{"id":12696,"date":"2024-10-06T04:04:26","date_gmt":"2024-10-06T04:04:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=12696"},"modified":"2024-10-06T04:04:26","modified_gmt":"2024-10-06T04:04:26","slug":"%e7%9f%a5%e8%af%86%e8%ae%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%a2%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%a6_04_%e5%bd%a2%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%a6%e5%92%8c%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e7%9a%84%e4%b9%9d%e4%b8%aa%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=12696","title":{"rendered":"\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66_04_\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e5d\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <style> #h5vp6a3e2fd35ee37 .h5vp_video_overlay{ top:10px; left:10px; } .popup_close_btn { display:none }.h5vp_player.popup_close .plyr { display:none }.h5vp_popup_wrapper.popup_close video { display:none }#h5vp6a3e2fd35ee37 video { max-width:100% }#h5vp6a3e2fd35ee37 { border-radius:0px }#h5vp6a3e2fd35ee37 { overflow:hidden }#h5vp6a3e2fd35ee37 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<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e4b\u9080_04_\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e5d\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8bb2\uff1a\u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u7267\u5e08_\u6821\u5bf9\uff1a\u5218\u52a0\u7acb&amp;\u9648\u5f1f\u5144_\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u9648\u59d0\u59b9<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u6211\u660e\u767d\u7236\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u597d\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7167\u7740\u9075\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u771f\u7406\u4e2d\u5929\u5929\u6709\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u4e3b\u554a\u6c42\u4f60\u4fdd\u5b88\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u6797\u8001\u5e08\u540c\u5728\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bb2\u7684\u542c\u7684\u90fd\u540c\u8499\u4e00\u7075\u6240\u611f\uff0c\u540c\u8499\u4e3b\u6069\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7977\u544a\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u914d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5949\u9760\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5723\u540d\u3002\u963f\u4eec\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u5404\u4f4d\u5f1f\u5144\u59d0\u59b9\u597d\uff0c\u5404\u4f4d\u5e73\u5b89\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5f00\u59cb\u8bb2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u5148\u62a5\u544a\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4f1a\u8bb2\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6211\u4f1a\u5f15\u7528\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7b14\u8bb0\u7684\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4f1a\u7528\u597d\u51e0\u6bb5\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5404\u4f4d\u5c31\u5fcd\u8010\uff0c\u5c31\u542c\u3002\u542c\u5f97\u61c2\u4f60\u5c31\u611f\u8c22\u4e3b\uff0c\u542c\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e5fOK\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6b21\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u5730\u8bb2\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u61c2\u7684\u3002\u8bf7\u4f60\u7b49\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff1f\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7b2c\u56db\u8bb2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bb2\u66fe\u7ecf\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66 Metaphysics\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4efd\u6750\u6599\u6765\u6e29\u4e60\uff0cwhat is metaphysics \u2014\u2014\u300a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b\u2014\u2014<em>A History of Western Philosophy and Theology<\/em>\uff0c\u4ece\u7b2c\u516b\u9875\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff1f\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u2014\u2014Values theory\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5462\uff1f\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\uff1aMetaphysics is the study of the most general features of the universe. \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6700\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3001\u6700\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u2014\u2014most general features\u3002Philosophers sometimes call it the study of being itself.\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u79f0\u8fd9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u5b58\u201d\uff0c\u5b58\u6709\u672c\u8eab\u3002That is to say\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u5462\uff1f\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0cother disciplines including the sciences explore different sorts of beings\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u5b66\u7cfb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7269\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u673a\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u6216\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u2014\u2014different sorts of beings, various types of beings\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0cor various kinds of beings\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u3002but philosophy\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0cphilosophy asks what is meant by being in general. \u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u6709\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\uff1f\u522b\u7684\u662f\u95ee\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5b58\u6709\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\uff1fin distinction, of course, from non-being. \u5f53\u7136\u201c\u5b58\u6709\u201d\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u201c\u975e\u5b58\u6709\u201d\uff0cThis is a difficult set of questions.\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e5d\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u8df3\u4e00\u6bb5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff0cYet philosophers should be admired for their courage in fielding such apparently impossible questions. \u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u94a6\u4f69\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f88\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u53bb\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u597d\u50cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002Metaphysics includes this question\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5305\u62ec\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0cWhy is there something rather than nothing\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5462\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8fd9\u6837\u95ee\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0cWhy are things the way they are\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u5462\uff1fAnd what are the most basic features of reality\uff1f\u201c\u5b9e\u5728\u201d\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u7279\u70b9\u5462\uff1fPhilosophers have varied in their appreciation of and interest in metaphysics.\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5bf9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u4f1a\u3002Since Kant, many secular philosophers have rejected metaphysics as baseless speculation.\u81ea\u4ece\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u662f1800\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u62d2\u7edd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u7406\u7531\u7684\u731c\u6d4b\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u3002Specific questions discussed by metaphysicians, and their varying answers, include these\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e0b\u52179\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u8bfb\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u4e0d\u8bb2\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>No.1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u95ee\u9898\uff0cIs the universe one or many\uff1f\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u4f17\u5462\uff1f\u5047\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\u5462\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53eb\u201c\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u8005\u201d\u2014\u2014monists\uff1b\u5047\u5982\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u8005\u201d\u2014\u2014pluralists\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u6709\u7684\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u8005\u201d\u2014\u2014dualists\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u6d3e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u95ee\u9898\uff0cNo.2\uff0cWhat is the basic composition of the universe\uff1f\u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6c34\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u7a7a\u6c14\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u706b\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u8d28\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u865a\u5e7b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u2014\u2014idealism\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u300a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u5171\u76f8\u4e0e\u6b8a\u76f8\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0cNo.3\uff0cAre universals real, or only particulars\uff1f\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u5171\u76f8\u5417\uff1funiversals\uff0conly particulars\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5462\uff1f Are universals real\uff1f\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u770b\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u662f<em>Introducing Plato<\/em>\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u5f88\u666e\u53ca\u5316\u7684\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u5bfc\u8bba\u3002The world we see around us is full of particulars.\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u6b8a\u76f8\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0cindividual example of things\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6837\u4e1c\u897f\u6709\u4e2a\u522b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u3001\u6837\u672c\uff0cgiraffe\u2014\u2014\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff0cpencils\u2014\u2014\u94c5\u7b14\uff0cdemocracies\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0cfriends\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0cred doors\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ea2\u989c\u8272\u7684\u95e8\uff0ctables\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u684c\u5b50\u3002All of these things are also contingent\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6216\u7136\u6027\u7684\u3002It can only exist in a specific time and a specific place\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u3001\u94c5\u7b14\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002In order to make sense of this world full of millions of different particulars\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u4e48\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u4e16\u754c\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u5343\u5343\u4e07\u4e07\u4ebf\u4ebf\u4e07\u4e07\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3001\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3001\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u6837\u672c\u3001\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u6b8a\u76f8\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u5462\uff1fWe sensibly put them into groups or classes.\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5f88\u6709\u9053\u7406\u5730\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u7ec4\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002So that the world gets simpler. And we can get a better grip on it. \u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4f1a\u663e\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5bb9\u6613\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u90fd\u79f0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u5f20\u4e09\u3001\u674e\u56db\u90fd\u79f0\u4e3a\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u5206\u7c7b\u4e86\u3002 But it\u2019s not always clear whether these classes are natural and really out there. \u90a3\u4e48\u7a76\u7adf\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u4f60\u628a\u5b83\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53eb\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u91cc\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u771f\u6b63\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5417\uff1f Or whether they are a convenient human classification system based on our own generalizations.\u6216\u8005\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u3001\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7528\u6765\u628a\u4e1c\u897f\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u800c\u5df2\u5462\uff1fWhen you look up any word in a dictionary like <strong>giraffe<\/strong> or <strong>pencil<\/strong>, \u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u7ffb\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u7ffb\u5230\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u6216\u8005\u662f\u94c5\u7b14\uff0cWe get a definition of these universal of classes.\u5b57\u5178\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u76f8\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u94c5\u7b14\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u94c5\u7b14\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002The dictionary provides a definition based on what all giraffes have in common, \u5b57\u5178\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u6839\u636e\u6240\u6709\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u94c5\u7b14\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u3002 It doesn&#8217;t refer us to a particular one called Lemon living in London Zoo. \u5b57\u5178\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6307\u4f26\u6566\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u53eb\u505aLemon\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u505a\u6b8a\u76f8\u548c\u5171\u76f8\u3002\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u56db\u652f\u7b14\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u53eb\u4f5c\u7b14\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u7ea2\u8272\u3001\u7d2b\u8272\u3001\u7eff\u989c\u8272\u8ddf\u84dd\u989c\u8272\u3002\u5b57\u5178\u5c31\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u4f5c\u7b14\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u7b14\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u76f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b14\u662f\u6b8a\u76f8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\uff0cDo things in the universe change, or are they static\uff1f\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5728\u53d8\u52a8\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff1f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0cDo the events of nature and history work toward goals, or do they simply occur, without any rationale or direction\uff1f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u8ddf\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5417\uff1f\u671d\u7740\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u8d70\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\u6beb\u65e0\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u6beb\u65e0\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u516d\uff0cWhat is the connection between cause and effect\uff1f\u56e0\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bbaDeterminism\uff0cevery event is necessitated by another event\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u56e0\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e00\u6d3e\u5c31\u662f\u968f\u610f\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u2014\u2014libertarian freedom\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0chuman beings are capable of performing acts that are not caused by other events.\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3e\u52a8\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u6765\u505a\u4ed6\u4eec\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u7684\u3001\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e03\uff0cNo.7, Do human beings have souls\uff1f\u4eba\u6709\u7075\u9b42\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u53ea\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u516b\uff0cHow does the human mind operate\uff1f\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u7406\u6027\u8d70\u5728\u524d\u9762\u5462\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u5e26\u9886\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u90fd\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e5d\uff0cIs there a God\uff1f\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5417\uff1f\u5047\u5982\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5047\u5982\u6709\uff0c\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff0cin the most important sense there are no atheists.\u4ece\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u6ca1\u6709\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u3002But there are great differences among philosophers as to what kind of god there is.\u4f46\u662f\u7a76\u7adf\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u6709\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5462\uff1f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5c31\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8bf7\u52ff\u64c5\u81ea\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u7f51\u7ad9\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u8f6c\u8f7d\u548c\u520a\u767b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\uff1b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\u7684\u7248\u6743\u5f52\u300c\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u300d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u590d\u5370\u51fa\u7248\u7b49\u5546\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/p>\n<p>ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e5d\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8bf4\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff1f\u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7531\u4ec0\u4e48\u505a\u6210\u7684\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u76f8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u94c5\u7b14\u90fd\u53eb\u505a\u94c5\u7b14\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u662f\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5404\u4f4d\u61c2\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u628a\u5b83\u5f52\u7c7b\u5f52\u7c7b\u5f52\u7c7b\uff0c\u5f52\u5230\u6700\u540e\u5c31\u53eb\u4f5c\u5b58\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e0a\u4e00\u8bfe\u56de\u987e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u6b21\u6240\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u300a\u54e5\u5c3c\u6d41\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b\u2014\u2014<em>Cornelius Van Til: An analysis of His Thought<\/em><em>\uff0c<\/em>BY John Frame\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1a\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u4e0e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u201d\u3002\u524d\u9762\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u9875\uff0c\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5708\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5708\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u2014\u2014\u7942\u662f\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u4e3b\u5bb0\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0b\u9762\u5c0f\u5708\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u7942\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u3002\u201c\u4e24\u5708\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5708\u601d\u7ef4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\u9875\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\uff0cGod is the self-contained fullness\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5148\u5b58\u548c\u81ea\u5b58\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u7942\u65e0\u8c2c\u8bef\u5730\u5728\u5723\u7ecf\u91cc\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u5411\u4eba\u542f\u793a\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u7edf\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u6765\u81ea\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u2014\u2014<em>An Introduction to Systematic Theology<\/em>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9875\u3002\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u7b2c15\u9875\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\uff0cThe orthodox view of the christianity find his most consistent expression in reformed faith.\u6b63\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u505a\u4e86\u6700\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u3001\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u3001\u6700\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u6b63\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002Fundamental to everything orthodox, \u800c\u6b63\u7edf\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe\uff0cis the presupposition of the antecedent self-existence of God. \u6b63\u7edf\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5148\u524d\u7684\u81ea\u5b58\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5148\u5b58\u548c\u81ea\u5b58\u3002antecedent\u2014\u2014\u5148\u524d\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u6ca1\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0cantecedent self-existence\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u521b\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u5b58\u7684\u3002\u7942\u4e0d\u662f\u9760\u522b\u4eba\u3001\u9760\u5929\u4f7f\uff0c\u9760\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u7942\u662f\u81ea\u5b58\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u518d\u56de\u6765\u7684\u3002and of his infallible revelation of himself to man in the Bible.\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e0\u8c2c\u5730\u5728\u5723\u7ecf\u91cc\u9762\u5411\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u542f\u793a\u3002Systematic theology seeks to offer an ordered presentation of what the Bible teaches us about God. \u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8981\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u5723\u7ecf\u91cc\u9762\u5173\u4e8e\u795e\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u5f88\u6709\u6b21\u5e8f\u5730\u628a\u5b83\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u795e\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u5148\u5b58\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u81ea\u5b58\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u9875\u4e0b\u9762\uff0cGod Is Self-Sufficient, Therefore Unchangeable\uff0c\u795e\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u5b58\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u4e0d\u9760\u522b\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0cGod\u2019s Immutability Versus Secular Immutability\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u8ddf\u4e16\u4fd7\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002God\u2019s immutability is based upon His\u201cself-contained fullness\u201d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bb2\u5230\u201c\u81ea\u542b\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u6765\u770b\u7b2c\u56db\u70b9\u3002\u4e16\u4fd7\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u8005\u5b97\u6559\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u81ea\u542b\u201d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u5708\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u542b\u201d\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u7528\u5ef6\u4f38\u6cd5\u6216\u8005\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u7b2c\u4e94\u70b9\uff0c\u7b2c\u516d\u9875\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5c31\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c211\u9875\uff0c\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u662f335\u9875\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u662f\u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff0c\u7531\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u795e\u5b66\u8ddf\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u7f16\u8f91\u8fc7\u7684\u3002\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u7528\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u7684\uff0cBy the infinity of God is meant the boundless fullness of this being.\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u4ec0\u4e48\u795e\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u5462\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u7942\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4eb3\u65e0\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u2014\u2014boundless fullness\u3002God is limitless in His existence. \u795e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0cAnd therefore in His attributes, \u56e0\u6b64\u795e\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u3002God is concrete self-existence\uff0c\u795e\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u5b58\u7684\u3002We are again compelled to describe this atrribute chiefly by way of negation. \u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u5230\u795e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u5c31\u8ddf\u5f62\u5bb9\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u795e\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u900f\u8fc7\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3002But it is again of utmost significance that we use the way of negation correctly.\u4f46\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3001\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6765\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u8bb2\u4e49\u7b2c\u516d\u9875\u4e0b\u9762\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u81f3\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002We may seek to apply the way of negation to two of the major aspects of the created world. \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6765\u8bb2\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0cIn order that to approach something of the notion of God\u2019s infinity. \u6211\u4eec\u76fc\u671b\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6765\u5426\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e86\u3002We compare God\u2019s infinity in relation to time and space.\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u795e\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u505a\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0cWe therefore speak of God as being eternal and as being omnipresent. \u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u795e\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u3002In both cases, we must be very careful to avoid the bad infinite results if we follow a process of abstraction. \u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u5f88\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u6211\u4eec\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u574f\u3001\u5f88\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u3002Yet it is very easy when we walked a way on negation fall into abstraction.\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u7528\u5f97\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5c31\u5815\u843d\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u91cc\u9762\u3002The way of negation is all too often identified with the way of abstraction.\u6240\u4ee5\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u6765\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u9875\u7684\u4e0b\u9762\u3002We are told that we should simply take the notions of time and space, \u6709\u4eba\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u62ff\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0cand then subtract such characteristics as succession or continuity.\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5148\u540e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5148\u540e\u6b21\u5e8f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u628a\u5b83\u62ff\u8d70\uff1b\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u91cc\u5230\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u62ff\u8d70\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u5148\u540e\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u91cc\u90a3\u91cc\u3002In order to reach the notions of eternity and omniprsence, \u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u6ca1\u6709\u5148\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u91cc\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76fc\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u6052\u8ddf\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u3002But when we follow this advice\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529d\u544a\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5462\uff0cWe land at the very opposite pole from that of fullness of the being of God. We come to pure emptiness. \u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u6162\u6162\u8bb2\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u56de\u53bb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u3001\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e03\u9875\u3002Accordingly, \u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u5462\uff0cwe need the indescribable fullness of the being of God as the presupposition of our notions of time and space. \u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u5bb9\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f62\u5bb9\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5230\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\uff0c\u5148\u5165\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u795e\u662f\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u7684\u3002\u6211\u6765\u8bfb\u4e00\u6bb5\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u795e\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bfb\u4e00\u6bb5\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u8bba\u201c\u795e\u548c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u8bba\u201c\u795e\u548c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u72ec\u4e00\u3001\u6c38\u6d3b\u7684\u771f\u795e\u3002\u7942\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u81f3\u7eaf\u4e4b\u7075\uff0c\u773c\u4e0d\u80fd\u89c1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u4f53\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u56db\u80a2\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u60c5\u6b32\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u6c38\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5e7f\u5927\u65e0\u8fb9\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u957f\u5b58\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d4b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\uff0c\u81f3\u9ad8\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u81f3\u4e3a\u5723\u6d01\uff0c\u6700\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6700\u7edd\u5bf9\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u53d8\u800c\u4e14\u6700\u516c\u4e49\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8363\u8000\u884c\u4f5c\u4e07\u4e8b\u3002\u7942\u6700\u6709\u6148\u7231\u3001\u6709\u6069\u60e0\u3001\u6709\u601c\u60af\u3001\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u5fcd\u8010\uff0c\u6709\u4e30\u76db\u7684\u826f\u5584\u548c\u771f\u7406\u3002\u7942\u8d66\u514d\u7f6a\u5b7d\u3001\u8fc7\u72af\u548c\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u7942\u8d4f\u8d50\u90a3\u6bb7\u52e4\u5bfb\u6c42\u7942\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7942\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u6700\u516c\u4e49\u3001\u6700\u53ef\u754f\uff0c\u7942\u6068\u6076\u8bf8\u6076\uff0c\u65ad\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u4e3a\u65e0\u7f6a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8363\u8000\u3001\u826f\u5584\u3001\u798f\u4e50\u90fd\u5728\u795e\u81ea\u5df1\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7942\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u60df\u6709\u5728\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u91cc\u9762\u62e5\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u7942\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7942\u6240\u9020\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab\u9020\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u8363\u8000\uff1b\u53cd\u5012\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u501f\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u5f70\u663e\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8363\u8000\u3002\u7942\u662f\u4e07\u6709\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u4e07\u6709\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u4e8e\u7942\u3001\u4f9d\u9760\u7942\u3001\u5f52\u4e8e\u7942\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e07\u6709\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7942\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u3001\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u3001\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u4e07\u6709\u5728\u7942\u9762\u524d\u90fd\u662f\u8d64\u9732\u3001\u655e\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u663e\u660e\u7684\u3002\u7942\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u65e0\u9650\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u53d7\u9020\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u7942\u6765\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u5076\u7136\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u7942\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u3001\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u547d\u4ee4\u90fd\u662f\u81f3\u4e3a\u5723\u6d01\u7684\u3002\u5929\u4f7f\u3001\u4e16\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u522b\u7684\u53d7\u9020\u4e4b\u7269\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u6309\u7167\u7942\u7684\u7f8e\u610f\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6765\u656c\u62dc\u7942\u3001\u670d\u4f8d\u7942\u3001\u987a\u4ece\u7942\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f60\u770b\u54c8\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8bfb\u7b2c\u4e09\u6bb5\uff0c\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7684\u8363\u8000\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7942\u7684being\uff0c\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u7942\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u662f indescribably full\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u5bb9\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u8981\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u5bb9\u7684\u3001\u591a\u59ff\u591a\u5f69\u7684\u3001\u5168\u90e8\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u3001\u90fd\u662f\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u505a\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002Then we subtract from these notions the limitations that pertain to them\uff08time and space\uff09by virtue of the fact that they are created by God.\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u8363\u8000\u5723\u6d01\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4f60\u5f00\u59cb\u51cf\u6389\u4e00\u4e9b\u56e0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u90fd\u662f\u795e\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f60\u5269\u4e0b\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u4f60\u628a\u8fd9\u521b\u9020\u8005\u62ff\u6389\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u3002If we do this, \u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u8bdd\uff0cwe walk theistically on the way of negation. \u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u795e\u548c\u7942\u7684\u672c\u6027\u548c\u7942\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u7684\u3002The way of negation is then, at the same time, the way of affirmation. \u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3002God then appears so full and rich in His being.\u795e\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u3001\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0cthat we cannot even make negations with respect to him without the presupposition of the fullness of his being.\u6211\u4eec\u8fde\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9996\u5148\u9884\u8bbe\u7942\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u5148\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u6781\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u5148\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u80af\u5b9a\u6cd5\u624d\u80fd\u505a\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u8981\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5408\u4e00\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5408\u4e00\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u548c\u7942\u7684\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u4e5f\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8bb2\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u795e\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u795e\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e24\u6bb5\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u3002\u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248341\u9875\uff1aBy the unity of God we meant that God is one God and that He is not composed of parts. \u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u795e\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u795e\u662f\u4e00\u795e\uff0c\u7942\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u3002We therefore speak of unity of singularity, and of unity of simplicity. \u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u795e\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u795e\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u795e\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u3002Singularity and simplicity are involved in one another. \u795e\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff1b\u795e\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u7684\u3001\u6307\u6d89\u5230\u7684\u3002We have in the case of God absolutely numerical identity and therefore internal qualitative sufficiency.\u56e0\u4e3a\u795e\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7942\u91cc\u9762\u4e0d\u5206\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u300a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u300b\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u6bb5\u5728<em>The Defense of The Faith<\/em>\u2014\u2014\u300a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\u7b2c31\u9875\uff0cWe distinguish between the unity of singularity and the unity of simplicity\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u4e86\u795e\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u8fa8\u795e\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u795e\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u3002The unity of singularity has reference to numerical oneness.\u795e\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\u662f\u4ece\u6570\u5b57\u8fd9\u8fb9\u6765\u770b\u7684\uff0c\u795e\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u6ca1\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u3002There is and can be only one God.\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u795e\uff0c\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u795e\u3002\u800c\u201c\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u201d\u2014\u2014 The unity of simplicity signifies that God is in no sense composed of parts or aspects that existed prior to himself. \u5355\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u795e\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u795e\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u62fc\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u4e86\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u795e\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c42\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u7942\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u628a\u5b83\u62fc\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u795e\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\u3002The attributes of God are not to be thought of otherwise than as aspects of the one simple original being. \u795e\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u53ea\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u3001\u72ec\u4e00\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u3002The whole is identical with the parts. \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u795e\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002On the other hand the attributes of God are not characteristics that God developed gradually. \u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u795e\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4ed6\u9010\u6e10\u5730\u3001\u6162\u6162\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002They are fundamental to his being.\u795e\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u5c5e\u6027\u5bf9\u7942\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u90fd\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002The parts together form the whole. \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\u795e\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u3001\u90fd\u662f\u6c38\u5728\u7684\u3002\u795e\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e8c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u3002\u795e\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u516b\u9875\u3002\u795e\u5047\u5982\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\u5462\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7942\u91cc\u9762\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u4e0e\u7942\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e0e\u7942\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5728\u7942\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd9\u91cc\u7528\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u826f\u5584\uff0c\u6211\u559c\u6b22\u7528\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\u6709\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\u795e\u7684\u9884\u5b9a\uff1a\u795e\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u795e\u9884\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u5b9a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u795e\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u795e\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u795e\u5916\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u3001\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5ead\u3001\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba1\u5224\u5b98\u53eb\u505a\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u795e\u9700\u8981\u53bb\u8be2\u95ee\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a\u8bf6\uff0c\u6211\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e09\u4e00\u771f\u795e\u516c\u5e73\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\uff1f\u90a3\u6211\u8981\u53bb\u516c\u5e73\u90a3\u91cc\u53bb\u95ee\uff1a\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u6211\u5408\u683c\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u53ca\u683c\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u53ca\u683c\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5916\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5e73\u6216\u8005\u7231\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8981\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5e73\u9762\u524d\u3001\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7231\u9762\u524d\u6765\u9075\u5b88\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u5047\u5982\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7231\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e76\u5b58\u3002\u6216\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u53d8\u6210\u5b87\u5b99\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4f1a\u8bf4\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u795e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u662f\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u8c01\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\uff1f\u662f\u4f60\u5b9a\u7684\u561b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b9a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u4ece\u53e6\u5916\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5723\u7ecf\u90a3\u4e2a\u795e\uff0c\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5e73\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u8005\u662f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u201c\u516c\u5e73\u201d\u7684\u4f60\u3002\u800c\u5047\u5982\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5e73\u201d\u6bd4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u66f4\u52a0\u7684\u9ad8\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e2a\u201c\u516c\u5e73\u201d\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u795e\u3002\u800c\u5047\u5982\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u795e\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u771f\u795e\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6709\u6c38\u6709\u7684\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u3001\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u795e\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u795e\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u795e\u7684\u7231\u3001\u795e\u7684\u5723\u6d01\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u795e\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u5c31\u662f\u7942\u6240\u662f\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\uff1b\u795e\u7684\u7231\u5c31\u662f\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u7231\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u3002All His attributes referred to His self-contained fullness.\u795e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6307\u7942\u7684\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u8bf4\u597d\u50cf\u4e07\u82b1\u7b52\u2014\u2014Kaleidoscope\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u5b8c\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0d\u5b8c\uff0c\u6b23\u8d4f\u4e0d\u5b8c\uff0c\u8d5e\u7f8e\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\uff08\u7b2c\u4e5d\u9875\uff09\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u5ef6\u4f38\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u4f60\u5148\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002 The nature of God is so rich and full that we could never come to know it on the basis of either extrapolation or negation taken by themselves. However, if God reveals himself, then we can presuppose that revelation in our extrapolations and negations.\u795e\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u9760\u5ef6\u4f38\u6cd5\u6216\u8005\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u53bb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5047\u5982\u795e\u6709\u4f5c\u81ea\u6211\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u8ddf\u5426\u5b9a\u5148\u9884\u8bbe\u795e\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u505a\u795e\u8bba\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u795e\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u795e\u6240\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u3001\u590d\u8ff0\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53c8\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8ddf\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u6839\u636e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u539f\u5219\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8ddf\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u5341\u9875\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u8ddf\u5426\u5b9a\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u53d8\u5f97\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u679c\u6548\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u7b2c12\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7075\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7075\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u7075\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u6709\u5929\u4f7f\u4e5f\u662f\u7075\uff0c\u9b54\u9b3c\u4e5f\u662f\u7075\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u662f\u7075\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7075\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u201c\u7075\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u201c\u7075\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u91cc\u9762\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u6837\u54c1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2ainstance specimen\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u795e\u662fabsolute spirit\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u7075\u3002\u7942\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u9760\u66f4\u4f4e\u7b49\u7684\u7075\u7942\u624d\u662f\u7075\u3002\u7942\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u7942\u5c31\u662f\u7075\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7075\u8ddf\u7269\u8d28\u5c31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u7075\uff0c\u7528\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cGod is self-individuated 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