\u795e\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba \u9605\u8bfb\u8d44\u6599 035D \u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bba\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/p>\n
John Frame on Cornelius Van Til\u2019s View of<\/p>\n
God\u2019s Sovereignty and Man\u2019s Freedom<\/p>\n
(John Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought , Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1995, from pp. 79-83. \u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u8bd1\u3002)<\/p>\n
\u2026\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u65e8 (decree) \u300c \u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u81f3\u7ec8\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u300d\uff08CA\uff0c11\u3002\uff09\u7942\u7684\u9884\u65e8\u662f \u300c\u88ab\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f53 (substance) \u548c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u300d\uff08IST\uff0c247\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
God\u2019s decree \u2026 \u201cis the final and exclusively determining power of whatsoever comes to pass.\u201d\u00a0 (CA, 11.)\u00a0 It is \u201cthe source of all substance and power in the created universe.\u201d\u00a0 (IST, 247.)<\/p>\n
\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/p>\n
DETERMINISM AND FREEDOM<\/p>\n
\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u662f\u5426\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005\uff1f<\/p>\n
Is Van Til a Determinist?<\/p>\n
\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5426\u8ba4\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\ufe55\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u56e0\uff1b\u6211\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005 (determinist) \u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u8303\u6c0f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6210\u56e0 (necessary cause)\u548c\u5145\u4efd\u6210\u56e0 (sufficient cause)\u90fd\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u65e8\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n
Van Til denies that his position is a form of philosophical determinism.\u00a0 We may, I think, call Van Til a determinist if by that we mean simply that for Van Til every event in the finite world has a cause.\u00a0 Certainly, for Van Til, it is the case that all events in the finite world have their necessary and sufficient cause in God\u2019s decree.<\/p>\n
\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\ufe55\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u5b9a=\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7684<\/p>\n
Van Til: God\u2019s Foreordination = Personal<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u5178\u578b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u8303\u6c0f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u5b9a (foreordination) \u662f\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u5178\u578b\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u81f3\u7ec8\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7684\u3002 \u300c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8bba (necessitarianism) \u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49 (impersonalism)\uff0c\u800c\u8d2f\u5f7b\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u300d\uff08CTETH\uff0c\u987535\uff1bDF2\uff0c\u987562\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
But Van Til\u2019s position is different in significant ways from typical deterministic systems in the history of philosophy.\u00a0 For one thing, as we have seen, God\u2019s foreordination on Van Til\u2019s view is personal, while determinism in philosophy typically ascribes events to causes that are ultimately impersonal.\u00a0 \u201cPhilosophical necessitarianism stands for an ultimate impersonalism: consistent Christianity stands for an ultimate personalism.\u201d\u00a0 (CTETH, 35; DF2, 62.)<\/p>\n
\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\ufe55\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f \u300c\u81ea\u7531\u300d \u7684<\/p>\n
Van Til: Secondary Causes Can Be \u201cFree\u201d<\/p>\n
\u8303\u6c0f\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e \u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u300d \u548c\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8131\u79bb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8131\u79bb\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u7ed3\u6784\u00a0 (causal nexus)\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u8bf4\u540e\u8005\u5426\u8ba4 \uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ece\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0 (second causes)\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684(contingent\u5076\u53d1\u7684)\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9884\u65e8\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5fc5\u7136 (necessary) \u7684\u3002\u300d\uff08CTK\uff0c\u9875211\u3002\uff09\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u6240\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8303\u6c0f\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4e88\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u65e8\u662f\u88ab\u5fc5\u7136\u9884\u5b9a\uff08necessarily foreordained\uff09\u7684\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u5b83\u4e0e\u300c\u6709\u9650\u6210\u56e0\u300d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684 (free, contingent)\u3002<\/p>\n
Another difference between Van Til\u2019s position and secular determinism lies in the distinction between primary and secondary causes.\u00a0 Van Til maintains that although we are never free from divine control, we are sometimes free from the \u201ccausal nexus\u201d of the universe.\u00a0 This point is less explicit in Van Til, but it is implicit, for example, in a passage where he quotes Arminius as denying \u201cthat a thing which, in regard to second causes, is done contingently is said to be done necessarily in regard to the divine decree.\u201d\u00a0 (CTK, 211 (emphasis by Van Til).\u00a0 Evidently Van Til here intends to affirm what Arminius denies, namely, that events that are foreordained necessarily according to the divine decree may nevertheless be contingent (i.e., free, not determined) in relation to finite causes.<\/p>\n
\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u9882\u626c\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\uff09\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\ufe55<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u51b3\u6027\u3001\u52a8\u529b<\/p>\n
Van Til Celebrates (Christian) Human Freedom:<\/p>\n
Spontaneity, Self-Determination, Momentum<\/p>\n
\u501f\u7740\u6452\u5f03\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u575a\u6301\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5065\u5168\u7684\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u575a\u6301\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u662f\u4eba\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u826f\u5584\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4 \uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u300e\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u300f\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0 (self-realization)\u3002\u300d\uff08CTETH\uff0c\u987544\u3002\uff09\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\ufe55 \u300c\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u52aa\u529b\u953b\u70bc (work out)\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u300d\uff08CTETH\uff0c\u987545\u3002\uff09\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\ufe55\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0a (reactivity) \u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u81ea\u53d1\u6027 (spontaneous)\uff1b\u2026\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u51b3\u6027\u4e0a(self-determination) \u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u575a\u5b9a\u00a0(fixed) \uff1b\u2026\u4ed6\u7684\u52a8\u529b (momentum) \u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u3002\u300d \uff08CTETH\uff0c 45\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
By rejecting determinism, Van Til is able, positively, to maintain a robust view of human freedom.\u00a0\u00a0 We should note, for example, that he sees no difficulty in maintaining both that the kingdom of God is man\u2019s highest good, and that \u201cthe ethical ideal for man should be self-realization.\u201d\u00a0 (CTETH, 44.)\u00a0 Self-realization means that \u201cman must work out his own will.\u201d\u00a0 (CTETH, 45.\u00a0 Emphasis by Van Til.)\u00a0 That means that man\u2019s will must \u201cbecome increasingly spontaneous in its reactivity \u2026 become increasingly fixed in its self-determination. \u2026 increase in momentum.\u201d\u00a0 (CTETH, 45.\u00a0 Emphasis by Van Til.)<\/p>\n
\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff01\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u547c\u5401\u6d88\u9664\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4efb\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u79c1\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5e94\u8131\u79bb\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ece\u300c\u4f9d\u9760\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff01\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u8303\u6c0f\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\ufe55\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u575a\u51b3\u59d4\u8eab\u4e8e\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d4\u8eab\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u81ea\u53d1\u3001\u575a\u51b3\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\ufe55\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u5e94\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u591a\u5185\u5728\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u3002\u300c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u957f\u8fdb\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u613f\u610f\u9075\u884c\u7942\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u987a\u670d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e26\u7740\u559c\u4e50\uff0c\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u70ed\u671b (passion of our heart)\u3002\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff08\u300c\u4e60\u60ef\u300d \u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u6b63\u9762\u7684\uff09\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6210\u719f\u4ec6\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u522b\u4eba\uff08\u7236\u6bcd\u4eb2\u3001\u7267\u5e08\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\u606b\u5413\u624d\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u7231\u6155\u5723\u6d01\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5723\u6d01\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u7a33\u5b9a\u6210\u957f\u3002\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u8fa9\u8bba\u65f6\u8feb\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u3001\u52c9\u5f3a\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff01<\/p>\n
Remarkably, here, Van Til calls for the strengthening of the human will, not its abolition.\u00a0 Of course, he is not advocating an increase of willfulness or selfishness, or an attempt to sever the will\u2019s created dependence on God.\u00a0 Rather, he calls for an increase in the soul\u2019s resolve to do God\u2019s will.\u00a0 But that resolve is to become more and more spontaneous, fixed, and growing in momentum.\u00a0 What he means is that spiritual maturity brings more internal and less external constraint.\u00a0 Growing in Christ means that we become more and more willing to do his will; our obedience becomes more delightful, more the passion of our own heart.\u00a0 It becomes habitual, in a good sense.\u00a0 A mature servant of God does not need to be browbeaten (by parents, preachers, and others) into seeking God\u2019s righteousness.\u00a0 He loves holiness and steadily increases in it.\u00a0 For Van Til, then, human freedom is not a concept grudgingly conceded in the debate with Arminians.\u00a0 It is a fact of positive and practical importance in the Christian life.<\/p>\n
\u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u8bd1<\/p>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6ccnci.org<\/a><\/p>\n