{"id":9950,"date":"2024-04-10T04:55:55","date_gmt":"2024-04-10T04:55:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=9950"},"modified":"2024-04-10T04:55:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T04:55:55","slug":"%e5%85%88%e9%a9%b1%e4%b8%8e%e8%bf%87%e5%ae%a2_05_%e5%be%90%e5%ae%9d%e8%b0%a6%e7%9a%84%e5%94%af%e7%88%b1%e9%81%93%e8%b7%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=9950","title":{"rendered":"\u5148\u9a71\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5ba2_05_\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u552f\u7231\u9053\u8def"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0<\/strong> \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u552f\u7231\u9053\u8def<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u51fa\u8eab\u4e8e\u4e66\u9999\u95e8\u7b2c\u3002\u5e7c\u5e74\u968f\u4f2f\u7236\u8bf5\u8bfb\u5112\u7ecf, \u5341\u51e0\u5c81\u65f6\u5165\u7ecd\u5174\u53bf\u7acb\u4e2d\u5b66, \u4e8e1910\u5e74\u8fdb\u5317\u4eac\u7a0e\u52a1\u4e13\u79d1\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5728\u79bb\u5bb6\u6c42\u5b66\u65f6, \u4f2f\u7236\u8981\u4ed6\u7b54\u5e94\u4e0d\u505a\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b, \u5c31\u662f”\u4e0d\u526a\u53d1\u8fab, \u4e0d\u4f5c\u9769\u547d\u515a, \u4e0d\u5165\u6d0b\u6559”\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u5230\u4e861913\u5e74, \u8fd9\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4ed6\u5168\u505a\u4e86\u3002 [1] \u8fab\u5b50\u662f19101\u5e74(\u6c11\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u524d\u4e00\u5e74)\u526a\u53bb\u7684; \u4ed6\u4e5f\u9189\u5fc3\u4e8e”\u9769\u547d\u601d\u60f3”, \u8ffd\u968f\u9769\u547d, \u5bc4\u5e0c\u671b\u4e8e”\u540c\u76df\u4f1a:, \u6df1\u4fe1\u4e2d\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u5bf9\u590d\u5174\u5112\u5b66\u4e5f\u611f\u5174\u8da3, \u5728\u5317\u4eac, \u4ed6\u66fe\u52a0\u5165\u5317\u4eac:\u51e1\u5b54\u6559\u4f1a”, \u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u8be5\u6559\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u8272\u5f69\u592a\u6d53\u800c\u9000\u51fa\u3002 [2] \u4ed6\u5728\u7a0e\u52a1\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6\u5176\u6bcd\u53bb\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f, \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u8ffd\u6eaf\u52301841\u5e74, \u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\u4f1f\u5ec9\u58eb(George Williams)\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u5229\u7269\u6d66\u62db\u6536\u5341\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u7ae5, \u6559\u5176”\u5e94\u7528\u8bfe\u7a0b”\u3002\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1851\u5e74\u3002\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u4e8b\u5de5\u7684\u524d\u9898\u662f:\u4eba\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u597d\u7684, \u57f9\u517b”\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7ec5\u58eb”\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u5de5\u5177\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u76ee\u7684, \u5305\u62ec”\u4eca\u4e16\u6210\u529f”\u548c”\u6765\u751f\u5f97\u6551”\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u59cb\u4e8e\u5a01\u987b\u5fb7(Luther Wishard)\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1875\u5e74\u4ece\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u8f6c\u5230\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f, \u4e8e1877\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5927\u5b66\u534f\u4f1a, \u5e76\u51fa\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u5e72\u4e8b\u3002\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e2\u670d\u4e8b\u5927\u5b66\u751f, \u4e5f\u670d\u4e8b\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u5de5\u4eba\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u56e2\u4f53\u4e8e1885\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u5e72\u4e8b\u674e\u5b89(David Willard Lyon)\u4e8e1895\u5e74\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e0a\u6d77, \u4ed6\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u540c\u5de5\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u6e2f\u53e3\u57ce\u5e02\u670d\u4e8b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u76f8\u4e92\u63a5\u89e6\u7684”\u8fb9\u7f18\u5730\u5e26”\u3002\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u9996\u521b\u4f53\u80b2\u6559\u80b2\u3001 \u6c11\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5b83\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u6781\u5bcc\u5f39\u6027, \u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u521d\u671f\u4fbf\u63a8\u884c\u9886\u5bfc\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u672c\u8272\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u6240\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6781\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bb2\u5ea7\u603b\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u95ee\u9898, \u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u695a:\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u30021912\u5e74\u9664\u5915, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u5f20\u94a6\u58eb\u51b3\u5b9a\u6bcf\u65e5\u8bfb\u4e00\u7ae0\u5723\u7ecf, \u8ba4\u771f\u7814\u7a76\u5b97\u6559\u95ee\u9898\u30021913\u5e74\u7a46\u5fb7(John R. Mott)\u548c\u827e\u8fea(Sherwood Eddy)\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u6f14\u8bb2, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u542c\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e03\u9053, \u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u67e5\u7ecf\u73ed\u3002\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4e4b\u540e, \u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba:\u8036\u7a23\u786e\u6709\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u683c, \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u786e\u771f\u8bda\u3002\u6b64\u65f6, \u4ed6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u795e\u6027, \u4e5f`\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u76f4\u52301913\u5e74\u5728\u5367\u4f5b\u5bfa\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u590f\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4e2d, \u71d5\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e03\u5409\u58eb(John S. Burgess)\u4e3a\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u89e3\u7b54\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002\u5e03\u5409\u58eb\u8fd8\u9001\u4ed6\u4e00\u672c\u6c64\u59c6\u751f(J. Arthur Thompson)\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\u4ed6\u8bfb\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u6ca1\u6709\u51b2\u7a81, \u8fd8\u53ef\u53cd\u8bc1\u521b\u9020\u8bba\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f:\u4e3a\u4f55\u8bf4\u8036\u7a23\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u513f\u5b50? \u5e03\u5409\u58eb\u7b54\u9053: \u53ea\u8981\u6548\u6cd5\u8036\u7a23, \u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u6b64”\u987f\u609f’, \u51b3\u5fd7\u4fe1\u4e3b\u3002\u5728\u590f\u4ee4\u4f1a\u4e0a, \u4ed6\u58f0\u660e\u8981\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7406\u7531\u662f:\u4e00. \u8036\u7a23\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u4f1f\u5927; \u4e8c. \u6240\u89c1\u4fe1\u5f92\u8a00\u884c\u7684\u771f\u8bda; \u4e09. \u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5e76\u65e0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002 [3]<\/p>\n

\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u540c\u65f6\u65e0\u610f\u653e\u5f03\u4ed6\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u7893\u5207\u7684\u8bf4, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53ef\u4ee5\u8865\u5145\u5112\u5bb6\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4e00\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6709”\u8fde\u7eed\u6027”, \u5112\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709; \u5112\u5bb6\u53ea\u662f\u8c08\u751f, \u4e0d\u8c08\u6b7b, \u4e0d\u8c08\u9b3c\u795e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898, \u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8ffd\u672c\u6c42\u6e90, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e07\u7269\u4e4b\u6839; \u4e8c\u662f\u5b54\u5b50\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u4e60\u4fd7\u548c\u793c\u4eea\u7684\u6539\u9769, \u800c\u8036\u7a23\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u5185\u5728\u7684\u6539\u9769, \u5373\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6539\u9769; \u4e09\u662f\u5b54\u5b50\u5468\u6e38\u5217\u56fd, \u4f01\u56fe\u4ee5\u653f\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\u8fbe\u5230\u4e2a\u4eba\u76ee\u7684, \u800c\u8036\u7a23\u5219\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4ece\u4e0a\u5230\u4e0b, \u800c\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u5411\u4e0a\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u5c01\u9762\u4e0a\u5199\u9053:”\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7b80\u5355\u627c\u8981, \u529b\u80fd\u8d77\u6b7b\u56de\u751f, \u628a\u8840\u8089\u52a0\u4e8e\u767d\u9aa8\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002” [4]<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e4b\u540e, \u7acb\u523b\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u90a3\u79cd\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u4ece\u590f\u4ee4\u8425\u8fd4\u57ce\u7684\u8def\u4e0a, \u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u8def\u65c1\u7684\u6811\u548c\u9e1f\u90fd\u5728\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5fae\u7b11, \u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6b63\u5982\u5723?\u8d39\u6717\u897f\u65af(St. Francis\u65e7\u8bd1\u5723\u65b9\u6d4e)\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8bb2\u9053\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u8bfb\u7ecf, \u7977\u544a, \u9605\u8bfb\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e66\u7c4d, \u53c2\u52a0\u67e5\u7ecf\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u6559\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u4ed6\u4f1a\u6000\u7591\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728, \u4f46\u4ed6\u4e00\u60f3\u5230\u8036\u7a23, \u4fbf\u7acb\u523b\u786e\u4fe1\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u786e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7406\u6027\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d, \u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u5931\u53bb\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u548c\u5434\u96f7\u5ddd\u4e00\u6837, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4fe1\u4e3b\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u5411\u522b\u4eba\u4f20\u798f\u97f3\u3002\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u4f2f\u7236\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559, \u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4f2f\u7236\u4e00\u672c\u5723\u7ecf\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6, \u4ed6\u7684\u4f2f\u7236\u5df2\u7ecf\u526a\u53bb\u4e86\u8fab\u5b50, \u4f46\u8fd8\u4e0d\u613f”\u4fe1\u6d0b\u6559”\u3002\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u90a3\u672c\u5723\u7ecf, \u76f4\u5230\u6570\u5e74\u540e\u4ed6\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763, \u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u70ed\u5fc3\u7684\u57fa\u8981\u6d3e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u540e\u624d\u6d3e\u4e0a\u4e86\u7528\u573a\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u5230\u4e86\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5bb6\u4e61, \u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u65e5\u95f4\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u6559\u5802\u540e\u624d\u4fe1\u7684\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f2f\u7236\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837, \u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e, \u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u57fa\u8981\u6d3e, \u4f46\u4e8c\u4eba\u5374\u80fd\u4e92\u76f8\u8c05\u89e3, \u53d4\u4f84\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u8fd8\u5e26\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u5f1f\u5f1f\u4fe1\u4e86\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5e26\u4eba\u4fe1\u4e3b\u30021914\u5e74\u590f, \u4ed6\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u6d59\u6c5f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u7684\u804c\u5458\u8bad\u7ec3\u73ed, \u540c\u5e74\u79cb, \u4ed6\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u6821\u5185\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u3002\u540c\u65f6, \u4ed6\u6e05\u6668\u4e94\u65f6\u5373\u8d77\u5e8a, \u548c\u5176\u5b83\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u540c\u5b66\u4e00\u8d77\u5728\u65e0\u53d6\u6696\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6559\u5ba4\u91cc\u7977\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4f1a9\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4e01\u8d35\u5802\u4e00\u8d77, \u626b\u9664\u5b66\u751f\u5bbf\u820d\u91cc\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u8d4c\u535a\u6076\u4e60\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u67e5\u7ecf\u73ed, \u4eb2\u81ea\u5e26\u9886\u67e5\u7ecf\u30021913\u5e7412\u670828\u65e5, \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e74\u9752\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5728\u7c73\u5e02\u8857(\u73b0\u5728\u4e1c\u5355\u5317\u5927\u8857)\u4e2d\u534e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u53d7\u6d17, \u65bd\u6d17\u4eba\u662f\u8bda\u9759\u6021\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e5f\u4ecb\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021914\u5e74, \u4ed6\u548c\u5e03\u5409\u58eb\u4e00\u8d77\u7ec4\u7ec7”\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u793e”(Social Progress Club), \u4e09\u767e\u591a\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u5404\u9879\u670d\u52a1, \u5982\u529e\u7406\u5e73\u6c11\u591c\u6821, \u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5, \u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u6f14\u8bb2, \u6551\u6d4e\u707e\u8352\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0, \u8fd9\u662f\u5317\u4eac(\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5168\u56fd)\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5404\u6821\u8054\u5408\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u56e2\u4f53\u30021915\u5e74, \u4ed6\u4ee5\u5168\u73ed\u7b2c\u4e8c\u540d\u7684\u4f18\u5f02\u6210\u7ee9\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u7a0e\u52a1\u4e13\u79d1\u5b66\u6821, \u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u670d\u4e8b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u6b64\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8003\u8651\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u524d\u9014\u3002\u5728\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u85aa\u4ff8\u4f18\u8d8a, \u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u7a0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u4e4b\u65f6\u5c1a\u8fdc, \u800c\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u670d\u52a1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u9700\u8981\u903c\u5728\u7709\u776b, \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5e03\u5409\u58eb\u7684\u9f13\u52b1, \u53c8\u7ecf\u8fc7\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u8003\u8651\u4e0e\u7948\u7977, \u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u653e\u5f03\u7a0e\u52a1\u5de5\u4f5c, \u52a0\u5165\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u505a\u5168\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u540c\u5de5\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u7a0e\u52a1\u7f72\u548c\u7a0e\u52a1\u5b66\u6821\u4e5f\u90fd\u8d5e\u540c\u4ed6\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u52a0\u5165\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u897f\u57ce\u533a\u505a\u5b66\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e07\u4e8b\u5f00\u5934\u96be, \u521d\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f8\u5f53\u8f9b\u82e6, \u4ed6\u8981\u5148\u627e\u5230\u6821\u4f20\u8fbe\u5ba4, \u7d22\u8981\u4e00\u4efd\u5b66\u751f\u540d\u5355; \u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u5355, \u9010\u4e2a\u63a2\u8bbf; \u7136\u540e\u624d\u5728\u6821\u5185\u6210\u7acb\u67e5\u7ecf\u73ed, \u4e3e\u529e\u8bb2\u5ea7, \u5f00\u5c55\u6d3b\u52a8\u30021915\u5e74\u540e, \u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8303\u56f4\u6269,\u5927\u4e1c\u57ce\u533a\u5b66\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e5f\u5f52\u4ed6\u7ba1\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u6307\u5bfc\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u793e\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u793e(\u540e\u8005\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e3b\u529e\u6f14\u8bb2\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6821\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7)\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6781\u597d\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u6388\u6c88\u5b97\u701a\u6240\u5199\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e2d, \u8bb2\u5230\u5f53\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u65f6\u548c\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5e38\u5e38\u63a8\u8350\u4e66, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f20\u8bb0\u7ed9\u4ed6\u8bfb, \u4e3a\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u5b66\u82f1\u6587, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4fee\u6539\u82f1\u6587\u65e5\u8bb0\u3002\u540e\u6765\u6c88\u5b97\u701a\u53bb\u4e86\u5357,\u5927\u5f90\u9f13\u52b1\u4ed6\u5728\u5357\u5927\u519c\u5b66\u9662\u5f00\u67e5\u7ecf\u73ed, \u5e76\u7279\u522b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4f4d\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6bcf\u5468\u516d\u53bb\u5e26\u67e5\u7ecf\u30021975\u5e74\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u901d\u4e16\u4e09\u5341\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65f6, \u6c88\u5b97\u701a\u4e13\u95e8\u64b0\u6587, \u7f05\u5fc6\u5f53\u5e74\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u4e8b\u5949\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u3002 [5]<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559, \u5e76\u70ed\u5fc3\u53c2\u4e0e\u6559\u4f1a\u670d\u4e8b; \u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b, \u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u5b50\u5f1f\u897f\u65b9\u5316\u548c\u90fd\u5e02\u5316\u7684\u5178\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u30021905\u5e74\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u5e9f\u9664, “\u5b66\u800c\u4f18\u5219\u4ed5”\u7684\u65e7\u8def\u5df2\u88ab\u5835\u6b7b, \u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u6b65\u5165\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784, \u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u6e05\u4ee3\u7687\u671d\u5df2\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb, \u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6062\u590d\u5173\u7a0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u4f17\u671b\u6240\u5f52\u3002\u800c\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7a0e\u540f\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u65e0\u6cd5\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6, \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u5168\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u521d\u8877\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u505a\u57ce\u5e02\u9752\u5e74\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684, \u6240\u4ee5\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u897f\u65b9\u5316\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u5316\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u30021910\u5e74\u4ee3, \u8bb8\u591a\u9752\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u800c\u7688\u4f9d\u57fa\u7763\u6559, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684, \u4ed6\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u4eb3\u65e0\u72ec\u7279\u6216\u6807\u65b0\u7acb\u5f02\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u670d\u4e8b\u4e88\u516d\u5e74, \u4e8e1921\u5e74\u8d74\u7f8e\u4e00\u5230\u7ebd\u7ea6\u534f\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u6df1\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5b66\u8005\u751f\u6daf\u548c\u552f\u7231\u4e4b\u8def<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4f4f\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\u30021921\u5e74\u79cb, \u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u9662\u8bfb\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u80b2, 1922\u5e74\u79cb, \u53c8\u5728\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u8fdb\u4fee\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\u534f\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u6388\u9f13\u52b1\u4ed6\u8fdb\u884c\u795e\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u7814\u7a76, \u800c\u54e5\u5927\u7684\u6559\u6388, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u675c\u5a01(John Dewey), \u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u5374\u6301\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u68c0\u9a8c\u5b97\u6559, \u675c\u5a01\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f5c\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7, \u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u6982\u5ff5\u9996\u5148\u8981\u5408\u7406, \u7136\u540e\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u675c\u5a01\u7ed9\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u9887\u6df1\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u542c\u4f17\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u4e61\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u5bb6\u6e21\u8fc7\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u9887\u611f\u5174\u8da3, \u8bfb\u4e86\u6797\u7fb2\u6cd5\u5b98(Judge Lindsey)\u7684\u300a\u9752\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u300b(Revolt of Youth)\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u300a\u9752\u5e74\u5386\u9669\u8bb0\u300b(Adventure of Youth)\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u540c\u5b66\u540c\u4f4f\u4e00\u5ba4\u8fbe\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45, \u4e5f\u4ea4\u4e88\u8bb8\u591a\u65e5\u672c\u670b\u53cb, \u6e10\u6e10\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u4ee5\u524d\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u618e\u6076\u611f\u30021924\u5e74\u65f6, \u4ed6\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u552f\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u66f4\u52a0\u786e\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u52a8\u529b, \u56e0\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u548c\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7cbe\u795e, \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u843d\u5728\u4e86\u4e9a\u6d32\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u592a\u504f\u91cd\u7269\u8d28, \u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd”\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u5316”\u6765\u8865\u6551\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5a01\u534f\u3002\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u5219\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u7fa1\u6155\u7684\u548c\u503c\u5f97\u6548\u4eff\u7684\u3002 [6]<\/p>\n

\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u65c5\u7f8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u4ed6\u6293\u4f4f\u4e00\u5207\u673a\u4f1a, \u7ec6\u5fc3\u8003\u5bdf\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4f4f\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e09\u5e74\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6218\u679c\u5219\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u662f\u4ed6\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u552f\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u30021924\u5e74, \u4ed6\u64b0\u6587\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u7684\u552f\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9, \u5e76\u4e3a\u4e2d\u3001\u65e5\u4e24\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5982\u4f55\u4e92\u76f8\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u53cb\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u610f\u89c1:\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5b66\u751f\u65c5\u884c\u56e2; \u4e2d\u65e5\u4e24\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u53ef\u4ea4\u6362\u6559\u6388\u8bb2\u5b66; \u53cc\u65b9\u53ef\u5f7c\u6b64\u5b66\u4e60\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5316; \u8981\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u7cbe\u795e, \u52aa\u529b\u6d88\u9664\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u3002\u5341\u5e74\u540e, \u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u606a\u5b88\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5, \u4f46\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u65b9\u9762\u4eb3\u65e0\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u505a\u4e2a\u552f\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u9887\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5927\u8bb2\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u535a\u7231; \u5bf9\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005, \u5219\u6653\u4ee5\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u56db\u6d77\u5144\u5f1f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u4efb\u552f\u7231\u793e\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u804c\u52a1\u539f\u7531\u5b9d\u5e7f\u6797\u62c5\u4efb, \u4f46\u5b9d\u5e7f\u6797\u4e8e1927\u5e74\u6539\u53d8\u89c2\u70b9, \u63d0\u5021\u66b4\u529b\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\u30021928\u5e74, \u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u552f\u7231\u793e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f1a\u5458\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u552f\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3, \u5410\u552f\u7231\u793e\u524d\u7a0b\u6e3a\u832b\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e3a\u6b64\u6df1\u611f\u60cb\u60dc\u3002\u5434\u8000\u5b97\u539f\u6765\u4e5f\u662f\u552f\u7231\u793e\u7684\u6210\u5458, 1930\u5e74\u653e\u5f03\u548c\u5e73\u601d\u60f3, \u6295\u8eab\u6551\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

1924\u5e74\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u56de\u56fd\u540e, \u5728\u71d5\u5927\u6559\u6388\u5b97\u6559\u5b66, \u540c\u65f6\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u71d5\u5927\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u8bfe\u662f\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe, \u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u786c\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u5fc5\u4fee, \u66fe\u5728\u6559\u6388\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1, \u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6559\u6388\u4e2d\u7684”\u5fe0\u5b9e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e”\u3002\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u4e2d, \u4ed6\u4f9d\u7136\u4e3b\u6301\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c, \u624b\u4e0b\u6709\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u540d\u5e72\u4e8b\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u503c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8\u5982\u706b\u5982\u837c\u4e4b\u65f6, \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u867d\u7136\u540c\u5de5\u961f\u4f0d\u5e9e,\u5927\u5b9e\u5219”\u7a7a\u7a7a\u5982\u4e5f”:\u5df2\u7ecf\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u613f\u610f\u52a0\u5165\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u4e86\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458, \u5982\u9f50\u5c14\u4e4b(John Childs)\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4ef7\u81ea\u5df1\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027, \u7ed3\u679c\u7adf\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027\u548c\u9760\u7977\u544a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u542f\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e5f\u56e0\u975e\u57fa\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u8d77\u800c\u60a3\u5931\u7720\u75c7\u8fbe\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u4e45, \u6700\u540e\u53bb\u6d77\u6ee8\u4f4f\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u3002\u4ed6\u8eab\u4e3a\u751f\u547d\u793e\u548c\u300a\u751f\u547d\u6708\u520a\u300b\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3001\u6559\u6388\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u5bb6\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba, \u6b64\u65f6\u9ed8\u9ed8\u5730\u627f\u53d7\u4e86\u975e\u57fa\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u51b2\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n

1926\u5e74\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u81ea\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u5185\u8fc1\u5f80\u90ca\u5916\u65b0\u5740\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u8f9e\u53bb\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u804c\u52a1, \u968f\u5b66\u6821\u4e00\u540c\u8fc1\u81f3\u90ca\u5916\u3002\u5728\u6821\u56ed\u65b0\u5740, \u4ed6\u5e2e\u5fd9\u7b79\u5efa\u4e86”\u71d5\u5927\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u56e2\u5951’\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u804c\u5de5\u81ea\u613f\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7, \u552f\u4e00\u7684”\u6559\u6761”\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u56e2\u5951\u6210\u5458\u505a”\u8ffd\u968f\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763”\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56e2\u5951\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5bb6\u3002\u71d5\u5927\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u56e2\u5951\u6709\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8d75\u7d2b\u5bb8\u3001\u5218\u5ef7\u82b3\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u8bd1\u548c\u6240\u5199\u7684\u8d5e\u7f8e\u8bd7\u603b\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u5951\u7684\u805a\u4f1a\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u63a8\u51fa; \u800c\u672c\u8272\u5316\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u7948\u7977\u6587\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u5951\u4e2d\u9996\u521b\u5e76\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u30021931\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u56e2\u5951\u8d5e\u7f8e\u8bd7\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u9996\u90fd\u662f\u8d75\u7d2b\u5bb8\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u56e2\u5951\u6240\u5199\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u6bcf\u661f\u671f\u4e94\u665a\u4e3b\u6301\u7cfb\u5217\u56e2\u5951\u805a\u4f1a, \u4f1a\u4e0a\u5927\u5bb6\u4ea4\u6d41\u5b97\u6559\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u5206\u4eab\u89c1\u8bc1\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e8e1934\u5e74\u9009\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8c08\u300b\u4e00\u4e66, \u597d\u51e0\u7bc7\u90fd\u662f\u56e2\u5951\u805a\u4f1a\u65f6\u7684\u89c1\u8bc1\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u71d5\u5927\u56e2\u5951\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u5916, \u4ed6\u8fd8\u53c2\u4e0e”\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8”\u7684\u4e8c\u4f5c, \u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c, \u591a\u7531\u975e\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

1930\u5e74\u81f31931\u5e74, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4efb\u4e16\u754c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5b66\u751f\u540c\u76df\u7279\u522b\u5e72\u4e8b, \u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5c0f\u4f4f\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e39\u9ea6\u5370\u8c61\u6781\u597d, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6df1\u53d7\u5df4\u7279 (Karl Barth)\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5f71\u54cd, \u4ed6\u6240\u603b\u7ed3\u7684\u5df4\u7279\u795e\u5b66\u601d\u60f3, \u66f4\u50cf\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u57fa\u8981\u6d3e\u795e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6982\u62ec, \u53ef\u89c1\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4f4d\u745e\u58eb\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u4e0d\u6df1\u523b\u30021931\u5e74\u52301932\u5e74\u4ed6\u518d\u8d74\u7f8e\u56fd, \u53c2\u52a0\u5404\u79cd\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c261933\u5e74\u83b7\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d, \u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bba\u6587\u662f”\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49”(Ethical Realism in Neo-Confucian Thought)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e8e1932\u5e74\u56de\u56fd, \u4efb\u71d5\u5927\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u9662\u4ee3\u7406\u9662\u957f, \u517c\u300a\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u300b\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u804c\u52a1\u672c\u7531\u8d75\u7d2b\u5bb8\u62c5\u4efb, \u8d75\u4f11\u5047\u4e00\u5e74\u53bb\u82f1\u56fd\u5c0f\u4f4f, \u6545\u7531\u5f90\u63a5\u66ff\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u7acb\u6848\u89c4\u7a0b\u300b\u516d\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u4e86, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u53d1\u73b0\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u4eb3\u65e0\u5174\u8da3, \u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4ecd\u7136\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0, \u800c\u4e14\u71d5\u5927\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd, \u4e0e\u522b\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\u5e76\u65e0\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u51e1\u6b64\u79cd\u79cd, \u90fd\u4ee4\u4ed6\u611f\u89e6\u826f\u591a\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86”\u548c\u5e73\u793e”, \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e8\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u5b66\u751f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u6539\u826f\u4e61\u6751\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5954\u8d70\u4e8e\u5357\u5317\u4e24\u5730, \u5728\u5404\u79cd\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u573a\u5408\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bf4\u3002\u53c8\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u4fe1\u5f92\u5916\u56fd\u5dee\u4f20\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a”\u5dee\u4f20\u7684\u518d\u601d”\u7684\u524d\u56db\u7ae0\u8bd1\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fc4\u6b64\u4e3a\u6b62, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u8d75\u7d2b\u5bb8\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5e76\u65e0\u4e24\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u9762\u6267\u6559, \u4e00\u9762\u53c2\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u4f4f\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74,\u524d\u4e09\u5e74\u662f\u5b66\u751f, \u540e\u6765\u5219\u662f\u6559\u6388\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u90fd\u5e02\u7b51\u8d77\u8c61\u7259\u5854, \u4e5f\u7aed\u529b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u6865, \u4f46\u4ed6\u5fc5\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u606a\u5b88”\u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00”\u7684\u4eba, 1935\u5e74\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u6289\u62e9\u5c31\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u5e72\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u547c\u5524: \u9ece\u5ddd\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/p>\n

1935\u5e743\u6708, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u63a5\u5230\u9080\u8bf7, \u524d\u5f80\u6c5f\u897f\u4efb\u9ece\u5ddd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b\u3002\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u4e3b\u7406\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u5efa\u8bbe\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9879\u76ee, \u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u534f\u4f1a\u6240\u652f\u6301, \u4ea6\u662f\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u592b\u4eba\u5b8b\u7f8e\u9f84\u63d0\u8bae, \u5e76\u9080\u8bf7\u6559\u4f1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u9879\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u3002 [7] \u6c5f\u897f\u539f\u88ab\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5360\u9886, \u540e\u53c8\u88ab\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u90e8\u961f\u6536\u590d, \u5b8b\u7f8e\u9f84\u7684\u672c\u610f\u662f\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u4ea4\u7ed9\u6559\u4f1a\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u539f\u6765\u662f\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u65b0\u897f\u5170\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u536b\u7406\u4f1a\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u5e2d\u666e\u5fb7(George Shepherd)\u30021934\u5e74, \u5e2d\u666e\u5fb7\u62db\u52df\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4f5c, 1935\u5e74, \u5e2d\u666e\u5fb7\u7684\u5dee\u4f1a\u53ec\u4ed6\u56de\u7f8e, \u6545\u9080\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u524d\u6765\u63a5\u66ff\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u672c\u6765\u5bf9\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u5c31\u611f\u5174\u8da3, \u4fbf\u8ba4\u771f\u601d\u8003\u6b64\u9080\u8bf7\u3002\u4ed6\u5f81\u6c42\u71d5\u5927\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u610f\u89c1, \u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u79bb\u5f00\u71d5;\u5927\u4ed6\u592b\u4eba\u5219\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u652f\u6301\u4ed6, \u800c\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u5168\u4f53\u540c\u5de5\u5219\u4e00\u81f4\u6781\u529b\u9080\u8bf7\u4ed6\u524d\u5f80\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u6323\u624e\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u540e, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e8e\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u4e94\u65e5\u51b3\u5b9a\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6311\u6218, \u5e76\u4e8e\u516d\u6708\u5341\u4e03\u65e5\u53ea\u8eab\u524d\u5f80\u9ece\u5ddd, \u5c06\u59bb\u513f\u7559\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002 [8]<\/p>\n

\u636e\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u53d9\u8ff0, \u4ed6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4e61\u6751\u5efa\u8bbe\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0, \u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee3\u4ee3\u76f8\u4f20\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u5982\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u548c\u5723?\u8d39\u6717\u897f\u65af, \u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u542c\u5230\u82e6\u96be\u4e2d\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u547c\u6c42\u65f6, \u4e0d\u4ec5\u613f\u613f\u610f\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u4e00\u8d77\u53d7\u82e6, \u800c\u4e14\u7acb\u5373\u884c\u52a8\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u4eca\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4e0d\u6562\u4e0e\u52b3\u82e6\u5927\u4f17\u8ba4\u540c, \u4e0d\u6562\u54cd\u5e94”\u5230\u6c11\u95f4\u53bb”\u7684\u547c\u53ec, \u603b\u662f\u5728\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u627e\u7406\u7531\u3002\u8bda\u7136\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u8d23\u4efb\u90fd\u662f\u5f88\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u95ee\u9898, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u6323\u624e\u8bb8\u4e45\u3002\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u662f\u6bcf\u6708\u4e09\u5341\u5143, \u800c\u4ed6\u5728\u71d5\u5927\u7684\u85aa\u6c34\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u4e5d\u500d\u3002\u65e2\u4fbf\u662f\u628a\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6240\u9700\u8d39\u7528\u538b\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6, \u51cf\u53bb\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5a31\u4e50\u8d39\u3001\u5e94\u916c\u8d39\u548c\u5949\u732e\u989d, \u81f3\u5c11\u6bcf\u6708\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u767e\u4e03\u5341\u5143\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5c0f\u5973\u513f\u60a3\u80ba\u75c5, \u66f4\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u7136\u800c, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u575a\u4fe1\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u6c11\u4f17\u7ed3\u5408, \u5230\u6c11\u4f17\u4e2d\u53bb\u6b63\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u8d2b\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5747\u3001\u6c9f\u901a\u52b3\u5fc3\u8005\u4e0e\u52b3\u529b\u8005\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u7948\u7977\u3001\u601d\u8003\u3001\u6413\u5546\u3001\u901a\u4fe1, \u4ed6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u547c\u53ec\u4ed6\u53bb\u9ece\u5ddd\u3002\u505a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u540e\u4ed6\u5fc3\u4e2d\u987f\u89c9\u559c\u4e50\u4e0e\u5e73\u5b89\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u5fc6\u8d77\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fdb\u5165\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u670d\u4e8b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a, \u4e8c\u8005\u4f55\u5176\u76f8\u4f3c\u30021935\u5e74, \u4ed6\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u7559\u5fc3\u8046\u542c\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u547c\u53ec\u3002 [9]<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5199\u51fa\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u7406\u8bba, \u4f46\u4ece\u300a\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u300b\u6240\u8fde\u7eed\u8f6c\u8f7d\u7684\u4ed6\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d,\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4ed6\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u548c\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u51e0\u9879\u539f\u5219\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e61\u6751\u5efa\u8bbe\u8fd0\u52a8\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a”\u7cbe\u795e\u8fd0\u52a8”, \u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u4fbf\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u89c1, \u603b\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5230\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca, \u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eba, \u9075\u5b88\u7eaa\u5f8b, \u4e50\u4e8e\u57cb\u5934\u82e6\u5e72, \u4e0d\u51fa\u98ce\u5934\u3002\u4ed6\u9f13\u52b1\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u53cd\u8bd8\u81ea\u95ee: \u543e\u4eba\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u8fd0\u4e4b\u52a8\u673a\u4f55\u5728?\u4e3a\u8d8b\u65f6\u8036? \u4e3a\u53d1\u6325\u9886\u8896\u6b32\u8036? \u543e\u4eba\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u8fd0, \u5176\u51c6\u5907\u662f\u5426\u5145\u4efd? \u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u5426\u9002\u5f53? \u6709\u5065\u5168\u4e4b\u8eab\u4f53\u5426? \u80fd\u5403\u82e6\u8010\u52b3\u5426? \u65e0\u610f\u4e4b\u4e2d, \u662f\u5426\u8f7b\u89c6\u52b3\u4f5c? \u80fd\u901a\u529b\u5408\u4f5c\u5426? \u6709\u5171\u540c\u4fee\u517b\u5426? [10]<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f”\u7cbe\u795e”\u7684, \u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u8fd0\u52a8\u5960\u5b9a”\u7cbe\u795e\u57fa\u7840’\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3, \u5168\u770b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u80fd\u5426\u4e0e\u6c11\u4f17\u7ed3\u5408, \u80fd\u5426\u4ee5\u8eab\u4f5c\u5219, \u505a\u51fa\u514b\u5df1\u5949\u516c\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u699c\u6837\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684, \u4e3a\u6b64\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u547c\u5401\u519c\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u6765\u5e2e\u5fd9\u3002\u4ed6\u68a6\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u519c\u6751\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5e38\u5411\u7740\u540d\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u548c\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u547c\u5401, \u8bf7\u4ed6\u4eec\u591a\u6d3e\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u5b66\u8005\u53c2\u52a0\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212, \u4f46\u6536\u6548\u751a\u5fae\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u4e61\u6751\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730, \u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u57ce\u9547\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u30021930\u5e7411\u6708\u52301931\u5e744\u6708, \u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u4e1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u5e03\u7279\u83f2\u5fb7(Kenyon Buttefield)\u6765\u8bbf, \u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a”\u519c\u6751\u793e\u4f1a\u6559\u533a”\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20, \u5373\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d7\u8fc7\u7279\u522b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684”\u7267\u5e08”\u6765\u7ba1\u7406”\u6559\u533a”, \u800c\u6559\u533a\u662f\u519c\u6751\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5f20, \u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4ee5\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5, \u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e61\u6751\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u519c\u5efa\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u6df1\u4fe1\u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u8fd0\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u672c\u8272\u5316\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4, \u662f\u8ba9\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u5df1\u5e2e\u52a9\u81ea\u5df1, \u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u5229\u7528\u672c\u5730\u4eba\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u5230:”\u519c\u6751\u5efa\u8bbe\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u519c\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u66ff\u519c\u6c11\u505a, \u65e0\u8bba\u6210\u7ee9\u600e\u6837\u597d, \u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u6839, \u66f4\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5f00\u82b1\u7ed3\u5b9e\u3002” [11]<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u8ba4\u4e3a, \u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u662f\u529d\u4eba\u4fe1\u6559\u7684\u5de5\u5177, \u8fd0\u52a8\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4f20\u798f\u97f3, \u800c\u662f\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7763\u5316\u7684\u519c\u6751\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u7684\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u542b\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u5b97\u6559\u5185\u5bb9\u5e26\u8fdb\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u3002 [12] \u4f46\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053, \u4ed6\u81f3\u5c11\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u7eaf\u5b97\u6559\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b:\u4ed6\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u4e49\u95ee\u7b54\u73ed\u3002\u4ed6\u57281935\u5e7412\u67088\u65e5\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053:\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u4f20\u798f\u97f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u9760\u8bdd\u8bed, \u800c\u662f\u9760\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u6709\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u8bc6\u57fa\u7763\u6559, \u6b22\u8fce\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u7b54\u73ed\u6765\u542c, \u95ee\u7b54\u73ed\u6bcf\u5468\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e00\u6b21\u3002 [13] \u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u591a\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458, \u6216\u662f\u5916\u8fb9\u7684\u56e2\u4f53, \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u9ece\u5ddd\u4eba\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u867d\u7136\u76ee\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5efa\u4f1a, \u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53c2\u4e0e\u6574\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212, \u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a”\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5212”, \u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5e76\u65e0\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e5f\u65e0\u610f\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5230\u4e861936\u5e74, \u788d\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u538b\u529b, \u4ed6\u53c8\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u8651\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u53c2\u653f, \u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u53d7\u5230\u5168\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u9879\u76ee, \u4f46\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7269\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u592b\u4eba\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u81ea\u5df1\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba, \u4ed6\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bb0\u8f7d\u81ea\u5df1\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u63a8\u52a8\u3001\u5ba3\u4f20\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u610f\u8bc6\u5230:\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u80cc\u666f\u652f\u6301, \u793e\u4f1a\u91cd\u5efa\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f7b\u5e95; \u800c\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u80cc\u666f\u652f\u6301, “\u610f\u6599\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u540e\u679c”\u53c8\u63a5\u8e35\u800c\u6765\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e5f\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u9677\u8fdb\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u653f\u52a1\u4e4b\u4e2d, \u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4ece1935\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\u52301936\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcf\u65e5\u884c\u8e2a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u610f\u53bb\u7efc\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9, \u4f46\u4ece\u8fd9\u672c\u6d41\u6c34\u5e10\u5f0f\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u8f9b\u82e6\u548c\u5904\u5883\u4e4b\u8270\u96be\u3002\u4ed6\u5e38\u5e38\u56db\u5904\u5954\u6ce2, \u96be\u5f97\u5b89\u5b9a\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u4ece1935\u5e746\u670824\u65e5\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\u5230\u8fbe\u9ece\u5ddd, \u52301936\u5e746\u670824\u65e5\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u671f\u95f4, \u4ed6\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u5f85\u4e86198\u5929, \u5176\u5b83167\u5929\u5219\u662f\u56db\u5904\u5954\u6ce2, \u884c\u8e2a\u904d\u8ff9\u5168\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u8054\u7edc, \u4ece\u53bf\u7ea7\u5230\u7701\u5e9c, \u6700\u540e\u76f4\u81f3\u4e2d\u592e; \u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u5b66\u6821\u62db\u52df\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u6750, \u6240\u4ee5\u519c\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u53c8\u662f\u4ed6\u9891\u9891\u5230\u8bbf\u7684\u5730\u65b9; \u4ed6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5468\u65cb\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u5404\u754c\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4, \u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fdd\u6301\u53cb\u597d\u5173\u7cfb; \u4ed6\u53c8\u8981\u5524\u8d77\u5404\u5b97\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u5404\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u652f\u6301, \u5357\u660c\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u6c49\u53e3\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u7b49\u5927\u57ce\u5e02, \u662f\u4ed6\u5e38\u53bb\u6f14\u8bb2\u3001\u9f13\u52b1\u7684\u5de5\u573a\u3002\u4ed6\u4ea4\u53cb\u751a\u5e7f, \u7ed3\u7ec7\u65b0\u4ea4, \u91cd\u8bbf\u65e7\u53cb\u662f\u4ed6\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u30021935\u5e7412\u670816\u65e5\u81f31936\u5e742\u67084\u65e5, \u4ed6\u79bb\u5f00\u9ece\u5ddd\u56de\u5bb6\u6e21\u5047\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u53ea\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e0e\u5bb6\u4eba\u56e2\u805a28\u5929, \u800c\u8fd928\u5929\u4e2d\u5012\u67097\u6b21\u5e94\u9080\u4e0e\u670b\u53cb”\u9910\u53d9”, 15\u6b21\u5e94\u9080\u51fa\u5e2d\u4f1a\u8bae\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u9017\u7559\u6700\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u662f50\u5929\u3002\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u91cc, \u4ed6\u540c\u6837\u5fd9\u4e8e\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u884c\u653f\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u804c\u5458\u4f1a\u8bae, \u5fd9\u4e8e\u63a5\u5f85\u5404\u65b9\u6765\u5ba2:\u4ece\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u5730\u8d28\u8c03\u67e5\u6240\u6765\u5ba2, \u4ece\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u540c\u5de5\u5230\u5916\u5730\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u533b\u751f\u3001\u5404\u754c\u4eba\u4ed5\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916, \u4ed6\u8fd8\u8981\u8bfb\u4e66\u3001\u5199\u4f5c\u3001\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u90e8\u7684\u4e3b\u4efb, \u4ed6\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u8bb0\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e0e\u4eba\u5403\u996d\u3001\u4f1a\u9762\u7684\u65e5\u7a0b\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d69\u7e41\u5982\u6d77\u7684\u5e94\u916c\u4e2d, \u4ed6\u53ea\u6709\u56db\u6b21\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u519c\u6c11\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u62b5\u8fbe\u9ece\u5ddd\u4e0d\u4e45, \u4fbf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u8270\u5de8, \u56f0\u96be\u91cd\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u62db\u52df\u540c\u5de5\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5df2\u7aed\u5c3d\u5168\u529b, \u4ed6\u6240\u80fd\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u533b\u751f\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u5be5\u82e5\u6668\u661f\u3002\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u533b\u751f\u6765\u8fc7, \u4f46\u53ea\u5f85\u4e86\u4e24\u5929\u5c31\u8d70\u4e86\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u533b\u751f\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u5230\u4ed6\u613f\u610f\u6765\u9ece\u5ddd\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6ee1\u8154\u70ed\u60c5, \u4f46\u4ed6\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u4efb\u53bf\u533b\u9662\u9662\u957f\u7684\u804c\u52a1, \u4ed6\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u4e5f\u53ea\u5f85\u4e86\u5341\u4e94\u5929\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u533b\u751f, \u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u662f\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u62a4\u58eb\u7559\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765, \u4f46\u804c\u5458\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u662f\u4e2a\u5468\u671f\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898, \u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u5c31\u4f1a\u79bb\u804c, \u5f88\u96be\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u957f\u671f\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u8bb0\u6ee1\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684”\u6b22\u8fce\u4f1a”\u548c”\u6b22\u9001\u4f1a”\u3002\u4ed6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5728\u4eba\u5458\u6d41\u52a8\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f88\u96be\u4f5c\u957f\u4e45\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u540c\u5fc3\u5408\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u663e\u7136\u5728\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u6765\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e86, \u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u8fdf\u8fdf\u4e0d\u4f5c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u804c\u5458\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u540c\u4e8b, \u6563\u5e03\u8c23\u8a00\u4e2d\u4f24\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5230\u5357\u4eac\u51fa\u5dee\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u9ece\u5ddd\u540e\u9762\u8d28\u6b64\u4eba, \u6b64\u4eba\u7adf\u65e0\u8a00\u4ee5\u5bf9\u3002\u4ed6\u5373\u5c06\u5176\u8f9e\u9000\u3002\u8fd9\u4e8b\u53d1\u751f\u57281936\u5e744\u670817\u65e5, \u662f\u65f6, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e0a\u4efb\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5e74\u3002 [14]<\/p>\n

\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\u4e5f\u751a\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u9664\u98df\u5bbf\u5916\u6bcf\u6708\u53ea\u670930\u5143\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u83f2\u8584\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u96be\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u533b\u5b66\u548c\u519c\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u3002\u5b8b\u7f8e\u9f84\u4e8e1939\u5e74\u505c\u6b62\u8d5e\u52a9\u3002\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u51b3\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u95ee\u9898\u5f00\u59cb, \u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u96be\u9898\u800c\u5ba3\u5e03\u5931\u8d25\u3002 [15]<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e3a\u4e86\u9ece\u5ddd, \u4e3a\u4e86\u4e61\u6751\u5efa\u8bbe, \u53ef\u8c13\u7aed\u5c3d\u5168\u529b\u3002\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u6765\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e00\u5e74\u5047\u671f, \u540e\u53c8\u5ef6\u4e3a\u4e24\u5e74\u3002\u4f46\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5e74\u7ec8\u4f11\u5047\u8fd4\u4eac\u540e, \u548c\u592b\u4eba\u4e00\u81f4\u51b3\u5b9a\u8f9e\u53bb\u71d5\u5927\u6559\u804c, \u628a\u5bb6\u642c\u5230\u6c5f\u897f\u30021936\u5e744\u670824\u65e5, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e3e\u5bb6\u5357\u8fc1\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u4e45, \u4ed6\u5374\u88ab\u65e0\u7aef\u8981\u6c42\u8f9e\u53bb\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u52a1, [16] \u636e\u8bf4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0e\u897f\u4eba\u540c\u5de5\u4e0d\u80fd\u5408\u4f5c\u3002”\u897f\u4eba”\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u5e2d\u666e\u5fb7, \u6b64\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u4f11\u5047\u671f\u6ee1\u540e\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u9ece\u5ddd, \u4efb\u526f\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b\u4e4b\u804c\u3002 [17] \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5373\u643a\u5bb6\u4eba\u524d\u5f80\u4e0a\u6d77\u6cf8\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u3002\u4e2d\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e, \u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u5e73\u751f\u6240\u7231\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c:\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5b57\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u534f\u52a9\u5efa\u6210”\u8f7d\u793e”, \u7ffb\u8bd1\u970d\u94ff(William Hocking)\u7684\u300a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u300b(Meaning of God in Human Experience); \u8fd8\u8bd1\u4e86\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u540d\u8457:\u300a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u57ce\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5fcf\u6094\u5f55\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u5f62\u8c61: \u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00\u7684\u5723\u5f92<\/p>\n

1944\u5e741\u670817\u65e5, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u4e58\u5750\u4e00\u8f86\u90ae\u8f66, \u98a0\u7c38\u884c\u9a76\u5728\u4ece\u6210\u90fd\u53bb\u91cd\u5e86\u7684\u5d0e\u5c96\u5c71\u8def\u4e0a\u3002\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u516c\u7406\u4f1a\u5728\u91cd\u5e86\u53ec\u5f00\u4f24\u5175\u6551\u62a4\u961f\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u5927\u4f1a, \u9080\u8bf7\u4ed6\u524d\u53bb\u6f14\u8bb2, \u4ee5\u9f13\u821e\u58eb\u6c14\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6765\u5f80\u6210\u90fd\u3001\u91cd\u5e86\u4e24\u5730\u4e4b\u4ea4\u901a\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u4fbf, \u4ed6\u8d39\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6ce2\u6298\u624d\u642d\u4e0a\u6210\u90fd\u8d74\u91cd\u5e86\u7684\u90ae\u8f66, \u8ba2\u5f97\u90ae\u8f66\u53f8\u673a\u65c1\u7684\u5ea7\u4f4d, \u4e0e\u53f8\u673a\u540c\u5750\u5728\u9a7e\u9a76\u5ba4\u91cc\u3002\u9014\u4e2d\u4ed6\u770b\u89c1\u90ae\u8f66\u540e\u8fb9\u8f66\u53a2\u4e2d\u4e00\u5987\u4eba\u5750\u5728\u7d2f\u7d2f\u90ae\u5305\u4e4b\u98a0, \u53d7\u5c3d\u98a0\u7c38\u4e4b\u82e6\u3002\u4fbf\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u5979\u8c03\u6362\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u8f66\u8fd1\u91cd\u5e86\u65f6, \u53f8\u673a\u4e0d\u614e, \u90ae\u8f66\u503e\u8986, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u88ab\u538b\u5728\u90ae\u5305\u4e4b\u4e0b; \u9042\u6025\u9001\u91cd\u5e86\u4e2d\u592e\u533b\u9662\u62a2\u6551, \u4f46\u7ec8\u56e0\u4fee\u52bf\u5371\u91cd\u800c\u4e8e1\u670820\u65e5\u4e0d\u6cbb\u800c\u901d\u3002\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u524d\u56db\u4e2a\u6708, \u66fe\u4e3a\u8bb0\u5ff5\u81ea\u5df1\u53d7\u6d17\u4e09\u5341\u5468\u5e74\u7740\u300a\u4e09\u5341\u800c\u7acb\u300b\u4e00\u6587, \u5176\u4e2d, \u4ed6\u5f55\u53d6\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\u81ea\u52c9: “\u5c06\u8eab\u4f53\u732e\u4e0a, \u5f53\u4f5c\u6d3b\u796d, \u662f\u5723\u6d01\u7684, \u662f\u795e\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u7684\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u5982\u6b64\u4e8b\u5949, \u4e43\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u3002”(\u7f57\u5341\u4e8c : 1) [18]<\/p>\n

\u7efc\u800c\u89c2\u4e4b, \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u51e0\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4e0e\u610f\u4e49:<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u5386\u5c3d\u6ce2\u6298\u30021912\u5e74, \u66fe\u8fdd\u80cc\u4f2f\u7236\u610f\u613f\u505a\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u5f92; 1915\u5e74\u53c8\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u7a0e\u540f\u804c\u52a1\u6210\u4e3a\u834f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u5168\u65f6\u95f4\u540c\u5de5; 1921\u5e74\u81f31924\u5e74\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u9017\u7559\u7684\u4e09\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u51b3\u5fd7\u7231\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u5982\u5144\u5f1f; 1924\u5e74\u7684\u975e\u57fa\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5931\u7720\u957f\u8fbe\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u4e45; 1935\u5e74\u6574\u6574\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u7948\u7977\u3001\u9ed8\u60f3\u662f\u5426\u53bb\u9ece\u5ddd\u5de5\u4f5c, \u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u56e0\u540c\u5de5\u4e0d\u548c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u591c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bd0, \u5e38\u5e38\u5348\u591c\u60ca\u8d77, \u7075\u4fee\u7977\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u6709\u4e00\u526f\u67d4\u8f6f\u5fc3\u80a0, \u6bcf\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u5fc5\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651, \u4e5f\u5c0a\u91cd\u522b\u4eba\u610f\u89c1, \u5e38\u865a\u5fc3\u8ba8\u6559, \u800c\u4e00\u65e6\u4f5c\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u51b3\u5b9a, \u5fc5\u5f00\u8bda\u5e03\u516c\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u4ed6\u4e0d\u63a9\u9970\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5426\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u9ece\u5ddd\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u72b9\u8c6b\u5fc3\u60c5, \u5bf9\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u76f4\u8a00\u76f8\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5149\u660e\u78ca\u843d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64, \u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8005\u3002\u65e9\u57281914\u5e74, \u4ed6\u548c\u5e03\u5409\u58eb\u4e00\u8d77\u53d1\u8d77”\u793e\u4f1a\u524d\u8fdb\u793e”\u30021919\u5e74\u53c8\u4e0e\u80e1\u5b66\u8bda\u4e00\u8d77\u53d1\u8d77”\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8”, \u521b\u5efa\u751f\u547d\u793e\u30021915\u5e74\u81f31921\u5e74\u95f4, \u4ed6\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u6821\u56ed\u7ec4\u7ec7\u67e5\u7ecf\u73ed\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u8bb2\u5ea7\u3002\u4ed4\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u534f\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u8fdb\u4fee\u65f6, \u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u4ed6\u53c8\u9886\u5bfc\u4e86\u6709\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u540d\u804c\u5458\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a\u30021932\u5e74\u4ed6\u51fa\u4efb\u71d5\u5927\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f, \u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u300b\u520a\u7269, \u662f”\u552f\u7231\u793e”\u5e72\u4e8b, \u53c8\u53c2\u4e0e\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u71d5\u5927\u56e2\u5951\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u9ece\u5ddd\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b, \u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5b66\u673a\u6784”\u8f7d\u793e”\u7684\u5e72\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u9752\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e00\u9879\u53c8\u4e00\u9879\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u5174\u8da3\u6781\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb:\u795e\u5b66\u6559\u80b2, \u5b66\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c, \u4e61\u6751\u91cd\u5efa, \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5b66, \u552f\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49, \u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u603b\u662f\u628a\u7406\u60f3\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u3001\u6298\u8877\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u795e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u5177\u6709\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916, \u4ed6\u4e0d\u66fe\u63d0\u4f9b\u522b\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a”\u5b9e\u884c”\u7684\u5047\u8bbe(Working Hypotheses)\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u5185, \u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u4fee\u6b63\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u3002 [19] \u4ed6\u60f3\u7efc\u5408\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u60f3, \u8c03\u5408\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6587\u5316, \u5e76\u628a\u7406\u60f3\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u4ed6\u7684\u5173\u4e8e”\u4f26\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49”\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6700\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7279\u70b9:<\/p>\n

……\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u79e9\u5e8f, \u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u7684,……\u65e2\u4ec1\u6148\u53c8\u771f\u8bda; \u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684, \u4e0d\u662f\u68a6\u5883; \u76f8\u4fe1\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709, \u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u81ea\u4fee\u4eba\u4eba\u7686\u53ef\u6210\u4e3a\u5723\u8d24,……\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u751f\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4fbf\u662f\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u7684, \u751a\u81f3\u662f\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002 [20]<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u52a8\u7684\u662f, \u4ed6\u8981\u8fd9\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u662f\u4ed6(\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u4f1a)\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd”\u9053\u6210\u8089\u8eab”, \u4ed6\u7684\u4ee5\u751f\u547d\u6240\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u7684\u7231\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u727a\u7272\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u7cbe\u795e, \u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. West, 67\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4fe1\u9053\u7ecf\u9a8c\u81ea\u8ff0\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d, 7:7 (1933, 5-6), \u987528-29\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u540c\u4e0a\u6587, \u987529-30\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u540c\u4e0a\u6587, \u987530\u3002<\/li>\n
  5. \u6c88\u5b97\u701a, \u300a\u5fc6\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u535a\u58eb\u300b, \u4f20\u8bb0\u6587\u5b66, 26;2(1975, 2 \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e09\u671f), \u987513-16\u3002<\/li>\n
  6. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u4fe1\u9053\u7ecf\u9a8c\u81ea\u8ff0\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d,8:3(1934,5), \u9875115-117\u3002<\/li>\n
  7. James C. Thomson Jr., While China Faced West; American Reformers in Nationalist China, 1928-1937 (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1969), \u987543-121\u3002<\/li>\n
  8. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u9ece\u5ddd\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d, 9:5-6(1935,11), \u9875295-300\u3002<\/li>\n
  9. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d, 9:4(1035,6), \u9875188-192\u3002<\/li>\n
  10. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u9ece\u5ddd\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u8bb0:\u4e8c\u7eed\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d,9:8(1936,1), \u9875472\u3002<\/li>\n
  11. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u9ece\u5ddd\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d, 9:5-6(1935,11), \u9875289\u3002<\/li>\n
  12. Thomson, \u9875119\u3002<\/li>\n
  13. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u9ece\u5ddd\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u8bb0:\u4e09\u7eed\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d, 10:1(1936,3), \u987521\u3002<\/li>\n
  14. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u9ece\u5ddd\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u8bb0:\u4e94\u7eed\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d, 10:4(1936,6), \u9875221\u3002<\/li>\n
  15. Thomson, \u9875121\u3002<\/li>\n
  16. \u5434\u5229\u6c11, \u300a\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26:\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5178\u8303\u300b, \u300a\u6e05\u98ce\u300b21:1, 1978; \u987531\u3002<\/li>\n
  17. \u6c88\u5b97\u701a, \u300a\u5fc6\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26\u535a\u58eb\u300b, \u987515\u3002<\/li>\n
  18. \u8c22\u6276\u96c5, \u300a\u5fc6\u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26(1892-1944)\u300b, \u4f20\u8bb0\u6587\u5b66, 26:1(1975,1, \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u671f), \u987519-20\u3002<\/li>\n
  19. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u524d\u9014:\u4e00\u300b, \u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u751f\u547d, 1:12(1926,11,30), \u9875334\u3002<\/li>\n
  20. \u5f90\u5b9d\u8c26, \u300a\u65b0\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b, (Peiping N.P., 1933)\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

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