所以,既然,上帝的预定是他的公义的执行,那个预定,包括罪人的沉沦,神预定人沉沦也是至公义的,最公义的。”Besides, their perdition depends upon the predestination of God in such a way that the cause and occasion of it are found in themselves.上帝的预定是公义的,上帝预定人灭亡也是公义的;同时,那个occasion,就是在什么地方,如何发生,又是在人这边的。
For the first man fell亚当堕落了,because the Lord had judged it to be expedient.因为,上帝认为这样子是合宜的。Why he so judged is hidden from us?上帝为什么认为亚当的堕落是适合的呢?那个是隐藏的,我们不知道。Yet it is certain that he so judged because he saw that thereby the glory of his name is duly revealed.但是,我们很肯定的知道,他是如此的判断,如此的审判,因为他知道,如此做,上帝能够彰显他名的荣耀。
When you hear God’s glory mentioned,当你听到什么事情都是因为神的荣耀的时候, 你不要忘记他的荣耀是公义的,think of his justice.要想到他的公正。For whatever deserves praise must be just,因为,任何值得我们称许的事一定是公义的。Accordingly, man falls according as God’s providence ordains,是的,人类的堕落是因为上帝的安排、上帝的预定, but he falls by his own fault.但是同时,人类的堕落是因为他自己的过错。The Lord has declared that “everything that he had made … was exceedingly good”. 神本来创造的一切都是非常好的。By his own evil intention,因着人邪恶的意旨,man corrupted the pure nature he had received from the Lord; 人就使他从神那里来的本性就败坏了;and by his fall he drew all his posterity with him into destruction,人堕落之后,就把所有的后裔都连累在这个灭亡中。
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Accordingly,因此,the evident cause of condemnation in the corrupt nature of humanity,上帝定人罪,是因为人的本性败坏,这个是比较靠近我们的,这是近因。 Rather than seek a hidden and utterly incomprehensible cause in God’s predestination.“人被定罪是因为人败坏”我们能这样想就好了,不要去上帝的预定那里去找一个不能明白的原因。And let us not be ashamed to submit our understanding to God’s boundless wisdom,总之,我们的理性要顺服在神的无限的智慧之下,so far as to yield before its many secrets.怎么顺服呢?顺服到我们遇见许多隐藏的事,我们也要顺服、降服。For, of those things which it is neither given nor lawful to know,因为,有些事情,律法不要我们知道,上帝也没有赐给我们,没有显明的话,ignorance is learned,承认自己的无知乃是智慧了,the craving to know, a kind of madness.假如你硬要,一定要去挖掘,想要知道的话,那是一种的疯狂。讲到最后,是神的预定,就不能再问下去了。
信心是拣选的工作,可是:上帝的拣选并不的信心
Faith is the Work of Election, But Election Does Not Depend Upon Faith
3.24.3
在这里,加尔文要处理二种的错误。他说:要提防二种的错误:
- Some make man God’s co-worker,有些人认为:人是与上帝同工的;透过人的同意,神的拣选就通过了,to ratify election by his consent,是需要人的通过、人的同意的。所以,按照这种的说法,加尔文说:“Man’s will is superior to God’s plan.人的意志就比神的计划更优越、更高超了。”As if Scripture taught that we are merely given the ability to believe, and not, faith itself.就好像说,神给我们信的能力,但是信心却不是神所给的,我们还要同意才行。
- The make election depend upon faith, as if election were doubtful.他们认为:神的拣选是要靠人的信心;就好像神的拣选还不是很稳定,还是值得怀疑的,直到信心去确定它。Indeed, that it is confirmed, with respect to us, is utterly plain,不过,说“神的拣选是被确认的”也没有错,because we have secret plan of God, is brought to light…..with a seal.因为,上帝隐藏的计划透过他的印记,seal,他的记号、印记,来显明brought to light是对的。Provided you understand by this language merely that what was unknown is now verified – sealed.不要忘记,当我们说“神奥秘的计划以这个印证显明”的时候,这个“印证”的意思乃是说:本来我们是不知道的,现在我们知道了、证实了。But it is false to say that election takes effect only after we have embraced the gospel,但是,如果要说,当我们接受福音之后,神的拣选才生效,and takes its validity from this,神的拣选是要我们信福音,才生效、才合法的话,就错的,那他是什么意思呢?
让我解释一下,加尔文说:“神拣选是我们得救的原因,我们不能讨任何的功劳,我们也不能说,神还没有拣选,直到我们信。”这样子,我们把我们的信心就变成神的拣选、神的计划的一个条件,没有的话就没有拣选的。加尔文说,不是的。不过,我们人的确是信耶稣、信福音。是的,我们的信心与我们的好行为是一种的印证,这个印证的就是说:以前是不明显的,现在显明了。不是说,没有这个就不行的,乃是说,有了这个,我们就知道了。
再来一次:不是说,没有信心、没有好行为就不行了,上帝的计划就不完全了,不是的,我们是毫无贡献的。但是,说以前隐藏的现在显明了,这个叫记号、印证,是为了我们能够明白,我们能够有确据,那样才可以。所以,加尔文很小心的用:印证、记号,sign、seal这些词,特别是避免人有任何的功劳使神的计划成就。Sign and seal,记号与印证是为了我们的好处;不是因为,神的计划如果没有这个就不能成就了,我们是毫无贡献的。
If we try to penetrate to God’s eternal ordination, that deep abyss will swallow us up,不要去挖尽那个神的永恒的预定,不然的话这个深渊就会吞灭我们,to be assured of our salvation we must begin with the Word,我们要从神的话开始来找我们得救的确据,our confidence ought to be so intent as to call upon God as our Father.这样子,我们的信心就让我们懂得呼喊父神为‘阿爸父’。最后一句话:我们要守住、勒住我们的鲁莽,因为 in his outward Word, God may sufficiently witness his secret grace to us.在神的外在的话语——就是神的呼召、《圣经》、讲道,神的话是足够向我们见证他的隐秘的恩典的。
这里,加尔文就讲到我们的生命、教会、个人的生命中。是啊,我们人一点功劳都没有,我们人“信”的只不过是记号。我们人“信”,我们人有得救结出好行为的果子,我们面对的是神的话——《圣经》、教会的敬拜、神的话语、圣礼等等。神的外在的话语,是足够有能力向我们的心做见证,神的恩典临到我们的;或者,我们可以说,圣灵与神的话同工。所以,加尔文对神的话是有一个很高的、很尊贵的看法的。
Provided only the pipe,神的话是一条的管子,from which water abundantly flows out for us to drink,这管子里有丰富的水流出来让我们喝, does not hinder us from according its due honor to the fountain.我们说,神的话就像管子一样,但是并不等于说,我们不尊重这条管子背后那个水的源头——就是上帝永恒的计划、上帝的主权、上帝的恩典。上帝的主权、三位一体、永远的计划,上帝进入到时间、空间,在基督里,是什么?是他的话,他的约。而上帝的话、上帝的约并没有否决上帝的主权,他永恒的奥秘、主权、恩典、计划。反之,神的话、约,就是神的主权、恩典的管道,要我们去领受神在永恒里面所计划好的。
被拣选的确据:正确的方法和错误的方法
The Right and Wrong Way to Attain Certainty of Election
3.24.4
我们再回到得救的确据。
Therefore, as it is wrong to make the force of election contingent upon faith in the gospel.我们不要说:神拣选我们,对神的救恩,我们的确据要靠我们的信心,这个是错的。怎么才是正确的:in seeking the certainty of our election, we cling to those latter signs which are sure attestations.我们要抓住那些记号、表记做为拣选的确据(什么记号:就是上帝的话,就是福音)。Satan with doubt about their election,撒但最喜欢使我们不平安,怀疑我们的拣选,这是一方面;while at the same time he arouses them with a wicked desire to seek it outside the way.一方面,撒但要我们怀疑我们得救。另外一方面,撒但又要我们用邪恶的、不合乎真理的道路去找到我们得救的确据。I call it “seeking outside the way”我说:这个是在正路之外。When mere man attempts to break into the inner recesses of divine wisdom,就是说,我们要穷究神的永恒的智慧, and tries to penetrate even to highest eternity,要一直探究到最高的永恒的那个境界, in order to find out what decision has been made concerning himself at God’s judgment seat.要找到:神在永恒里的审判,在我的身上的旨意是什么。我们不能去找的,这样的话,就好像在漩窝里面,一定会被吞灭一样,有各种的陷阱,进到深渊、进到黑暗、进到灭亡。
第二段:Rare indeed is the mind that is not repeatedly struck with this thought,人的思想总会这样去想的:Whence comes your salvation but from God’s election.你的得救从何而来——从神的拣选而来的。这样子想的时候,往往会使我们折磨,或者是给我们一个很大的惊讶,一个震憾。The mind could not be infected with a more pestilential error,很多的时候,我们会有一种惹祸的错误,是什么呢?Than that which overwhelms and unsettles the conscience from its peace and tranquility toward God.就是一想到神的拣选,我们的心就没有得救的平安,这是错误的。Consequently, if we fear shipwreck, we must carefully avoid this rock.我们的信心,如果不要好像沉船的那样破坏的话,你就不要跑到这块石头那边,因为这样是让你的心不得平安的。Even though discussion about predestination is likened to a dangerous sea,虽然,我们在讨论预定的时候,就好像在一个很危险的、大风浪的海洋里面一样, still, in traversing it, one finds safe and calm.但是,如果用正当的方法去讨论预定的话,你会经过这个海洋,到一个安全、宁静,且充满欢乐的地方。是什么呢?Rightly and duly examine it as it is contained in his Word,就是好好的在《圣经》里面去研究预定就好了,reap the inestimable fruit of comfort.这样是肯定让我们的灵魂得安慰的。所以,让我们这样去问:To begin with God’s call, and to end with it.所以,我们要从神的呼召开始思想,也是要从神的呼召结束。
Still, this does not prevent believers from feeling that the benefits derived from that secret adoption.我们还是会感觉到,我们所得到的各样的好处,都是因为上帝奥秘的、隐藏的,收养我们、救我们做他的儿女的。God wills to confirm to us by a token, as much as we may lawfully know of his plan.上帝的确是用一个记号来告诉我们。总之,是用神的话语。
下面,加尔文引用Bernard的话说:“The decree of the Lord stands firm,上帝永恒的预旨是坚定的,his purpose of peace stands firm upon those who fear him.在敬畏神的人身上,上帝与我们和睦的计划是坚定的。Overlooking their evil,神不再算我们的邪恶,rewarding their good actions,因着我们的好行为,神又赐奖赏给我们,so that by a marvelous method of his mercy not only good things but also evil ones work together for goo.因此,按照上帝怜悯的方法,万事是都互相效力,甚至乎,罪人的邪恶都是互相效力的。
谁来控告上帝的选民呢(罗8:33)?Everything that he has decided not to impute to me is as though it had not been.所以,上帝没有把我们的罪归算给我们,就好像我们没有犯过那些罪一样。O place of true repose,何等安宁的地方啊, which I may not unity call by the name ‘chamber’就好像我们称这个叫做‘内室’,里面的房间一样! O place in which God is beheld,这是我们能够仰视、遇见神的地方,in which is experienced the influence of his good and favorable and perfect will.在这个地方,我们可以察验到神的善良、可喜悦、完全的旨意(罗12:2)。 That vision does not terrify,看见这个,我们并不会恐惧的,but soothes,而得到安舒;it does not arouse a restless curiosity,不再让我们不安宁的来好奇,but allays it,而是把这个好奇放下来;does not weary,不让我们疲倦,而使我们的五官平安。Here true rest is felt在这里,我们会感受到真的安息。The God of peace renders all things peaceful,平安的神,让一切都平安, and to behold him at rest is to be at rest.我们在安息中仰望祂,就是安息。”
这些是Bernard的话,被加尔文引用的。所以我们看到加尔文是跟着一个敬虔的传统的。虽然Bernard严格来说,不是一个基督新教,宗教改革的领袖。
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