{"id":14087,"date":"2025-06-13T10:58:51","date_gmt":"2025-06-13T10:58:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=14087"},"modified":"2025-06-13T10:58:51","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T10:58:51","slug":"%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%8c%e7%a5%9e%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%8e%e7%a5%9e%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%bb%e6%9d%83_20_%e9%98%bf%e9%87%8c%e6%96%af%e5%a4%9a%e7%89%b9%ef%bc%88%e7%bb%ad%ef%bc%89%ef%bc%9b%e6%96%af%e5%a4%9a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=14087","title":{"rendered":"\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u795e\u7684\u4e3b\u6743_20_\u963f\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u7279\uff08\u7eed\uff09\uff1b\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1b\u666e\u7f57\u63d0\u8bfa\uff1b\u7ed3\u8bba"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <style> #h5vp6a88760dcd245 .h5vp_video_overlay{ top:10px; left:10px; } .popup_close_btn { display:none }.h5vp_player.popup_close .plyr { display:none }.h5vp_popup_wrapper.popup_close video { display:none }#h5vp6a88760dcd245 video { max-width:100% }#h5vp6a88760dcd245 { 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src=\"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/video\/\u62a4\u6559\u795e\u5b66\/2024_\u54f2\u5b66\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u795e\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\/\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u795e\u7684\u4e3b\u6743_20_\u963f\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u7279\uff08\u7eed\uff09\uff1b\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1b\u666e\u7f57\u63d0\u8bfa\uff1b\u7ed3\u8bba.mp3\" type=\"audio\/mp3\">\r\n        Your browser does not support the audio element.\r\n    <\/audio>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u795e\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u7b2c20\u8bb2 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8bb2\uff1a\u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u7267\u5e08_\u6821\u5bf9\uff1a\u5218\u52a0\u7acb\u5f1f\u5144_\u82f1\u6587\uff1a\u9648\u5f1f\u5144_\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u5468\u7389\u516d\u5f1f\u5144<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c17<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u4e86Aristotle\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5c3e\u58f0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4ed6\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3002human beings are rational animals\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u7406\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u3001\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u4eba\u751fgood life\uff0c\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u751flife of reason\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u7269\/\u5b58\u5728\u8005every being\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u672c\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684every being should act according to its nature and purpose\u3002\u800c\u7406\u6027\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5e78\u798f\u6216\u8005\u5feb\u4e50\u3002\u5e78\u798f\u4e0d\u662f\u6b22\u4e50\uff0c\u6b22\u4e50\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8fbe\u5230\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u624b\u6bb5\u7f62\u4e86pleasure at best is a means to the end\uff0cthe purpose\uff0cthe goal of happiness\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u6027\u7684\u3001\u9ed8\u601d\u7684\u4eba\u751fthe good life is the contemplative life\uff0cthe philosophical life\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c18<\/strong>\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u662fthe vegetative\u67af\u5bc2\u7684\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u690d\u7269\u90a3\u6837\u7684\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662fthe sensitive\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09the rational\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148the vegetative\u67af\u5bc2\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u690d\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u7684\u3002the sensitive\u611f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48the rational\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u624d\u6709\u7684\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u662f\u4e0e\u610f\u5fd7\u6709\u5173\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7406\u6027intellectual virtues pertain to reason\uff0cmoral virtues pertain to the will\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u5b66\u5230\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5462how do we learn virtues\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u900f\u8fc7\u6a21\u4eff\u522b\u4eba\u5b66\u5230\u9053\u5fb7\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u522b\u4eba\u662f\u52c7\u6562\u7684\u699c\u6837\u3001\u8282\u5236\/\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u699c\u6837\u3001\u516c\u4e49\u7684\u699c\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n<p>such imitation leads to good habits\u6548\u6cd5\u522b\u4eba\u3001\u6a21\u4eff\u522b\u4eba\u5bfc\u81f4\u517b\u6210\u597d\u4e60\u60ef\u3002<\/p>\n<p>good habits lead to a good character\u597d\u4e60\u60ef\u5bfc\u81f4\u597d\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>the intellectual virtue is prudence\u90a3\u4e48\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u8282\u5236\/\u8c28\u614eprudence\u3002<\/p>\n<p>and prudence comes from teaching\u8282\u5236\u662f\u8981\u6559\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u5b66\u56de\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u667a\u6167wisdom\uff0c\u667a\u6167\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u3002philosophical wisdom\u54f2\u5b66\u6027\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u8ba1\u8f83\u5229\u76ca\u7684disinterested\uff0c\u662f\u9ed8\u60f3\u6027\u7684contemplative\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cdpractical wisdom\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7684\/\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0cit makes decisions which lead to happiness\u8fd9\u79cd\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u667a\u6167\u53eb\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u6289\u62e9\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u5e78\u798f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>one who has wisdom\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u667a\u6167\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5404\u6837\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u5e94\u8be5\u8d70\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053moderation in all things\u3002\u800c\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\uff0c\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff1a\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4e3a\u662f\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u5eb8\uff0c\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u62a2\u52ab\u5f88\u591a\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\u662f\u62a2\u52ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u662f\u4e0d\u8981\u62a2\u52ab\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u62a2\u52ab\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u4e0d\u8981\u62a2\u52ab\uff0c\u6211\u8d70\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\u2014\u2014\u62a2\u52ab\u4e00\u95f4\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5bf9\u5417\uff1f\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u6709\u667a\u6167\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u61c2\u5f97\u5728\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u91cc\u9762\u53bb\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0a\u662f\uff09\u4ed6\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c19<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8bba\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6the state\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u76cathe interest of the state\u662f\u6bd4\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u66f4\u4e3a\u4f18\u5148\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u53c8\u5e94\u8be5\u5bfb\u6c42\u4ed6\u7684\u5c5e\u6c11\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u503e\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u8005\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u8ddf\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e00\u6837\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c20<\/strong>\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u505a\u51fa\u6279\u5224\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0chow do we begin to acquire moral virtues\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u5f00\u59cb\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u5230\u5b66\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>we need to have virtuous dispositions\uff0cin order to perform virtuous acts\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u8981\u6d3b\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u60c5\u64cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u610f\u662f\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u6d3b\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u554a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>but we need to perform virtuous acts in order to form habits that produce virtuous dispositions\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6d3b\u51fa\u8981\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e60\u60ef\u4ea7\u751f\u9053\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u60c5\u64cd\u6216\u8005\u5fc3\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4ed6\u529d\u544a\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cbbegin the process\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u884c\u4e3ado things that \u201cresemble\u201d virtuous acts\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u5f04\u5047\u6210\u771f\u5462\uff1fhow does one get from resemblance to actual virtue\u600e\u4e48\u4ece\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u6b65\u5230\u771f\u7684\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u5462\uff1fBut that&#8217;s a mystery\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c21<\/strong>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u4ece\u5723\u7ecf\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u4ece\u542f\u793a\u800c\u6765\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8bf7\u52ff\u64c5\u81ea\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u7f51\u7ad9\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u8f6c\u8f7d\u548c\u520a\u767b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\uff1b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\u7684\u7248\u6743\u5f52\u300c\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u300d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u590d\u5370\u51fa\u7248\u7b49\u5546\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n<p>God&#8217;s Grace\u795e\u7684\u6069\u5178\u4f1a\u5728\u7f6a\u4eba\u91cc\u9762\u4ea7\u751f\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u60c5\u64cdGod Grace produces virtuous dispositions in sinners\uff0c\u8fc7\u5723\u6d01\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5c0a\u884c\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u7231\u6155\u8036\u7a23\u7b49\u7b49\uff1balso enable sinners to follow these dispositions\u795e\u7684\u6069\u5178\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7f6a\u4eba\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8ddf\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u60c5\u64cd\u53bb\u505a\u51fa\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u53ea\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u5b66\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5462\uff1f\u770b\u770b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>that&#8217;s the root of the \u201cnatural law\u201d tradition\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>David Hume\u4f11\u8c1f\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8bf4\uff1ayou cannot \u00a0derive moral obligations from natural facts\u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08\u5df2\u7136\uff09facts\u63a8\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff08\u5e94\u7136\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f60\u63a8\u4e0d\u51fa\u4f60\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u3002the fact that we are rational does not prove we ought to be living according to reason\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u8bc1\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6839\u636e\u7406\u6027\u800c\u884c\u7684\u3002the fact that we seek happiness\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798fdoes not imply we ought to seek happiness\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5723\u7ecf\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0cGod&#8217;s revelation is the source of our knowledge about obligation\u5723\u7ecf\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002God is fact\uff0cGod is value\u795e\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u795e\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002To know God is to know the ultimate source of reality\u8ba4\u8bc6\u795e\u5c31\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0cand ultimate source of ethical obligation\u4e0d\u5355\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4f26\u7406\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u81f3\u7ec8\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u9881\u5e03\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c22<\/strong>\uff0csummary\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ddf\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u628a\u5f62\u5f0fform\u8ddf\u7269\u8d28matter\u5bf9\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6700\u9ad8\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5c42\u6b21form\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u865a\u7a7a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3002it is being in general\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5b58\u6709\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\u51e0\u6bb5\u3002Purest matter\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7269\u8d28is non-Being\u53ea\u662f\u975e\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u6b21\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u5c71\u7684\u591a\u795e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u6beb\u65e0\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u6d2a\u6d41\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e07\u7269\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u6d2a\u6d41\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u66f4\u52a0\u7684\u6beb\u65e0\u5f62\u72b6\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u3001\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5341\u56db\uff0cStoicism\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e66\u672c\u91cc\u9762\u662f\u7b2c77-78\u9875\u3002\u9996\u5148\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770bStoicism\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>1<\/strong><strong>\u3001\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Hellenist Period\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u5c31\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5927\u6982\u662f\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d323\u5e74\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\u53bb\u4e16\uff09\u523031 BC\u516c\u5143\u524d31\u5e74\uff08Cleopatra VII\u8fd9\u4e2a\u738b\u540e\u7684\u53bb\u4e16\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u4e86\uff0c\u521a\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u7f57\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u542c\u4f17\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e24\u6d3e\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6563\u5e03\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u5c31\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5317\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u5927\u5e1d\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff09\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u58eb\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u65e9\u5c31\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u540e\u5f88\u5feb\u5730\u4ed6\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u5c31\u88ab\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u5c06\u519b\u74dc\u5206\u6210\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u6700\u540e\u843d\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u548c\u8fd1\u4e1c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6700\u6709\u521b\u610f\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\u3002\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u521b\u610f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u6d3e\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u540c\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u4e3b\u4e49\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u6587\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49Stoicism\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong><strong>\u3001<\/strong><strong>MATERIALISM<\/strong><strong>\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u662fZeno of Cyprus\u8d5b\u666e\u9c81\u65af\u7684\u829d\u8bfa\uff0cZeno (334-262BC) \uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ddf\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u662f\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u7684\uff1a\u552f\u6709\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u624d\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u8d28\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u7075\u9b42\u4e5f\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u5f88\u7ec6\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff1b\u77f3\u5934\u3001\u6c61\u79fd\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u66f4\u7c97\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002\u8fde\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u7269\u8d28\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5171\u5b58\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5fb7\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u7075\u9b42\u91cc\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Gordon Clark\u514b\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1aMatter\uff0cfor Stoics\uff0cis like a field of force\uff0cnot like hard stuff\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u5bf9\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u529b\u573afield of force\uff0c\u4e0d\u592a\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u786c\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u3002Perhaps for Stoics\uff0cto say that something is material is to say that it really is. It has being\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u67d0\u67d0\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u67d0\u67d0\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709being\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u5b58\u6709\u3002maybe \u201creality is material\u201d is a tautology\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3<\/strong><strong>\u3001\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u77e5\u8bc6knowledge\u662f\u4ece\u4e94\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8csensations\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u4e94\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u81ea\u8bc1\u7684self-authenticate\u81ea\u5df1\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u3002if we are skeptical about sense experience and it is self-defeating\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u8fde\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e94\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u90fd\u91c7\u53d6\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u4e0d\u653b\u81ea\u7834\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u74e6\u89e3\u55bd\u3002because Skepticism can only be based on the experiences which it presumes to doubt\uff08\u90a3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u610f\u601d\u7684\uff09\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u53ea\u80fd\u591f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u5047\u8bbe\u4ed6\u8981\u6000\u7591\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u561b\uff0c\u4ed6\u6000\u7591\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>4<\/strong><strong>\u3001the one world and world soul\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7075\u9b42<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>the world is a single reality\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u5168\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u3002the world is governed by its own\u201cworld soul\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7075\u9b42\u6216\u8005\u4e16\u754c\u7cbe\u795e\u6240\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u3002the world soul\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cdb\u795e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u795ea pantheistic god rules everything by natural law\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6765\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e07\u6709\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u5723\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u541b\u738b\u6240\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2adivine philosopher king\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u300a\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4ed6\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>5<\/strong><strong>\u3001\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>everything happens by law\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e8b\u90fd\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u3002So Stoics are fatalistic toward life\u6240\u4ee5\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4eba\u751f\u662f\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\u7684\uff1f\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a Propositions about the future are neither true nor false\uff0cbecause: the future is not an object of knowledge.\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u672a\u6765\u8981\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bdd\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u63d0\u793a\uff1a\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\u6587\u5b57\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u79c1\u4e0b\u5b66\u4e60\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u9020\u5c31\u6559\u4f1a\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u5e26\u9886\u3001\u8bb2\u9053\u7684\u540c\u5de5\u4eec\uff1b\u672a\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8bf7\u52ff\u64c5\u81ea\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u7f51\u7ad9\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u8f6c\u8f7d\u548c\u520a\u767b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\uff1b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\u548c\u56fe\u7247\u7684\u7248\u6743\u5f52\u300c\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u300d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u590d\u5370\u51fa\u7248\u7b49\u5546\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u3002\u5f53\u6587\u5b57\u548c\u5f55\u97f3\u4e0d\u7b26\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f55\u97f3\u4e3a\u51c6\u3002\u613f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8d50\u798f\u6587\u5b57\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u6821\u5bf9\u7684\u80a2\u4f53\u6765\u96c5\u6b63\uff01\u82e5\u662f\u6709\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3001\u5949\u732e\u652f\u6301\u6216\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u90ae\u4ef6\u65b9\u5f0f\u8054\u7cfb\u6211\u4eec\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u795e\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u7b2c20\u8bb2 \u4e3b\u8bb2\uff1a\u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u7267\u5e08_\u6821\u5bf9\uff1a\u5218\u52a0\u7acb\u5f1f\u5144_\u82f1\u6587\uff1a\u9648\u5f1f\u5144_\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u5468\u7389\u516d\u5f1f\u5144 \u7b2c17\u3002 \u6211 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