基督教会与现代中国历史 上
主讲：林慈信牧师_校对：刘加立弟兄_文字：Cherry姐妹
我这次专程昨天来、明天走，是因为来介绍我们从9月份开始的双语的基督教神学与事工证书课程，所以今天晚上也是双语进行的。I arrived yesterday and I will leave tomorrow，a very quick trip to Oakland to introduce to you the Christian theology and ministry certificate program bilingual which will begin in Oakland in September，so tonight’s session will be bilingual as well. 听不惯双语的，请学习习惯，if you’re not accustomed to a bilingual presentation，well try to get used to this，this is for the sake of the second generation ministry needs. 为了第二代的事工的需要，请各位习惯。You have already invested yourself Immigrating this country for the second generation very small sacrifice so listen to a bilingual session. 你已经为了下一代来到海外移民了，为了他们听双语的是很小的一个牺牲，谢谢你们的合作。
Christianity and China has had a very stormy tumultuous history 基督教与中国之间有着一个充满着风风雨雨的历史的相遇。Tonight I will not go through the chronology of the growth of Christianity in China，今天晚上不是给大家复述一下基督教在中国传播的一年一年的历史，you will not hear glorious biographies of missionaries who sacrificed themselves for China 你不会听到宣教士在中国牺牲自己跟整个家庭的很荣耀的历史，though that is what is needed to be told. 这个故事是需要长讲的。
What you will hear would be the history of the Chinese opposition to or misunderstanding of Christianity in the last two hundred years. 今天晚上你们听到的是中国人对基督教的反对的声音，或者对基督教的误解。Now this is not always heard among Christians 这个是基督徒很多时候听不到的一些的资料，although among non Christians in China，perhaps this is not unfamiliar material 但是对中国大陆的非基督徒却不会很陌生。
I begin with the year 1434，我从1434开始讲，this is unorthodox history这个不是正统的历史，comes from a British author来自一个英国的作者 who wrote two books写了两本书，the titles are 两本书的书名分别是1421 and 1434，第二本是1434。There are websites you can look up 你可以看他们的网站。Basically the story is this简单来说故事是讲郑和 the Muslim Admiral那位伊斯兰教的太监，Chinese are mostly told the story of Zhenghe going to southeast Asia 一般来说，我们听到的是郑和下南洋，是了，西洋，那在东南亚是南洋，在中国是西洋。OK
1421 is the year that the forbidden city was so called dedicated 1421年紫禁城落成，and this British author who was a submarine captain in the British Navy 这个是英国海军的一个潜水艇的船长写的 based on a lot of the charts 根据很多世界上的海图，the story is that Zhenghe ‘s six fleet 郑和的六队船队 have gone to every corner of the earth 去过全球每一个角落。Now for westerners that might not mean very much the fact that Zhenghe went to south pole，North America，Africa对外国人来说，郑和到过南极、到过北极、到过北美洲，没有什么很大的意义，although it is shocking enough已经够令人惊讶的，because his maps is charts are and his ships are seventy years before Christopher Columbus went to America他的海图、他的船比哥伦布去北美洲早70年，and seventy plus years before Dagama went around South Africa and went to India. 比Dagama环绕南非洲到印度也是早了70多年。
What about 1434？那1434呢？again this is unorthodox history 这个不是一个正统学术界的历史，that’s the year Zhenghe made his last trip 这个是郑和最后一次 where did he go？ 去哪里呢？Would you believe he went to Rome？你相信吗？他去了罗马。At least he gave the encyclopedia of Chinese knowledge to the papacy 至少他把永和大典 1万本书，百科全书送了给教宗。What we notice in Europe is 我们在欧洲注意到的是 for example Da Vinci譬如说达芬奇，after 1434，Da VincI other Italians and Germans began to draw pictures of machines，1434之后，意大利人跟德国人开始画一些图画，是画一些机器的图画，including ship making machines 包括那些造船需要用的那些图。
not before 1434，1434年之前不一样的，and these pictures look very similar to what the Chinese have been drawing since the Tang Dynasty 这些图画跟中国在唐朝开始画的很像很像，and then he probably gave the charts to the papacy he大概把海图给了教宗，the papacy gave it to Portugal教宗给了葡萄牙，Portugal gave it to Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama 哥伦布是从葡萄牙的王拿到这些海图的，达伽马也是一样。My point is that the west began to explore America and Asia with charts on their hands我的意思是说西方人跑去非洲、印度、美洲，手上是有海图的，but what happened was China began to close the doors 但是中国开始关门了。
And most of these records are burned 一大部分的记录都烧掉 and so this Englishman had to gather charts from all around the world 所以这个英国人要从世界各地去找这些海图，and then put the picture together拼起这幅图画来。So China became backwards中国开始落后，western science technology we get a take off 西方的科技开始发展。Protestant Christianity went to China in 1807，基督教新教，就有别于天主教，到中国是 1807年，his name Robert Morrison 马礼逊，he and his wife are buried in Macau 他跟他太太的坟墓在澳门。
This was long before the Opium war 1839-42，这个是在鸦片战争之前很多年，鸦片战争用外国人的说法是1839，中国说法1840-1842的。Robert Morrison was not allowed to go to mainland China Madison马礼逊是没有许可进到中国内陆的，so he spent most of his time in Macau 他的时间大部分花在澳门，and his colleagues，a lot of them in Malacca，in Malaya，places like that他的同工们有的在马来西亚，马来亚的马六甲。
They did several things他们做了几件事，translated the Bible翻译圣经 compiled Chinese English dictionaries 编了一些华英字典，不是英汉字典，是汉英字典，and translated some of the Confucius classics into English 把一些四书五经翻成英文； one more thing 还有一件事，they set up several schools他们开办了几间学校，with the same name 名字是一样的 Anglo Chinese college 英华书院 Hongkong，Malacca 马六甲等等； training boys with the hope that one day they can go back to China with the Gospel. 训练这些男孩子，盼望有一天他们把福音带回去中国。
Because at that time China was closed to missionaries 因为那个时候中国是不开放给西方的宣教士的。Some Roman Catholic missionaries went in anyway illegally 有些天主教宣教士非法的跑进去。Then 1860，now 1842 is the end of the first Opium war 1842年是第一次鸦片战争结束，1858-1860，end of the second Opium war 第二次的鸦片战争结束； first Opium war ended with the treaty of Nanjing 第一次鸦片战争以南京条约结束，1858，treaty of Tianjin，1860，treaty of Beijing，1858年天津条约，1860北京条约。And after 1860，1860之后 then foreigners due to these unequal treaties now have the right to move inland外国人因为这些不平等的条约缘故，可以进到中国内陆去。So now the protestant missionaries with the gospel begin to go to all the various provinces in China 所以基督新教的宣教士开始把福音传到中国各省。
Our story is the story of Chinese opposition to Christianity 今天我们要讲的是中国人如何反对基督教。Why？为什么呢 ？Because the Chinese church 因为中国华人教会for all these years 这么多年来，the Gospel has been in Mainland China for two hundred years now 基督教传到中国已经200多年了，the Chinese church have very seldom developed an apologetic a defense of the faith in face of Chinese opposition. 中国教会很少有发展出一套的护教的神学，来面对那些攻击反对基督教的中国人。Very seldom很少 ！
To me，May fourth is always the most important date on my calendar. 对我来说 5月4号是我一年的日历里面最重要的一天，it symbolizes the Chinese churches failure to answer the questions raised by Chinese intellectuals. 五四象征着中国基督教如何失败，没有回答当时中国知识分子的问题。
Sure Chinese preachers were raised up by God soon after that，especially after 1926，当然 1926年之后，上帝兴起很多的布道家，把福音传遍中国大陆，Johnson Song宋尚杰，王明道，Watchman Nee倪柝声，all began to preach shortly after 1926，都在1926年之后公开的布道或者传道。But very few Chinese Christians，especially Bible believing Christians，faced up to the questions，criticisms of Christianity raised by Chinese intellectuals including Chinese communist party. 但是，太少基督徒正视中国知识分子跟中国共产党对基督教的批评跟提出的疑问。
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Let me go through two periods with you 让我跟大家走过两段的历史 ：during these two periods这两段的历史，Chinese intellectuals vigorously opposed Christianity这两段的历史，中国知识分子很强烈的批评、攻击基督教，but they opposed Christianity from two very different viewpoints of foundations 可是他们反对基督教的根基、理由是完全不同的。
First period第一段历史：1862-1874，1862-1874 the Emperor died a regency was in place皇帝死了，现在是慈禧太后开始控制宫廷的时代 the Empress Dowager the one with long fingernails okay she began to be the true ruler of China. This period is called the TongzhI restoration 这段时期被称为同治中兴。The two Opium wars had just closed，两次的鸦片战争刚刚结束，unequal treaties不平等条约，1842，43，44，1858，1860，1842，43，44，1858，1860。
How is China going to respond to this humiliation ？中国怎么回应这个国耻呢 ？Sure it began a ship building，a shipyard in Jiangsu 开始了一个造船的造兵器的 and weapon building factory and in that Thompson they started a foreign language school在那里他们开了一个外语学校，and they invited a missionary to be the principal 他们邀请了一位宣教士做校长，WAP Martin，an American Presbyterian丁韪良，美国长老会的宣教士。
But by and large during this period但是这段时期，the court宫廷was opposed to modernization and westernization 基本上宫廷是反对西化、现代化的，other than the school of foreign languages 除了这个翻译员的学校以外，China started a somewhat an awkward half hearted foreign office 中国开设了总理衙门，不是真正一个外交部。Okay it’s really to appease the foreigners 希望洋鬼子不要来跟我们做生意最好，中国的贸易是官督商办，official supervised merchant operated business which is not really for profit不是为了赚钱，it’s so that these barbarians will understand Chinese civilization is superior 所以要这些洋鬼子看到中国的文化多么的超越。It all ended with the Tianjin massacre 在1870天津大屠杀作为高峰。
During this period在这段时间，Chinese officials and gentry中国的官绅（做官的跟地主） systematically opposed Christianity 有系统的攻击基督教。We all know about the civil service examination 我们知道科举制度的考试，so when a provincial level civil service examination is taking place in the provincial capital 当在省的科举考试在举行的时候，this is the time for the students to be locked up and do their exams for a few days，这段时间考试的就锁在房间里考试，their uncles fathers brothers cousins那些叔叔、伯伯、爸爸、兄弟is drinking wine in the tavern在旁边市上喝酒。
And it is during those times在这些的的日子里，Chinese intellectuals would draw up cartoons 他们会画一些好像漫画的东西，and insulted Christianity侮辱基督教的。For example，they would draw a picture of a pig 他们会画一个猪头 to make fun of the Bishop主教，主教is猪叫，the bishop is like the pig crying，and they spread rumors some 散布一些谣言，and that why did they have all these orphanages operated by Catholic and protestant基督教、天主教为什么开这么多孤儿院，because they want to get the eyes out of these children to make medicine. 他们要挖孩子们的眼睛做西药的等等。
All kinds of very gross rumors were spread他们散布很多的这种的很粗略粗鲁的谣言。The point is我要讲的是 when the western foreign Nations become a threat 当西方外国成为一个威胁的时候，Confucianism，Daoism and Buddhism joined ranks，儒释道就连结起来，and so the point of view of the attack on Christianity so他们攻击基督教的观点角度是 is Chinese culture including Confucianism，Daoism and Buddhism 他们观点角度是中国文化，包括儒、佛、道，儒、释、道。
It’s one of those rare moments when these three schools of philosophy join hands儒释道联手很少的，面对洋鬼子基督教，他们联手攻击。Now so remember that in 1860s，in the name of Chinese culture they oppose and attack Christianity 他们以中国文化的名义攻击基督教。1900 Boxer Rebellion 义和团and of course it ended with the greatest national Humiliation China has ever seen 当时是以中国最大的国耻结束的。Today，China is recovering from that humiliation with a One Belt One Road initiative 今天中国用一带一路来来恢复中国的尊荣，那这义和团的事件是中国的这个尊严最低的一年。
1919，May the fourth，1919年5月4号，this year 2019 is the one hundred anniversary of the May fourth movement 今年 2019年是五四运动的100周年。I said that the May fourth movement is very important to me 对我来说，五四运动很重要，because it symbolizes how Christianity in China failed to answer the questions of Chinese Intellectual五四运动对我来说很重要，因为它象征着中国基督教、中国教会如何失败，没有回答中国知识分子的问题。
1911，October tenth，1911年10月10号辛亥革命，The XinhaI Revolution took place，overthrew the Manchu emperor 清朝结束了，China was a Republic中国是个共和国。In 1914，1914年the Parliament of China even asked the western Nations to pray for China on Christmas Day 中国的国会甚至乎要求西方的国家在圣诞节为中国祷告，there were so many Christians in the Parliament 国会院有这么多基督教徒。
1915，1915年，Yuan ShikaI took over power lay in the hands of the war warLord 袁世凯1915年，我们看到政权不在革命党，而在袁世凯的手上。1915，September 15，1915年9月15号，Our formal courses in New Zealand will begin at this one hundredth anniversary 我们纽西兰的正式课程是在1919年9月这个100周年，是什么事情呢？What’s the event？A new magazine was formed 新的杂志成立了 New Youth 《新青年》，editor 主编是谁？陈独秀，later on one of the Founders of the Chinese Communist Party 后来是中国共产党的发起人之一。
Volume one number one page one新青年第一卷第一期第一页： My Plea to Youth警告青年。Chenduxiu was pleading that China’s youth be progressive with critical thinking and not hold on to the old traditions 陈独秀呼吁中国的青年不要守旧，要开放要追求科学，追求民主讨论等等。
In other words，he was calling for China’s youth to wake up 他呼吁中国的青年人醒过来and create a Republican culture 创造一个共和文化。These are all his own words 这都是他自己用的字眼。And so New Youth became the most influential magazine read by China’s college professors and students during its twelve years of existence. 所以《新青年》在它出版的12年之内是中国的大学的教授跟学生影响他们最大的一份的杂志。The students soon began their own magazine 后来大学生有自己的杂志New Tide 《新潮》。
Let me give a Chinese bibliographical note 我这些资料哪里来的呢？ 1957年，中国出版了一套叫做“五四时期期刊介绍”。你可以在那里可以找到三本，1916，1917，1918；1916、17、18年，on the pages of New Youth magazine 在《新青年》杂志的篇幅里面，you read about science 你读到科学，democracy民主，antI Confusionism 打倒孔家店，individualism 个人主义，in other words China began to read about five hundred years of modern civilization in four short years四年之内中国知识分子读到500年的，或者400年的现代文明，from the renaissance reformation of enlightenment and so on 从文艺复兴、宗教改革到启蒙运动，all the modern ideas were thrown at China in four short years. 四年之内，中国知识分子读到400年的现代的概念。
May fourth 1919，1919年5月4号，World War one was finished，第一次世界大战已经结束了，during the treaty in Versailles near Paris France在法国巴黎的和谈会议上China did not realize that Britain gave formerly German control Shandong to Japan中国不知道英国把山东从德国人的手上给日本。America claim to be England as well美国也宣称说不知道 and then so the students of China staged a demonstration in Beijing，burned the Japanese ministers home，所以中国学生游行，把日本大使的家烧了； more importantly they wrote manifestos 更重要是他们发表一些的宣言，and publishes in all the newspapers and various China’s major cities 他们的宣言在中国各大城市的报纸上面发表了。
This is the beginning of the awakening of modern Chinese intellectuals 在1911之后的中国知识分子现在醒过来了。After four years of introduction to modern ideas 经过四年接触到西方的一些的科学民主等等的理念，现在他们成为一股所谓政治的力量。
1920，another magazine 另外一份的杂志 Young China《少年中国》，just as influential as New Youth与《新青年》同样的很有影响力的，they discuss the question他们讨论一个问题 Can somebody who holds to a religious belief be a member of Young China Society 少年中国社的社员可不可以是信奉某某宗教的？他们还可以做少年中国这个学会的会员吗？They invited professors from France and so on to contribute articles 他们邀请法国等等的外国人教授写文章发表他们的意见。And so you can see that many things were going on 很多事情在发生，China had political，social，cultural，intellectual，or philosophical challenge中国在政治、社会、经济、教育、哲学各方面都面对很大的挑战。
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