{"id":488,"date":"2023-09-24T10:24:29","date_gmt":"2023-09-24T10:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=488"},"modified":"2023-09-24T10:24:29","modified_gmt":"2023-09-24T10:24:29","slug":"%e7%a5%9e%e5%ad%a6%e5%af%bc%e8%ae%ba_%e9%98%85%e8%af%bb_027a%e3%80%8a%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e7%a5%9e%e5%ad%a6%e8%ae%ba%e8%af%84%e3%80%8b_conn_chapter_1_kant_to_barth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=488","title":{"rendered":"\u795e\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba_\u9605\u8bfb_027A\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc4\u300b_Conn_chapter_1_Kant_to_Barth"},"content":{"rendered":"

027A\u00a0 <\/strong>\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc4\u300b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0<\/strong>Chapter I<\/strong><\/p>\n

1919<\/strong>\u524d\ufe55\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\uff08<\/strong>20<\/strong>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

B<\/strong>EFORE<\/strong> 1919<\/strong>\ufe55<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Signifance of Immaule Kant (1724-1804) For Contemporary Theology<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Harvie M. Conn, Contemporary World Theology: A Layman\u2019s Guidebook.<\/em>\u00a0 Nutley, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1974, 1-9.\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\ufe55\u7b80\u6cb3\u57f9\uff0c\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc4\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\ufe55\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7ffb\u8bd1\u793e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u65e0\u4e2d\u8bd1\uff0c\u8c28\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002)<\/p>\n

\u5df4\u7279\u5c55\u5f00\u795e\u5b66\u65b0\u7eaa\u5143\ufe55<\/strong>1919<\/strong>\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4e66\u6ce8\u91ca\u300b<\/strong><\/p>\n

THEOLOGY\u2019S NEW ERA: BARTH WRITES ROMANS COMMENTARY, 1919<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4ece\u745e\u58eb\uff08\u79bb\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fb9\u5883\u7ea616\u82f1\u91cc\uff09\u4e00\u95f4\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u7267\u5e08\u4e66\u623f\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u3002\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e74\u9752\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u5df4\u7279\uff081886-1968\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u572825\u5c81\u90a3\u5e74\uff081911\uff09\u8d74\u8be5\u5e02\u7267\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u65b0\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\uff1b\u8fd9\u4efd\u795e\u5b66\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u795e\u5b66\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5df4\u7279\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4e66\u300b\u6ce8\u91ca\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5c06\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\uff08\u6ce8\ufe55\u539f\u8457\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff09\u7b80\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

Contemporary theology, in a real sense, was born in the study of a church in Switzerland, about sixteen miles south of the German border.\u00a0 The inaugurator was a young pastor, Karl Barth (1886-1968), who had gone there in 1911, at the age of 25.\u00a0 And the manifesto of this new theological turning-point in history, the initial announcement of a new theological era, came in the form of Barth\u2019s commentary on Romans in 1919.\u00a0 What the general significance of that book meant will be sketched in the next chapter of our study.<\/p>\n

\u5341\u4e5d\u4e0e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u795e\u5b66\ufe55<\/strong> \u5dee\u5f02\u4e0d\u5927\uff1b\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u54e5\u67cf\u5c3c\u9769\u547d\u4e43\u4ece\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08<\/strong>1724-1804<\/strong>\uff09\u5f00\u59cb<\/strong><\/p>\n

19th<\/sup> & 20th<\/sup> CENT. THEOLOGY: SIMILAR; REVOLUTION BEGAN WITH KANT<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u62df\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\uff08\u6ce8\ufe55\u539f\u8457\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u6f0f\u8bd1\uff09\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c1919\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e43\u5c5e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6d77\u6d0b\uff1b\u300c\u73b0\u4ee3\u300d\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u4e0e\u300c\u5f53\u4ee3\u300d\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5171\u540c\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u7740\u91cd\u70b9\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5c31\u7b97\u5f88\u591a\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\ufe55\u5df4\u7279\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u573a\u4e2d\u4e22\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b8\u5f39\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u6709\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\ufe55\u5176\u5b9e\u5df4\u7279\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6e38\u620f\u573a\u7684\u4e00\u8fb9\uff0c\u5c04\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ae\u5f39\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5df4\u7279\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u54e5\u67cf\u5c3c\u9769\u547d\u300d\u4e0d\u662f\u57281919\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5927\u738b\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff081724-1804\uff09\u6240\u521b\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n

In this opening chapter, we are seeking only to show that even the shifts of theological currents since 1919 are part of a larger ocean, and that the difference between \u201cmodern\u201d theology and \u201ccontemporary\u201d theology is sometimes less a difference and more an emphasis building upon common presuppositions.\u00a0 Even what has so often been referred to as Barth\u2019s dropping a bombshell in the playground of the theologians may be more accurately described as a cannonade on one part of the playground from another part of the same playground.\u00a0 In that sense, Barth\u2019s so-called \u201cCopernican revolution\u201d began not in 1919 but 200 years ago, in the study of the philosopher-prince of the Enlightenment,<\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).<\/p>\n

\u300c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5df2\u6210\u719f\u300d\ufe55\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u3001\u542f\u8499\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff1b\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7406\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7406\u6027\u5904\u7406\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u65e0\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u975e\u7269\u8d28\uff1b<\/strong>1784<\/strong>\u542f\u8499<\/strong>=<\/strong>\u8131\u5f00\u5916\u5728\u6743\u5a01\uff1b<\/strong>= <\/strong>\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531<\/strong><\/p>\n

WORLD COMES OF AGE: RENAISSANCE, ENLIGHTENMENT\u2019S THEME<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

KANT SYSTEMATIZES MODERN MAN\u2019S CONFIDENCE IN REASON<\/strong><\/p>\n

REASON DEALS WITH MATTER; CANNOT DEAL WITH NON-MATTER<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1784 ENLIGHTEHMENT = LIBERATION FROM EXTERNAL AUTHORITY,<\/strong><\/p>\n

= AUTONOMY, FREEDOM TO THINK<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u719f\u300d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6f58\u970d\u534e\u59cb\u521b\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u66f2\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u628a\u300c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u5bf9\u7406\u6027\u638c\u63e1\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u6240\u6709\u8d85\u7269\u8d28\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u300d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\u4f38\u5c55\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e0e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u30021784\u5e74\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e86\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\ufe55\u542f\u8499\u4e43\u662f\u4eba\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u52a0\u5728\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u4f9d\u8d56\u5916\u5728\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u542f\u8499\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\u6210\u4e86\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\ufe55\u300c\u6562\u7528\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u5728\u6307\u5f15\u800c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u4ece\u6b66\u65ad\uff08\u6559\u6761\uff09\u7684\u7761\u7720\u4e2d\u5524\u9192\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

The idea of the world coming of age did not originate with Dietrich Bonhoeffer.<\/p>\n

It was the theme song of the Renaissance and of the Western Enlightenment era, an era that has left its permanent stamp on everything modern.\u00a0 Kant systematized \u201cmodern man\u2019s confidence in the power of reason to grapple with material things and its incompetence to deal with anything beyond.\u201d\u00a0 (Colin Brown, Philosophy and the Christian Faith<\/em> (Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press, 1969), p. 91.)\u00a0 And in doing so, he cast a shadow not merely over the nineteenth century but over the twentieth century as well.\u00a0 In 1784, Kant summed up the demands of new Enlightenment when he defined it as man\u2019s emergence from his self-inflicted immaturity.\u00a0 This immaturity is found in man\u2019s reliance upon any authority external to himself.\u00a0 Enlightenment and autonomy become identical, and modern man\u2019s motto becomes \u201cDare to use your own understanding,\u201d \u201cFreedom to think without sanctions, without direction external to man himself,\u201d \u201cAwakening from dogmatic slumber.\u201d\u00a0 (Immanuel Kant, \u201cBeantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklarung?\u201d\u00a0 Berlinische Monatsschrift<\/em>, December, 1784, (Gesammelte Schriften<\/em>, Berlin, VIII, p. 35.)<\/p>\n

\u5eb7\u5fb7<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u9b54\u9b3c\u53e4\u65e7\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff1b\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u5f00\u62d3\u9053\u8def<\/strong><\/p>\n

KANT = OLD SATAN\u2019S DOUBT OF GOD\u2019S WORD; MAN PURSUES OWN PATH<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u6240\u8c13\u65b0\u8c03\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\u3002\u9b54\u9b3c\u5728\u4f0a\u7538\u56ed\u5df2\u8d28\u7591\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u4eba\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u7260\u95ee\u590f\u5a03\ufe55\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u771f\u7684\u8bf4\u5417\uff1f\u300d\uff08\u521b3\ufe551\uff09\u3002\u7260\u9080\u8bf7\u4eba\u8ffd\u5bfb\u300c\u542f\u8499\u300d\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u91ca\u653e\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u7260\u300c\u63d0\u9192\u300d\u590f\u5a03\ufe55\u4e0a\u5e1d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4f60\u5403\u7684\u90a3\u65e5\uff0c\u773c\u775b\u4f1a\u660e\u4eae\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u50cf\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5584\u6076\uff08\u521b3\ufe555\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u300c\u73b0\u4ee3\u300d\u7684\u542f\u8499\u7cbe\u795e\u6ce8\u5165\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n

The Christian senses a familiar ring of antiquity to this supposedly new sound.\u00a0\u00a0 Satan had also questioned any authority external to man himself in the garden of Eden.\u00a0 \u201cIndeed, has God said?\u201d he had asked (Gen. 3:1).\u00a0 He also invited man to pursue his own free path of Enlightenment.\u00a0 \u201cGod knows,\u201d he reminded Eve, \u201cthat in the day you eat from it your eyes will be opened and you will be like God, knowing good and evil\u201d (Gen. 3:5).\u00a0 But, with Kant and the Enlightenment spirit of the modern age, there had come some new twists to an old angle.<\/p>\n

1<\/strong>\uff0e\u65b0\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9884\u8bbe\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c2\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff09\ufe55\u4eba\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9<\/strong><\/p>\n

NEW RELIGIOUS CATEGORIES TO VIEW GOD & WORLD<\/strong><\/p>\n

MAN\u2019S \u201cHEART\u201d = SPRING OF ALL HIS THOUGHTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u4e00\u5957\u65b0\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u5728\u5851\u9020\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4eba\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\uff08\u89c2\u5ff5\uff09\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b64\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4ece\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\uff0c\u4ece\u4eba\u6027\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8fde\u4e0a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\uff0c\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u53d1\u51fa\uff08\u300a\u7bb4\u8a00\u300b4\ufe5523\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e5f\u5982\u4f55\uff08\u300a\u7bb4\u8a00\u300b23\ufe557\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. There was, and is, a new set of religious presuppositions that mold modern<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    man\u2019s thought.\u00a0 Man, as the image of God, is always building categories by which he can view himself, God, and the world.\u00a0 From what the Bible calls man\u2019s \u201cheart,\u201d from everything that makes him man, from the center that relates him everywhere and always to God, \u201cfrom it flow the springs of life\u201d (Prov. 4:23).\u00a0 \u201cFor as he thinketh in his heart, so is he\u201d (Prov. 23:7).<\/p>\n

    \u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u80cc\u7ea6\u7684\uff08\u5076\u50cf\u5316\u7684\uff09\u89c4\u5219\ufe55\u300c\u7406\u5ff5\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u7269\u8d28\u300d\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u671f\u795e\u5b66\u5438\u6536\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\ufe55\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n

    GREEK PHILOSOPHY\u2019S <\/strong>IDOLATROUS <\/strong>RULES: <\/strong>\u201c<\/strong>FORM\u201d VS. \u201cMATTER\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

    MEDIEVALS ACCOMMODATE GREEK MODEL,<\/strong><\/p>\n

    BUILDS NEW COMPROMISE: \u201cNATURE\u201d AND \u201cGRACE\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6e38\u620f\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u7269\u8d28\u300d\u7684<\/p>\n

    \u77db\u76fe\u4e0a\u3002\u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u80cc\u7ea6\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8ba9\u6b65\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u73af\u7ed5\u7740\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

    The \u201cheart\u201d of the ancient Greek world had built its religious ground rules around the contradictions of form and matter.\u00a0 (For a simple explanation of these religious antimonies, consult Cornelius Van Til, The Great Debate Today<\/em> (Nutley, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1971), pp. 179-188.)\u00a0\u00a0 In the Middle Ages, the West had accommodated those basically non-Christian, covenant-breaking ideas to a new compromise with Christian principles and come up with another set framed around the ideas of nature and grace.<\/p>\n

    Form\/Spirit\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Grace\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Freedom<\/p>\n

    _______________\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 _______________\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ______________<\/p>\n

    Matter\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nature \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nature<\/p>\n

    Ancient Greece\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Medieval (Aquinas)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modern (Kant)<\/p>\n

    \u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u8fd8\u662f\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u300c\u7406\u5ff5<\/strong> \u2013 <\/strong>\u7269\u8d28\u300d\u7684\u65b0\u7248\u672c<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5927\u80fd\uff1b\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u4f7f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u300c\u4eba\u300d\u4ece\u300c\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d\u91ca\u653e<\/strong><\/p>\n

    NATURE = NOT CREATED WORLD UNDER GOD, BUT <\/strong><\/p>\n

    AUTONOMOUS STRUCTURE, \u201cFORM-MATTER\u201d IN NEW DRESS\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

    GRACE = NOT SOVEREIGN TRANSFORMATION; = PERFECTING FORM <\/strong><\/p>\n

    AQUINAS EMANCIPATED NATURAL MAN FROM SUPERNATURAL GRACE <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u638c\u7ba1\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e3b\u9898\ufe55\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u548c\u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6240\u5ba3\u544a\u7684\uff0c\u987a\u4ece\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\u7684\u88ab\u9020\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u7684\u5316\u88c5\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f \u2013 \u7269\u8d28\u300d\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4fee\u9970\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u7684\u8ba9\u6b65\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u9650\u5236\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u6307\u638c\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u671f\u963f\u594e\u62ff\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u628a\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u4ece\u300c\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u7684\u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

    Neither religious theme of nature or grace represented purely biblical ground rules for self-understanding.\u00a0 The presupposition of nature was not the biblical concept of a created world in subjection to its Creator.\u00a0 It was an autonomous sub-structure that put the old Greek ideas of form \u2013 matter in a new dress, modified by new demands. In this compromise, grace also lost its distinctively Christian character, and became more a perfecting form of superstructure rather than a radical act of transformation by the sovereign God.\u00a0 The Middle Ages\u2019 synthesis of Thomas Aquinas had emancipated natural man from supernatural grace.<\/p>\n

    \u5eb7\u5fb7\ufe55\u4e0d\u4ec5\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u91ca\u653e\uff1b\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u6069\u5178\u300d\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u5206\u5272\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u63a7\u5236\uff1b\u81ea\u7136\u754c<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u6570\u5b66\u6027\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff1b\u4eba\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5b9e\u65bd\u81ea\u4e3b<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u5eb7\u5fb7\u540e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\ufe55\u5076\u50cf\u5316\uff0c\u626d\u66f2\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u81ea\u6211\u77db\u76fe<\/strong><\/p>\n

    KANT: EMANCIPATION = NOT JUST ACCOMMODATION<\/strong><\/p>\n

    NATURE\/GRACE CONSISTENTLY SEPARATED; NOTHING CONTROLS MAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

    NATURE = MATHEMATICAL, INFINITE, MAN = AUTONOMOUS IN IT<\/strong><\/p>\n

    WORLDVIEW TWISTS BIBLE, IDOLATROUS, THUS SELF-CONTRADICTORY<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e0e\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u73b0\u5728\u8ba9\u4eba\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0e\u4eba\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u6069\u5178\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u8fd9\u5206\u5272\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u662f\u9996\u521b\u3002\u4eba\u5fc5\u5c06\u300c\u91cd\u751f\u300d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u5207\u63a7\u5236\u4ed6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u89e3\u653e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u867d\u4ecd\u4ece\u4e2d\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b58\u7559\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u6539\u9020\u4e86\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u300c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u300d\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u7c4d\ufe55\u53c2\u82f1\u6587\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

    Kant and the Enlightenment spirit now made that emancipation more than merely accommodation.\u00a0 For the first time in Western civilization, nature and grace were severed in a consistent, developed, self-conscious form.\u00a0 Man was to be reborn as a completely free and autonomous personality and released from all controls over his thinking.\u00a0 And, in this spirit, even the category of nature, still retained from the medieval synthesis, was transformed.\u00a0 Nature became a \u201cmacrocosmic sphere within which human personality could exercise its autonomy.\u00a0 Nature was interpreted as an infinite field to be controlled by autonomous mathematical thought.\u201d\u00a0 (Vincent Brummer, Transcendental Criticism and Christian Philosophy<\/em> (Franeker: T. Wever, 1961), p. 98.\u00a0 A fuller explanation of these themes will be found in Herman Dooyeweerd, In the Twilight of Western Thought<\/em> (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1960).)<\/p>\n

    \u81ea\u4ece\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u90fd\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u8bbe\u662f\u501f\u7528\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

    The history of Western thought and Western theology since Kant is the history of<\/p>\n

    how these religious presuppositions, building on borrowed Christian capital and therefore self-contradictory, mold a new world.<\/p>\n

    2<\/strong>\uff0e\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u66f4\u52a0\u8d2f\u5f7b\ufe55\u81ea\u6211\u8bc4\u4f30\ufe55\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u771f\u7406\u7684\u81f3\u7ec8\u51c6\u5219<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\ufe55\u552f\u72ec\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u5224\u65ad\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u754c\uff08\u859b\u534e\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6311\u6218\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

    MAN\u2019S AUTONOMY = MORE CONSISTENT; REASON = TRUTH\u2019S NORM<\/strong><\/p>\n

    MODERN THOUGHT: REASON ALONE JUDGES PHENOMENAL, NOUMENAL WORLD (F. SCHAEFFER FAILS TO SEE, CHALLENGE THIS)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u5728\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u66f4\u52a0\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u300d\u547c\u5401\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u653e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0e\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8131\u79bb\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u662f\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u771f\u7406\u7684\u81f3\u7ec8\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u552f\u72ec\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u8db3\u591f\u5224\u65ad\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u771f\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u3002\uff08\u5f88\u4e0d\u5e78\u5730\uff0c\u859b\u534e\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u4eba\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7406\u6027\u65f6\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u524d\u8bbe\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u8d2f\u5f7b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u89c1\u4eba\u7528\u7406\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81f3\u9ad8\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u5b98\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u591f\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6709\u4eba\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u859b\u534e\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u300c\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u5df1\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u542f\u793a\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5b9e\u3002\u300d\uff09<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. There was, and is, a more consistently developed sense of man-centered<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      autonomy.\u00a0 The Enlightenment \u201cheart\u201d had called for an emancipated human freedom, an autonomous nature where fact was severed from its meaning in God, and therefore brutalized.\u00a0 This religious attitude produced a quite high assessment of all of man\u2019s capacities, and especially of human reason as the final authority, the ultimate criterion for truth. Reason and reason alone becomes adequate for judging the world of the phenomenon and the world of the noumenon.\u00a0 (It is a most unfortunate feature of the work of the Calvinistic critic, Francis Schaeffer, that, though helpful in so many areas, he cannot fully see the radical influence of man\u2019s religious presuppositions on his use of the reason nor the inadequacy of the reason as an ultimate judge.\u00a0 Compare The God Who Is There<\/em> (Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press, 1968), pp. 108 ff.\u00a0 As others have well seen, Schaeffer\u2019s whole presentation is oriented \u201caround the assumption that man must decide for himself whether God\u2019s written revelation is true\u201d (John J. Mitchell, \u201cA Critique of F.A. Schaeffer\u2019s The God Who Is There<\/em>,\u201d unpublished paper read before the Student Association of Westminster Theological Seminary, February 1969, p. 5).)<\/p>\n

      \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u81ea\u6211\u8bc1\u5b9e\u300d\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u88ab\u5c4f\u5f03\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7684\u7406\u6027\u638c\u7ba1\u4e00\u5207<\/strong><\/p>\n

      GOD\u2019S \u201cAUTONOMOUS\u201d, SELF-AUTHENTICATING REVELATION = OUT,<\/strong><\/p>\n

      MAN\u2019s \u201cAUTONOMOUS\u201d REASON COMMANDS ALL<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u5bf9\u5eb7\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u300c\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u7528\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\uff08\u4e3b\u6743\uff09\u7684\u542f\u793a\ufe55\u90a3\u4f4d\u81ea\u6211\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u542f\u793a\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u81f3\u7ec8\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u300d\u3002\uff08\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff0c\u300a\u7406\u6027\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u300b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

      For Kant this autonomy meant the replacing of the Christian concept of<\/p>\n

      \u201cautonomous\u201d revelation, of the self-authenticating God revealing himself through the Bible, by man\u2019s autonomous reason.\u00a0 In the ultimate sense, it is \u201cuniversal human reason\u201d which Kant labels as \u201cthe supremely commanding principle.\u201d\u00a0 (Immanuel Kant, Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone<\/em> (Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., c. 1934), p. 152.)<\/p>\n

      \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\ufe55\u4eba\u8981\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\u8d5a\u5f97\u6551\u6069<\/strong><\/p>\n

      TRUE RELIGION, W\/O BIBLE = WHAT WE DO TO DESERVE SALVATION<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u300c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6216\u8003\u8651\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6551\u8d4e\u6240\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u81f4\u914d\u5f97\u6551\u2026\u3002\u6bcf\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9e\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u987b\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

      \u201cTrue religion is to consist not in the knowing or considering of what God does or has done for our salvation but in what we must do to become worthy of it \u2026 and of its necessity every man can become wholly certain without any Scriptural learning whatever.\u201d\u00a0 (Ibid., p. 123.)<\/p>\n

      \u81ea\u4e3b<\/strong>-> <\/strong>\u53bb\u795e\u8bdd\u5316\ufe55\u4eba\u5236\u9020\u65b0\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u65b0\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/strong><\/p>\n

      AUTONOMY -> DEMYTHOLOGIZATION:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      NEW MYTHS FOR SELF-KNOWLEGE<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u8fd9\u4e2a\u300c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u79bb\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\u7684\u300c\u53bb\u795e\u8bdd\u5316\u300d\u5c31\u4e0d\u8fdc\u4e86\ufe55\u6839\u636e\u5e03\u6c0f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5236\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

      It is not far from this concept of rational autonomy to Bultmann\u2019s concept of<\/p>\n

      demythologization, where modern man must create new myths to authenticate the Bible\u2019s<\/p>\n

      demands for self-understanding.<\/p>\n

      \u81ea\u4e3b<\/strong>-> <\/strong>\u5f15\u81f4\u62d2\u7edd\u76f8\u4fe1\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u590d\u6d3b\u662f\u5386\u53f2\uff1b\u90fd\u662f\u795e\u8bdd<\/strong><\/p>\n

      AUTONOMY -> CREATION, RESURRECTION = LEGENDS, NOT HISTORY<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4f5c\u542f\u793a\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u5b98\uff0c\u5f15\u81f4\u6f58\u80fd\u535a\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5206\u6790\ufe55\u590d\u6d3b\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u662f\u4f20\u8bf4\uff1b\u548c\u67ef\u5c14\u66fc\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u300a\u521b\u4e16\u8bb0\u300b\u7684\u521b\u9020\u53d9\u8ff0\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u3001\u5408\u7406\u3001\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n

      Nor is it very far from autonomous reason as judge over revelation to Pannenberg\u2019s rational<\/p>\n

      analysis of the resurrection narratives as permeated with legends, or Cullmann\u2019s refusal to<\/p>\n

      credit the Genesis records of creation as authentic, rationally credible history.<\/p>\n

      3<\/strong>\uff0e\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\ufe55\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\ufe55\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u5b58\u5728<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u6709\u4e94\u5b98\u89c2\u5bdf\u6570\u636e\uff1b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7b49<\/strong><\/p>\n

      CONSISTENT RELATIVISM;<\/strong><\/p>\n

      HUME = SKEPTIC, CANNOT PROVE EXISTENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

      WE HAVE SENSE DATA, NO CAUSE\/EFFECT, GOD = ELUSIVE<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f11\u8c1f\uff081711-1776\uff09\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u542f\u8499\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d28\u7591\u4eba\u80fd\u5426\u8bc1\u660e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u8eab\u5916\u7269\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6709\u8d77\u6e90\u7b49\ufe55\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u624b\u4e0a\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4ec5\u662f\u4e94\u5b98\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u6570\u636e\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. There was, and is, a more consistently developed relativism. David Hume, the<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Scottish philosopher (1711-1776), had formulated for the Enlightenment world the problem of knowledge.\u00a0 His skepticism had questioned whether anyone could prove the existence of anything, either outside oneself or even oneself.\u00a0 Cause and effect, God as Origin, man as originated \u2013 all are equally elusive.\u00a0 We have the data of our senses, but nothing beyond that.<\/p>\n

        \u5eb7\u5fb7\ufe55\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u7b54\u6848\ufe55\u5236\u5b9a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\ufe55<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u73b0\u8c61\u754c\ufe55\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e94\u5b98\u5bdf\u89c9\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e8b\u7269\uff1b\u771f\u7406\u754c\ufe55\u5047\u88c5\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e0d\u673d\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728<\/strong><\/p>\n

        KANT: HUME\u2019S QUESTION = ANSWER; CREATES TWO WORLD<\/strong><\/p>\n

        PHENOMENAL WORLD: REASON\/SENSES PERCEIVE, KNOW;<\/strong><\/p>\n

        NOUNEMNAL WORLD: ACT AS IF GOD, FREEDOM, IMMORTALITY EXIST<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u5eb7\u5fb7\u628a\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u518d\u63a8\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u300c\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u8fd8\u7ed9\u4f11\u8c1f\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u300d\u5eb7\u5fb7\u9020\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\ufe55\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u771f\u7406\u754c\uff0c\u5373\u4e94\u5b98\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u7406\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u7406\u6027\u5bdf\u89c9\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u82e5\u662f\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u5360\u4e00\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

        Kant took from Hume the problem of knowledge and \u201cgave it back as if it were<\/p>\n

        the solution.\u201d\u00a0 (C. Brown, op. cit.,<\/em> p. 96.)\u00a0\u00a0 He created two worlds \u2013 the world of the phenomena and the world of the noumena, the world perceived by reason through the raw material of the senses, and the world of God, freedom and immortality, regulative ideas which cannot be perceived by reason but must have their place in our lives as if they were real objects knowable by reason.<\/p>\n

        \u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u6709\u9650\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1b\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b8c\u5168\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u5b64\u7acb<\/strong><\/p>\n

        GOD = LIMITED IDEA; MAN NEEDS ETHICS, THUS NEEDS GOD<\/strong><\/p>\n

        DOOR TO GOD = SQUEEZED ALMOST SHUT, GOD\/MAN ISOLATED<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u8fd9\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u7834\u574f\u6027\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u3002\u5eb7\u7684\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9694\u79bb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ec5\u662f\ufe55\u4eba\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u5c01\u95ed\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u901a\u5230\u7942\u7684\u9053\u8def\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u7a84\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed9\u90a3\u4f4d\u300c\u888d\u5b50\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5723\u6bbf\u300d\uff0c\u638c\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08\u8d5b6\ufe551\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u65e2\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u8eab (things in themselves)\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\u6216\u771f\u7406\u754c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6324\u8fdb\u7a84\u95e8\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ece\u4eba\u5272\u79bb\uff0c\u4eba\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5272\u79bb\u3002<\/p>\n

        The effect of all of this was, and is, devastating.\u00a0 God is strait-jacketed by Kant into a sound-proof bulkhead, tied to the phenomenal world only by Kant\u2019s umbilical cord of man\u2019s need for the idea of God in the world of ethics.\u00a0\u00a0 The door is not closed altogether on God, but it is so small that there is no room for the sovereign God \u201cwhose train fills the temple\u201d (Isa. 6:1) to squeeze through.\u00a0\u00a0 Similarly, since man cannot actually perceive things as they are in themselves (whether in the phenomenal or the noumenal world), he cannot squeeze through that door to know God.\u00a0 God has been effectively isolated from man and man has been effectively isolated from God.<\/p>\n

        20<\/strong>\u4e16\u7eaa\u795e\u5b66\u4e3b\u9898\ufe55\u4e0a\u5e1d\u88ab\u5b64\u7acb\u5728\u771f\u7406\u754c\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u5b8c\u5168\u4ed6\u8005\uff0c\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u300d\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1b\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u4e0e\u5ba3\u8bb2\u7684\u57fa\u7763\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4eba\u6027\uff1b\u542f\u793a<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u795e\u4eba\u76f8\u9047\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong> \/ <\/strong>\u771f\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u63a5\u89e6\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u672b\u4e16\u6709\uff08\u771f\u7406\u754c\u7684\uff09\u76fc\u671b\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed3\u675f<\/strong><\/p>\n

        20th<\/sup> CENT. THEOLOGY\u2019S THEME: GOD = ISOLATED TO NOUMENA<\/strong><\/p>\n

        GOD = WHOLLY OTHER; HISTORIE VS. GESCHICHTE;<\/strong><\/p>\n

        HISTORICAL JESUS VS. KERYGMA\u2019S CHRIST; BIBLE = HUMAN; REVELATION = ENCOUNTER; GOD\/NOUMENA ISN\u2019T IN WORLD;<\/strong><\/p>\n

        HOPE W\/O END TO HISTORY<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u4e0a\u5e1d\u88ab\u9694\u79bb\u5230\u771f\u7406\u754c\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u5df4\u7279\u65e9\u671f\u8457\u4f5c\u79f0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e3a\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\u300d(the Wholly Other)\uff0c\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u597d\u50cf\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u5ba2\u4f53 object\uff09\u4e00\u6837\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u300d\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4f7f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u66f4\u52a0\u88ab\u9694\u79bb\u3002\u800c\u65b0\u6b63\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u5206\u8fa8\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u300d(Historie) \u548c\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u300d(Geschichte) \uff0c\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\u5206\u8fa8\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u5ba3\u8bb2\uff08\u4fe1\u606f\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u300d\uff0c\u6216\u7528\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u300c\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\u7684\u8036\u7a23\u300d\u548c\u300c\u771f\u7406\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u300d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u9694\u79bb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u91cd\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

        This isolation of God into the noumenal world is a favorite theme of contemporary theology.\u00a0 It is reinforced by existentialism\u2019s increased emphasis on freedom, and appears, in modified form, in Barth\u2019s early writing on God as \u201cthe wholly Other,\u201d as the one who \u201ccannot be explained, as an object can.\u201d\u00a0 It reproduces itself in the neo-orthodox division between Historie<\/em> and Geschichte<\/em>, in Bultmann\u2019s distinctions between the \u201chistorical Jesus\u201d and \u201cthe kerygmatic Christ,\u201d or, to use Kant\u2019s language, the phenomenal Jesus and the noumenal Christ.<\/p>\n

        \u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u542f\u793a\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4ece\u300c\u4eba\u6027\u300d\u770b\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff1b\u5df4\u7279\u5bf9\u542f\u793a\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\ufe55\u542f\u793a\u662f\u300c\u795e\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u300d\uff0c\u771f\u7406\u754c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u63a5\u89e6\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u5165\u3002\u83ab\u7279\u66fc\u7684\u300c\u5e0c\u671b\u795e\u5b66\u300d\u5b8c\u5168\u6000\u7591\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u7ed3\u675f\uff1b\u4f46\u53c8\u8bf4\u5230\u771f\u7406\u754c\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

        Its relativism regarding the divine origin of revelation leads to a new stress on the \u201chumanity\u201d of the Bible, and a new Barthian definition of revelation itself as \u201cthe divine-human encounter,\u201d the noumenal touching the phenomenal but not entering.\u00a0 It produces in Moltmann a \u201ctheology of hope,\u201d completely skeptical about any eschatological end to phenomenal history, yet still able to speak of a noumenal future.<\/p>\n

        4<\/strong>\uff0e\u5386\u53f2\u6279\u5224\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\ufe55\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u5b58<\/strong><\/p>\n

        HISTORICAL-CRITICAL METHOD: MUST KEEP MAN\u2019S AUTONOMY<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

        \uff08\u56db\uff09\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u5386\u53f2 \u2013 \u6279\u5224\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u300d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u547c\u5401\u4eba<\/p>\n

        \u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u5957\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u4fe1\u4ef0\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u547c\u5401\u4e00\u79cd\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u68c0\u89c6\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u8c28\u4fdd\u5b58\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. There was, and is, the establishment of the so-called historical-critical method.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          The Enlightenment had called for autonomy from any traditional sets of Christian belief.\u00a0 It also called for a critical methodology that would also be fully consistent with this self-conscious autonomy.\u00a0 In the investigation of the past, the historian must also be autonomous.\u00a0 Even with regard to the biblical documents, this autonomy must be strictly preserved.<\/p>\n

          \u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u51cc\u9a7e\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6587\u672c\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1b\u7b49\u4e8e\u5c4f\u5f03\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u9ed8\u793a<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u884c\u795e\u8ff9\uff0c\u5411\u4eba\u542f\u793a<\/strong><\/p>\n

          METHOD = AUTONOMOUS OVER BIBLE\u2019S TEXT; INSPIRATION = OUT<\/strong><\/p>\n

          DEISTIC WORLD: GOD CAN\u2019T ENTER, DO MIRACLE, REVEAL HIMSELF<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4e3b\u3001\u51cc\u9a7e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff0c\u6709\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u5957\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff1b\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5386\u53f2 \u2013 \u6279\u5224\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd8\u8d39\u5c3d\u4e5d\u725b\u4e8c\u864e\u4e4b\u529b\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\uff08\u6211\u5f88\u611f\u6fc0\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u845b\u7406\u9f50\u535a\u58eb Dr. Richard B. Gaffin, Jr.\uff0c\u57281971\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0a\u6559\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0b\u6587\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\uff09\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u653e\u5f03\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9010\u5b57\u9ed8\u793a\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89c2\u548c\u795e\u89c2\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\ufe55\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u4efb\u51ed\u5b87\u5b99\u5b89\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff09\u662f\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u4ecb\u5165\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u4f5c\u81ea\u6211\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n

          This autonomy of method over against biblical text makes certain assumptions<\/p>\n

          still ruthlessly guarded by the historical-critical method.\u00a0 (I am most indebted to Dr. Richard B. Gaffin of Westminster Theological Seminary for drawing the attention of his students to the following material during class sessions in the fall of 1971.)\u00a0 It means an abandonment of the doctrine of verbal inspiration.\u00a0 The deistic concept of nature and God which was part of the spawning process of the Enlightenment found no place for a divinely intervention of God into creation through any supernatural, revelatory manner.<\/p>\n

          \u5fb7\u56fd\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u552f\u5fc3\uff09\u4e3b\u4e49\ufe55\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ecb\u5165\u4e16\u754c\uff01\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd<\/strong> vs.<\/strong>\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong><\/p>\n

          GERMAN IDEALISM: GOD CAN\u2019T INTERVENE!; \u201cWORD OF GOD\u201d VS. BIBLE<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\ufe55\u5373\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u4e25\u8c28\u5730\u8ddf\u5faa\u8fd9\u79cd\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u4ecb\u5165\u300d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u300d\u548c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u53d8\u6210\u4e24\u7801\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

          German idealism follows this non-intervention policy most severely.\u00a0 It means also the introduction of distinction and discontinuity between the Word of God on the one hand and the Bible on the other.<\/p>\n

          \u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6709\u9519\u8bef\uff1b\u7814\u7a76\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5982\u7814\u7a76\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5199\u7684\u4e66\u4e00\u6837<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6279\u5224<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\uff09\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u5df4\u7279\uff08\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u4fdd\u5b88\u300d\u6d3e\uff09\u4e0e\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\uff0c\u7530\u7acb\u514b<\/strong> \uff08\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\uff09<\/strong>= <\/strong>\u76f8\u540c<\/strong><\/p>\n

          G.C. Berkouwer <\/strong>\uff08\u8377\u5170\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff09\u5411\u5386\u53f2\u6279\u5224\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8ba9\u6b65<\/strong><\/p>\n

          BIBLE CONTAINS ERRORS; STUDY BIBLE JUST LIKE ANY HUMAN BOOK<\/strong><\/p>\n

          BIBLICAL CRITICISM = NATURALISTIC<\/strong><\/p>\n

          BARTH (CONSERVATIVE) & BULTMANN, TILLICH (RADICAL) = SAME<\/strong><\/p>\n

          BERKOUWER (REFORMED) COMPROMISES TO HIST.-CRIT. METHOD<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u542b\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u50cf\u4efb\u4f55\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8be5\u53d7\u5386\u53f2 \u2013 \u6279\u5224\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u68c0\u89c6\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4efb\u4f55\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u8fd8\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\ufe55\u5373\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff08\u5982\ufe55\u67ef\u5c14\u66fc\u548c\u6f58\u80fd\u535a\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u6bd4\u8f83\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\uff08\u5982\ufe55\u7530\u529b\u514b\uff0c\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a\uff0c\u4e0e\u300c\u4e16\u4fd7\u795e\u5b66\u300d\u6d3e\u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

          And coupled with this is the methodological presumption that there are errors in the Bible.\u00a0 As the proper object of historical method, the Bible is to be treated like any other set of documents from the past.\u00a0 And like any other document, it is subject to the intrusion of error.\u00a0 This approach to the Bible remains today one of the distinguishing features of naturalistic criticism, whether in its more conservative form (as exemplified by men like Oscar Cullmann and Wolfhart Pannenberg) or in its more radical expressions (among men like Tillich, John Robinson, and the secular theologians).<\/p>\n

          \u5df4\u7279\u4e0e\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\u4e4b\u95f4\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4e89\u8fa9\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4fdd\u5b58\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6fc0\u70c8\u8fa9\u8bba\uff08\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u67b6\u6784\u91cc\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\uff08\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5386\u53f2 \u2013 \u6279\u5224\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u8377\u5170\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u795e\u5b66\u754c\u4e5f\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5982\ufe55G.C. Berkouwer\u5177\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u68c0\u8ba8\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

          Barth and Bultmann, despite all the internecine debate, remain at one in their retention of this methodology.\u00a0 The sharp debates heard between contemporary naturalistic theologians today \u2013 and one should not under-emphasize their sharpness \u2013 are still carried on within basically the same methodological framework which the Enlightenment has left us as their heritage.\u00a0 (The usefulness of the historical-critical method seems to be becoming popular even in hitherto Reformed circles in the Netherlands.\u00a0 Note the cogent criticism of what seems to be a recognition of the validity of its presuppositions in G.C. Berkouwer\u2019s new attitudes as cited by C. Van Til, The Sovereignty of Grace<\/em> (Nutley, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing CO., 1969).)<\/p>\n

          5<\/strong>\uff0e\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u300d\u5bf9\u7acb\ufe55<\/strong>Lessing <\/strong>\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8df3\u8dc3\uff1b\u4f46\ufe55\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8df3\u8dc3\uff01<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u771f\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1b\u53ea\u5728\u4e8e\u771f\u7406\u80fd\u85c9\u7231\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u547d<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Lessing <\/strong>\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\ufe55\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u8d77\u6e90\u5df2\u7ecf\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff1b\u5c06\u6765\u4e00\u5929\ufe55\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u540c\u5b97\u6559\ufe55\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n

          HISTORY VS. FAITH: LESSING: CAN\u2019T LEAP IN FAITH; BUT: NO NEED!<\/strong><\/p>\n

          CHRISTIANITY\u2019S TRUTH DOESN\u2019T DEPEND ON HISTORICAL FACTS;<\/strong><\/p>\n

          DEPENDS ON TRUTH\u00a0 TRANSFORMING LIFE THRU LOVE<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

          LESSING\u2019S PARABLE: 3 RELIGIONS: ONE DAY-> ONE RELIGION OF LOVE<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \uff08\u4e94\uff09\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u540e\u679c\u4e43\u662f\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u83b1\u8f9b\uff081729-1781\uff09\u5728\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u8868\u8fd9\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u300c\u4e11\u964b\u7684\uff0c\u5bbd\u9614\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f\u300d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8df3\u8dc3\uff0c\u8d8a\u8fc7\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u83b1\u8f9b\u4e5f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\uff08\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\uff09\u8df3\u8dc3\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7684\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u9760\u5386\u53f2\u5076\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5b97\u6559\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e0d\u9760\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u800c\u9760\u5b83\u80fd\u5426\u4ee5\u7231\u6539\u53d8\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. The result of this methodology was, and is, a radical separation between<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            history and faith.\u00a0 G.E. Lessing (1729-1781) had formulated that separation during the Enlightenment times as an \u201cugly, broad ditch\u201d which he himself said he was incapable of jumping.\u00a0 But such a leap, Lessing also said, was unnecessary.\u00a0 The truth of religion and of rational Christianity does not depend upon the accidents of history\u2019s truths but upon the truth of its teaching.\u00a0 (G.E. Lessing, Theological Writings<\/em> (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1956), pp. 51-56.)\u00a0 The true worth of any religion does not depend on history, he said, but on its capacity to transform life through love.<\/p>\n

            \u83b1\u8f9b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9e3f\u6c9f\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u7684\ufe55\u53e4\u65f6\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u6212\u6307\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u4f7f\u62e5\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u7231\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u4eba\u6240\u7231\u3002\u8fd9\u53ea\u6212\u6307\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u4f20\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u4eb2\u7231\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e24\u53ea\u590d\u5236\u54c1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u53ea\u6212\u6307\u3002\u4ed6\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u90fd\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6212\u6307\u662f\u539f\u672c\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5b97\u6559\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ffd\u5bfb\u4e0d\u5230\u4e86\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u6d3e\u4e0d\u4e0a\u7528\u573a\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u6167\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u529d\u5bfc\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u884c\u4e8b\u4e3a\u4eba\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6212\u6307\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u7231\u5fc3\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81f3\u7ec8\u8c01\u62e5\u6709\u539f\u672c\uff0c\u65e0\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u4ee3\u8868\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u56de\u6559\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u5927\u5b97\u6559\u5c06\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u7231\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n

            Lessing\u2019s famous parable of the three rings emphasizes this disjunction sharply.\u00a0 Brown has summarized it this way: \u201cThere was once an ancient ring which had the power to bestow upon its owner the gift of being loved by God and man.\u00a0 This was passed on down many generations until it came into the possession of a father who had three sons equally dear to him.\u00a0 To resolve the dilemma, he had two replicas made and gave a ring to each son.\u00a0 After his death all three claimed to possess the true ring.\u00a0 But, as with religion, the original cannot be traced.\u00a0 Historical investigation is of no avail.\u00a0 But a wise judge counsels each son to behave as if he had the true ring and prove it by deeds of love.\u00a0 Thus in the end it will not matter who had the original.\u00a0\u00a0 The three sons represent Judaism, Christianity and Islam.\u00a0 One day they will transcend themselves and become united in a universal religion of love.\u201d\u00a0 (C. Brown, op. cit<\/em>., p. 89.)<\/p>\n

            20<\/strong>\u4e16\u7eaa\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\ufe55\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5206\u5272<\/strong><\/p>\n

            20th<\/sup> CENT. THEOLOGIANS: HISTORY VS. FAITH DISJOINTED<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u4e0b\u9762\u6570\u7ae0\u91cc\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5206\u9694\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u5c31\u50cf\u83b1\u8f9b\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u57fa\u7763\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u63a5\u7eb3\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u5374\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u80fd\u88ab\u63a5\u7eb3\u3002<\/p>\n

            Repeatedly in the chapters that follow, this disjunction between history and faith will be recognized and repeatedly, in the same manner as Lessing, the modern theologian will say that though the recorded history of Christianity may not be accepted to greater or lesser degree, the teaching of Christianity may be accepted to greater or lesser degree.<\/p>\n

            \u5df4\u7279\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u7ef4\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u65b0\u4ef0\u7684\u65ad\u5c42\ufe55\u4f0a\u7538\u56ed\u91cc\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u6761\u86c7\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u86c7\u8bf4\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\u4f1a\u5c4f\u5f03\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u4eec\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u300c\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u300d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6(existential self-understanding)\u3002\u83ab\u7279\u66fc\u75db\u65a5\u7ecf\u5178\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u672b\u4e16\u8bba\uff08\u5373\ufe55\u6559\u4f1a\u671f\u5f85\u590d\u6d3b\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u4e34\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u662f\u672a\u6765\u53bb\u5411\u7684\u3002\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a\u4f1a\u62d2\u7edd\u76f8\u4fe1\u5929\u5802\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u300c\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u90a3\u91cc\u300d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u575a\u6301\u751f\u547d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u300d(being in depth)\uff1b\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u300c\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u300d (ground of Being).<\/p>\n

            Barth will retain it as he discards the question of whether the snake in the garden of Eden spoke as of lesser importance than what the snake said.\u00a0 Bultmann will retain it as he repudiates the gospel records as historically dubious productions on the one hand, and embraces them for their existential understanding of the self, on the other hand.\u00a0 Moltmann will retain it as he scorns the classic Christian notion of eschatology as the church waiting for the future of the risen Lord in history and yet speaks of the church oriented to the future.\u00a0 John Robinson will retain it as he rejects the idea of heaven as a \u201cplace up there\u201d and yet insists on a new dimension to life as \u2018being in depth\u201d and God as \u201cthe ground of being.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6ccnci.org<\/a><\/p>\n

            \u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662HorizonCovenant@gmail.com<\/a>\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            027A\u00a0 \u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc4\u300b \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0Chapter I 1919\u524d\ufe55\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027 BEF […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-15"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=488"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/488\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=488"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}