<\/a> \u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDETERMINISM AND FREEDOM<\/strong><\/p>\n(From John M. Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1995, chapter 6, pp. 80-83.)<\/p>\n\n- \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u662f\u5426\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005\uff1f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Is Van Til a Determinist?<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5426\u8ba4\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u56e0\uff1b\u6211\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8005\uff08determinist\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u8303\u6c0f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6210\u56e0\uff08necessary cause\uff09\u548c\u5145\u4efd\u6210\u56e0\uff08sufficient cause\uff09\u90fd\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u65e8\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n
Van Til denies that his position is a form of philosophical determinism. We may, I think, call Van Til a determinist if by that we mean simply that for Van Til every event in the finite world has a cause. Certainly, for Van Til, it is the case that all events in the finite world have their necessary and sufficient cause in God\u2019s decree.<\/p>\n
\n- \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u5b9a\u662f\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7684<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Van Til: God\u2019s Foreordination = Personal<\/strong><\/p>\n\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u5178\u578b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u8303\u6c0f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u5b9a\uff08foreordination\uff09\u662f\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u5178\u578b\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u81f3\u7ec8\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7684\u3002\u300c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8bba\uff08necessitarianism\uff09\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49 \uff08impersonalism\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8d2f\u5f7b\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u300d\uff08CTETH, 35; DF2, 62 = DF4, 85.\uff09<\/p>\n
But Van Til\u2019s position is different in significant ways from typical deterministic systems in the history of philosophy. For one thing, as we have seen, God\u2019s foreordination on Van Til\u2019s view is personal, while determinism in philosophy typically ascribes events to causes that are ultimately impersonal. \u201cPhilosophical necessitarianism stands for an ultimate impersonalism: consistent Christianity stands for an ultimate personalism.\u201d (CTETH, 35; DF2, 62 = DF4, 85.)<\/p>\n
\n- \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u7684<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Van Til: Secondary Causes Can Be \u201cFree\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8303\u6c0f\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u300d\u548c\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8131\u79bb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8131\u79bb\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u7ed3\u6784\uff08causal nexus\uff09\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u5374\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u6240\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ece\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0\uff08second causes\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684<\/strong>\uff08contingent\u5076\u53d1\u7684<\/strong>\uff09\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9884\u65e8\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684<\/strong>\uff08necessary\uff09\u3002\u300d\uff08CTK, 211\uff09\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u6240\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8303\u6c0f\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4e88\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff1b\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u65e8\u662f\u88ab\u5fc5\u7136\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\uff08necessarily foreordained\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u5b83\u4e0e\u300c\u6709\u9650\u6210\u56e0\u300d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5076\u53d1\u7684\uff08free, contingent\uff09\u3002<\/p>\nAnother difference between Van Til\u2019s position and secular determinism lies in the distinction between primary and secondary causes. Van Til maintains that although we are never free from divine control, we are sometimes free from the \u201ccausal nexus\u201d of the universe. This point is less explicit in Van Til, but it is implicit, for example, in a passage where he quotes Arminius as denying \u201cthat a thing which, in regard to second causes, is done contingently<\/strong> is said to be done necessarily<\/strong> in regard to the divine decree.\u201d [CTK, 211 (emphasis by Van Til).] Evidently Van Til here intends to affirm what Arminius denies, namely, that events that are foreordained necessarily according to the divine decree may nevertheless be contingent (i.e., free, not determined) in relation to finite causes.<\/p>\n\n- \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u9882\u626c\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\uff09\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u51b3\u6027\u3001\u52a8\u529b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Van Til Celebrates (Christian) Human Freedom:<\/strong><\/p>\nSpontaneity, Self-Determination, Momentum<\/strong><\/p>\n\u501f\u7740\u6452\u5f03\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u575a\u6301\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5065\u5168\u7684\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u575a\u6301\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u662f\u4eba\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u826f\u5584\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u300e\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u300f\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff08self-realization\uff09\u3002\u300d\uff08CTETH, 44\uff09\u300c\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u52aa\u529b\u953b\u70bc\uff08work out\uff09\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\uff08CTETH, 45\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u300c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0a\uff08reactivity\uff09\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\uff08spontaneous\uff09\uff1b\u2026\u2026\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u51b3\u6027\u4e0a\uff08self-determination\uff09\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u575a\u5b9a\uff08fixed\uff09\uff1b\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff08momentum\uff09\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u3002\u300d\uff08CTETH, 45\uff09<\/p>\n
By rejecting determinism, Van Til is able, positively, to maintain a robust view of human freedom. We should note, for example, that he sees no difficulty in maintaining both that the kingdom of God is man\u2019s highest good, and that \u201cthe ethical ideal for man should be self-realization.\u201d (CTETH, 44. The term self-realization<\/strong> comes from the idealist vocabulary, though of course in its broader context Van Til\u2019s view is significantly different from idealism.) Self-realization means that \u201cman must work out his own will.<\/strong>\u201d [CTETH, 45 (emphasis by Van Til).] That means that man\u2019s will must \u201cbecome increasingly spontaneous<\/strong> in its reactivity \u2026 become increasingly fixed in its self-determination.<\/strong> \u2026 increase in momentum<\/strong>.\u201d [CTETH, 45-46 (emphasis by Van Til). See also Van Til\u2019s reference to the \u201cspontaneity\u201d of the biblical writers inspired by God in PDS, 25-26, and his account of the development of obedience in the Christian education of the young in ECE, 152-155.]<\/p>\n\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u610f\u601d\uff01\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u547c\u5401\u6d88\u9664\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u5f3a\u5316\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u5021\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4efb\u6027\u3001\u81ea\u79c1\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5e94\u8131\u79bb\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ece\u300c\u4f9d\u9760\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff01\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u8303\u6c0f\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u575a\u51b3\u59d4\u8eab\u4e8e\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff1b\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d4\u8eab\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u81ea\u53d1\u3001\u575a\u51b3\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u5c5e\u7075\u7684\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u5e94\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u591a\u5185\u5728\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5f3a\u8feb\u3002\u300c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u957f\u8fdb\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u613f\u610f\u9075\u884c\u7942\u7684\u65e8\u610f\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u987a\u670d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5e26\u7740\u559c\u4e50\uff0c\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u70ed\u671b\uff08passion of our heart\uff09\u3002\u9075\u884c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\uff08\u300c\u4e60\u60ef\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u6b63\u9762\u7684\uff09\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6210\u719f\u4ec6\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u522b\u4eba\uff08\u7236\u6bcd\u4eb2\u3001\u7267\u5e08\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff09\u9a71\u4f7f\uff0c\u624d\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u7231\u6155\u5723\u6d01\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5723\u6d01\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u7a33\u5b9a\u6210\u957f\u3002\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u8fa9\u8bba\u65f6\u8feb\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u3001\u52c9\u5f3a\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff01<\/p>\n
Remarkably, here, Van Til calls for the strengthening of the human will, not its abolition. Of course, he is not advocating an increase of willfulness or selfishness, or an attempt to sever the will\u2019s created dependence on God. Rather, he calls for an increase in the soul\u2019s resolve to do God\u2019s will. But that resolve is to become more and more spontaneous, fixed, and growing in momentum. What he means is that spiritual maturity brings more internal and less external constraint. Growing in Christ means that we become more and more willing to do his will; our obedience becomes more delightful, more the passion of our own heart. It becomes habitual, in a good sense. A mature servant of God does not need to be browbeaten (by parents, preachers, and others) into seeking God\u2019s righteousness. He loves holiness and steadily increases in it. For Van Til, then, human freedom is not a concept grudgingly conceded in the debate with Arminians. It is a fact of positive and practical importance in the Christian life.<\/p>\n
\n- \u6781\u7aef\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9519\u8bef<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Hyper-Calvinists and Arminians Both Mistaken<\/strong><\/p>\n\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\u548c\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u81f3\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5047\u8bbe\uff1a\u82e5\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e3b\u6743\u5f52\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5265\u593a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08hyper-Calvinists\uff09\u548c\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5171\u540c\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u524d\u8005\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u5219\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u4eba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff08a common scale of being\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u81f4\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab\u5f52\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u5265\u593a\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n
We should keep in mind here the importance that Van Til places on the Creator-creature distinction. Often, theologians assume that any sovereignty we ascribe to God must remove spontaneity and freedom from man. This is an error both of hyper-Calvinists, who compromise human responsibility in order to maintain divine sovereignty, and of Arminians, who do the reverse. Unwittingly, both hyper-Calvinists and Arminians at this point see God and man on a common scale of being, so that anything ascribed to God must be taken from man, and vice versa.<\/p>\n
\n- \u6709\u4e9b\u7279\u6743\u552f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u72ec\u6709\uff1b\u4f46\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\uff1b<\/strong>\u300a<\/strong>\u5723\u7ecf<\/strong>\u300b<\/strong>\u5206\u8fa8\u4e24\u8005<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Some Prerogatives = Only God\u2019s;<\/strong><\/p>\nBut There Are Exceptions; Bible Distinguishes Two<\/strong><\/p>\n\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6743\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u72ec\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u552f\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6709\u6743\u63a5\u53d7\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u7684\u656c\u62dc\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u7942\u6709\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6536\u53d6\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u547d\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u5f52\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65f6\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u5426\u5b9a\u4eba\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c06\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u795e\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e0a\u3002\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5047\u8bbe\uff1a\u65e2\u7136\u4eba\u7684\u5f97\u6551\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u51b3\u5fd7\u4fe1\u4e3b\u5c31\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u4e86\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u82e5\u60f3\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u5730\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u5374\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u6837\u77e5\u9053\u751a\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\uff1f\u751a\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u652f\u6301\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4f1a\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n
Certainly there are some prerogatives that belong exclusively to God, for example, the right to receive religious worship and the ultimate right to take human life. Ascribing these rights to God means denying them to man.\u00a0 But we must beware of applying such reasoning to all aspects of the divine-human relationship. For example, we should not assume that because salvation is foreordained by God, human decisions are of no consequence. The Bible says that human faith is necessary for salvation. Sometimes, evidently, God\u2019s primary causality negates creaturely causality, but sometimes the former reinforces the latter. How can we tell when there is negation and when there is reinforcement? The answer is simply that the Bible tells us.<\/p>\n
\n- \u4f5c\u8005\u4e0e\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
The Author and Novel Illustration<\/strong><\/p>\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u53ef\u4ee5\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u6216\u300c\u652f\u6301\u300d\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u6709\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e0a\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\uff08God\u2019s agency\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6d88\u706d\u4eba\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\uff08human agency\uff09\u3002\u5b9e\u5b58\uff08reality\uff09\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff1a\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\u7684\u548c\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u7684\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u4e5f\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5c42\u6b21\uff08levels of causality\uff09\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6210\u56e0\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\uff09\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u3002\u591a\u6570\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u65e2\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6b21\u7b49\u6210\u56e0\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5f53\u7136\u300c\u4e5f\u53ef\u968f\u5df1\u610f\uff0c\u300e\u4e0d\u7528\u300f\u6b21\u56e0\u3001\u300e\u8d85\u4e4e\u300f\u6b21\u56e0\u6216\u300e\u80cc\u4e4e\u300f\u6b21\u56e0\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u300d\uff08\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\uff0c5:3\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
Primary causes can either negate or reinforce secondary causes because God and the world are not on a common scale of being. It is not the case that divine agency always eliminates human agency. There are two distinct levels of reality: that of the Creator and that of the creature. There are also two distinct levels of causality: divine causation and causation from within the world. Most events have both primary and secondary causes, but God may, of course, work \u201cwithout, above, and against\u201d (Westminster Confession of Faith, 5:3.) the secondary causes at his pleasure.<\/p>\n
\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\uff08\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u662fVern Poythress\u5411\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u91cc\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4f1a\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f7c\u6b64\u95f4\u4e5f\u542b\u6709\u610f\u5473\u6df1\u957f\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u90fd\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u300c\u56e0\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300c\u56e0\u300d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4f1a\u7ef4\u6301\u4ed6\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u56e0\u679c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4efb\u968f\u5df1\u610f\uff0c\u300c\u4e0d\u7528\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u300c\u8d85\u4e4e\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u79e9\u5e8f\u6216\u300c\u80cc\u4e4e\u300d\u5b83\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u8005\u6df7\u4e71\u4e86\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u7ed3\u6784\u65f6\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u5c31\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u4ee4\u8bfb\u8005\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u6587\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u4f1a\u6279\u8bc4\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8bcd\u593a\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n
Perhaps the best illustration (though Van Til does not use it \u2013 it was suggested to me by Vern Poythress) is this: In a well-crafted novel, the author creates a world in which events take place in meaningful causal relationships to one another. Each event has an intelligible cause within the world of the novel. But of course each event also has a higher cause, in the author\u2019s mind. Normally, such an author will try to maintain the orderly causal structure of his created universe. He may, of course, also work \u201cwithout, above, and against\u201d that causal order when he is pleased to do so. Usually, however, when an author disrupts the causal order of his novel, the narrative becomes less satisfying. Critics accuse such an author of bringing things about by a deus ex machina<\/em>.<\/p>\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u795e\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u667a\u6167\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u7942\u653e\u677e\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u89c4\u5f8b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u7942\u5267\u672c\uff08\u8ba1\u5212\uff09\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u85c9\u6b64\u66f4\u52a0\u5f70\u663e\u7942\u7684\u5927\u80fd\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u300c\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0d\u4f5c\u8005\u300d\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u865a\u6784\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e24\u8005\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u4e24\u5c42\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709\u4e24\u5957\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff08necessary conditions\uff09\u548c\u4e24\u5957\u5145\u4efd\u6761\u4ef6\uff08sufficient conditions\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
Because the true God is infinitely wise, his relaxations of causal regularity in the world do not corrupt, but enhance, the power of his drama. And, of course, in the case of God there is also the difference that his creation is real, not fictional. But the two cases are parallel in that in each there are two levels of causality. We may put it this way: normally, events in the world have two sets of necessary and sufficient conditions.<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\uff1b\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u300c\u4e8c\u5708\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300d\u2500\u2500\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\u548c\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u575a\u6301\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u53c8\u575a\u6301\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n
Thus, it is Van Til\u2019s \u201ctwo-circle metaphysics,\u201d his distinction between Creator and creature, that enables him to have a strong doctrine of divine sovereignty together with a strong doctrine of human freedom.<\/p>\n
\n- \u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u300d\u662f\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Sovereignty of God = Foundation for Human Responsibility<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e5f\u5904\u7406\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u540e\u8005\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff01\u9664\u975e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff08self-determinative\uff09\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ece\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7531\u673a\u7387\uff08chance\uff09\u6240\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a<\/p>\n
Van Til also addresses the moral responsibility of man. He argues that it is not only consistent with, but actually based upon, divine sovereignty. Unless God\u2019s will is utterly self-determinative, the world is controlled to some extent by chance. Therefore:<\/p>\n
\u8eab\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u65e8\u610f\u82e5\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u524d\u8fdb\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6309\u7167\u4efb\u4f55\u8ba1\u5212\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n
As Christians we hold that determinate human experience could work to no end, could work in accordance with no plan, and could not even get under way, if it were not for the existence of the absolute will of God.<\/p>\n
\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u65e8\u610f\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\uff09\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u638c\u6743\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u62e6\u963b\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u6700\u5927\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4eba\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff08DF2, 62 = DF4, 84-85\uff1b\u53c2CGG, 140\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
It is on this ground then that we hold to the absolute will of God as the presupposition of the will of man. Looked at in this way, that which to many seems at first glance to be the greatest hindrance to moral responsibility, namely the conception of an absolutely sovereign God, becomes the very foundation of its possibility. (DF2, 62 = DF4, 84-85; cf CGG, 140.)<\/p>\n
[ CTETH = Christian Theistic Ethics ]<\/p>\n
[ DF2 = The Defense of the Faith, 2nd<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n[ CTK = A Christian Theory of Knowledge ]<\/p>\n
[ PDS = The Protestant Doctrine of Scripture ]<\/p>\n
[ ECE = Essays on Christian Education ]<\/p>\n
[ CGG = Common Grace and the Gospel ]<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/a>III. \u90aa\u6076\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\nEVIL<\/strong><\/p>\n(From John M. Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1995, chapter 6, pp. 83-86.)<\/p>\n\n- \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u51cc\u9a7e\u7f6a\u4e0e\u90aa\u6076\uff1a\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bb9\u8bb8\u7f6a\u6076\uff1f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
God Is Sovereign Over Sin and Evil: Calvin: Permissive Will?<\/strong><\/p>\n\u4ece\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u8303\u56f4\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u90aa\u6076\u4e0e\u7f6a\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u4e3a\u7f6a\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5426\u8ba4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u672c\u4e8e\u7942\uff08in spite of him\uff09\u6216\u56de\u907f\u7942\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u8ba1\u5212(in circumvention of his purpose)\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u53d1\u751f(IST, 248=IST2, 391)\u3002\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f15\u7528\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u9a73\u65a5Pighius\uff08\u76ae\u5409\u4e4c\u65af\uff09\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u9884\u5b9a\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bf4\u5230\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9884\u65e8\u300c\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u7f6a\u6076\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bb9\u8bb8\u7f6a\u6076\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300d\uff08IST, 248 = IST2, 391\uff09\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u300c\u7528\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5bb9\u8bb8(permissive will of God)\u300f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u6765\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7edd\u5bf9\u8981\u4e3a\u7f6a\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u6b64\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a8\u7ffb\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u62e5\u6709\u638c\u63a7\u4e07\u4e8b\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u6743\u80fd\u2500\u2500\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u6743\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u300d(IST, 175)<\/p>\n
On Van Til\u2019s view, divine sovereignty extends to all things, and therefore also to evil and sin. God is not responsible for sin, but we should deny \u201cthat anything happens in spite of him and in circumvention of his purpose.\u201d (IST, 248 = IST2, 391.) In this connection he often refers to Calvin\u2019s polemic against Pighius in his treatise The Eternal Predestination of God.<\/em> God\u2019s decree \u201cis inclusive and permissive of the fact of sin.\u201d (IST, 248 = IST2, 391.) According to Van Til, we may \u201cspeak of the permissive will of God in order to stress man\u2019s undoubted responsibility for sin, but this distinction may never lead to subversion of the clear teaching of Scripture on the all-controlling if ultimate and mysterious power of God.\u201d (IST, 175.)<\/p>\n\n- \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u5965\u79d8\uff1b\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u5e76\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\uff1b\u90aa\u6076\u4e0d\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e76\u975e\u65e0\u80fd<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Van Til: Evil = Mystery; Free Will Not Ultimate; Evil is Not Unreal; God is Not Weak<\/strong><\/p>\n\u300c\u4e00\u4e2a\u826f\u5584\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u638c\u7ba1\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u600e\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u7942\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5bb9\u8bb8\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u9884\u5b9a\u90aa\u6076\uff1f\u300d\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u6709\u5173\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u300c\u5965\u79d8\u300d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u575a\u6301\u5723\u7ecf\u5bf9\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e3b\u6743\u300d\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u6765\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300c\u8fa9\u62a4\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d<\/p>\n
\u80fd\u7528\u300c\u90aa\u6076\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u80fd\u7684\u300d\u7b49\u8bba\u8c03\u6765\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0d\u591a\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u6839\u672c\u3001\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684<\/p>\n
\u89c2\u5ff5\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u201cMysterious\u201d is the operative word to describe Van Til\u2019s response to the \u201cproblem of evil,\u201d the question of how a good, all-powerful God could permit or even foreordain the presence of evil in his creation. Because of his biblical view of divine sovereignty, he is unable to \u201cdefend\u201d God by appealing to human free will, the unreality of evil, the weakness of God, etc. Positively, he says relatively little about the problem, but I think he says everything that is essential:<\/p>\n
\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5982\u6b64\u5ba3\u79f0\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u56de\u5e94\u300c\u90aa\u6076\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u4ed6\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9884\u8bbe\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u826f\u5fc3\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u5ba1\u5224\u5168\u5730\u7684\u4e3b\u4e00\u5b9a\u884c\u4e8b\u6b63\u76f4\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u90aa\u6076\u548c\u7f6a\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u4ece\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6551\u8d4e\u8ba1\u5212\uff09\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u662f\u975e\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u90fd\u4ece\u5723\u7ecf\u4e8b\u8ff9\u91cc\u2500\u2500\u4e5f\u60df\u72ec\u4ece\u5723\u7ecf\u4e8b\u8ff9\u91cc\u2500\u2500\u53d6\u5f97\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff08DF2, 218 = DF4, 305, #5a; DF2, 213-216\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
The Christian claims this [with respect to the problem of evil his position is in accord with conscience] because he interprets his moral consciousness, as an aspect of his total experience, in terms of his presuppositions. He knows that the judge of all the earth must do right. All the facts and problems of evil and sin take their meaning from and find their solution in terms of the story of Scripture. The approvals and disapprovals of his conscience take their meaning from this story and from this story alone. (DF2, 218 = DF4, 305, #5a; cf. the argument with Montague on pp. 213-216.)<\/p>\n
\n- \u6279\u5224\uff1a\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u8fa8\u5584\u6076\uff1b\u6216\u8bf4\uff1a\u5584\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u80dc\u5229<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Critique: Non-Christian Cannot Distinguish Good\/Evil; Or Good Cannot Triumph<\/strong><\/p>\n\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u63a5\u7740\u6279\u5224\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5bf9\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u8fa8\u5584\u6076\uff1b\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u80fd\u5206\u8fa8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u76fc\u671b\u5584\u4f1a\u5f97\u80dc\u3002\u300c\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u300e\u826f\u5584\u300f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u900f\u8fc7\u300e\u538b\u5236\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u826f\u5584\u300f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5168\u5730\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u5584\u6240\u8bf4\u670d\uff1b\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u538b\u5236\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u662f\u300e\u826f\u5584\u300f\u7684\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6743\u52bf\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u53d6\u4ee3\u6240\u6709\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002\u300d(DF2, 218 = DF4, 306)\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u662f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u9488\u5bf9\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u89e3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u786e(political correctness)\u300d\u7b49\u5f53\u4ee3\u8fd0\u52a8\u6240\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u9884\u8a00\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6f6e\u6d41\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8bba\u8ff0\u76f8\u5bf9\u5316\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u8bd5\u56fe\u8981\u6c42\u522b\u4eba\u9075\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ba3\u79f0\u300c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u300d\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u89c6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684 [\u8303\u6c0f\u5206\u522b\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e3a<\/p>\n
\u300c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u548c\u300c\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff0c\u53c2\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c17\u7ae0]\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7528\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u6743\u529b<\/p>\n
\u903c\u4eba\u670d\u4ece\u3002<\/p>\n
He adds a reductio<\/em> of non-Christian claims about evil: either the non-Christian cannot distinguish good from evil, or, if he can, he cannot hope that good will triumph: \u201cIf those who think they are good succeed in making what they think is \u2018good\u2019 to prevail upon earth, it can only be the suppression of the \u2018good\u2019 of others who also think they are \u2018good.\u2019 Thus power politics would forever replace all ethical distinctions.\u201d (DF2, 218 = DF4, 306.) This passage is almost prophetic of postmodernism, deconstruction, and the \u201cpolitical correctness\u201d movements today, which relativize all moral discourse while seeking to require everybody to conform to their values. They claim that everybody else\u2019s values are relative, while theirs are absolute [Van Til\u2019s \u201cirrationalism\u201d and \u201crationalism,\u201d respectively. See chap. 17 (CVT).], and theirs are to be enforced by raw power.<\/p>\n\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5bf9\u90aa\u6076\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5e94\uff1a<\/p>\n
Here is another response by Van Til to the problem of evil:<\/p>\n
\n- \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7528\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fbe\u6210\u7942\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9009\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
God Uses Best Means to End: Best Means = Means God Chooses to Use<\/strong><\/p>\n\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u795e\u4e49\u8bba\uff08\u300c\u795e\u4e49\u8bba\u300d\u610f\u6307\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e49\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6307\u4efb\u4f55\u5c31\u300c\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u300d\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u6848\u2026\uff09\u2026\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3a\u8d77\u59cb\u70b9\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff08self-sufficient\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u638c\u63a7\u4e07\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u77e5\u9053\u4e07\u4e8b\uff0c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u80fd\u7528\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u7942\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u751a\u4e48\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5462\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u559c\u60a6\u3001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9002\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u559c\u60a6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u6d4b\u900f\u7684\u3002\u7ea6\u4f2f\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u660e\u767d\u7684\u3002\u2026\u552f\u6709\u5f53\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u964d\u670d\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u624d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u667a\u6167\u663e\u660e\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u786e\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9690\u85cf\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u8d5e\u540c\u6216\u8c34\u8d23\u5723\u6d01\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u795e\u4e49\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u548c\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u795e\u4e49\u8bba\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\uff08IST, 237-238 = IST2, 376-377\u3002\u53c2John Frame, Apologetics to the Glory of God,<\/em> 149-190\u3002\u4e2d\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u536b\u9053\u5b66\u6982\u8bba\u300b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\nA Christian theodicy (theodicy<\/strong> means \u201cjustification of God.\u201d It refers to any attempted solution to the problem of evil. Van Til does not distinguish between \u201ctheodicy\u201d and \u201cdefense,\u201d as do such writers as Alvin Plantinga.) \u2026 will need to start frankly from the presupposition of the self-sufficient God. It goes without saying that this self-sufficient God, who controls all things and knows all things because he controls them, can use the best means to attain his end. But what are the best means? They are those that God sees fit to use. And since they are those that God sees fit to use they may be wholly beyond the reach of human understanding. It was wholly beyond Job\u2019s understanding to know why he should suffer. \u2026 He found the solution only when finally he surrendered himself fully into the hands of the sovereign God. To be sure, the wisdom of God appears in the world, and man can see something of it. Yet it remains true that God is a God that hideth himself, and no man should essay to approve or condemn the deeds of the Holy One by standards of his own devising. The Reformed \u201ctheodicy\u201d is therefore quite different form the Romanist and Arminian. (IST, 237-238 = IST2, 376-377.\u00a0 For an expansion of this \u201cJobian\u201d response to the problem of evil, see John Frame, AGG, 149-190.)<\/p>\n\n- \u90aa\u6076\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u5965\u79d8\uff1b\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8fd0\u7528\u300c\u7ec8\u6781\u6210\u56e0\u300d\u548c\u300c\u8fd1\u56e0\u300d\uff1b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\u5085<\/strong>\u5170\u59c6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u59a5\u5f53<\/strong><\/p>\nEvil = Mystery; Van Til\u2019s Use of \u201cUltimate\/Proximate\u201d Causes<\/strong><\/p>\nNot Successful (Frame)<\/strong><\/p>\n\u5f52\u6839\u7a76\u5e95\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u795e\u4e49\u8bba\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u548c\u667a\u6167\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6709\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u7942\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u542f\u793a\u5b83\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u542f\u793a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5fc5\u987b\u964d\u670d\u5728\u7942\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff1b\u5f53\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6c89\u9ed8\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u6c89\u9ed8\u3002<\/p>\n
Essentially, Van Til\u2019s theodicy is an appeal to God\u2019s inscrutable wisdom. God has the answer, but he has not chosen to reveal it to us, at least not comprehensively. Our thinking must be subject to his revelation, and where that revelation is silent, we must be silent as well.<\/p>\n
\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u8303\u6c0f\u663e\u7136\u60f3\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53bb\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u56de\u5e94Buswell\uff08\u5965\u5229\u5f17\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\u97e6\u5c14James Oliver Buswell, Jr.<\/strong>\uff081895 \u5e74 1 \u6708 16 \u65e5 – 1977 \u5e74 2 \u6708 4 \u65e5\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u4e49\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\u548c\u673a\u6784\u5efa\u8bbe\u8005\u3002\uff09\u7684\u6279\u5224\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u300a\u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u9884\u5b9a\u300b\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u662f\u7f6a\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u7f6a\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u6210\u56e0\uff08ultimate cause\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u7f6a\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u5219\u662f\u7f6a\u7684\u8fd1\u56e0\uff08proximate causes\uff09\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u82b1\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u7bc7\u5e45\u5f15\u7528\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u548c\u8d3a\u6cbb\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff08DF2, 183-187\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u5904\u7406\u90aa\u6076\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8fdb\u8def\uff0c\u6709\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u6211\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u7ec8\u7a76\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u3002\u6211\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u751a\u4e48\u5355\u5355\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd1\u56e0\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u89e3\u9664\u7942\u548c\u7f6a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u7f6a\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u96c7\u7528A\u541b\u6740B\u541b\uff0c\u6211\u4e0eA\u541b\u540c\u6837\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5417\uff1f\u300c\u95f4\u63a5\u300d\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u8c0b\u6740\u7684\u7f6a\u8d23\u4ece\u6211\u8eab\u4e0a\u9664\u53bb\u3002\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u5417\uff1f\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u542f\u793a\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u7942\u672c\u6027\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6743\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\uff08\u90aa\u6076\uff09\u4e0b\uff0c\u7942\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6743\uff01\u53ef\u662f\u7942\u5728\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u5411\u4eba\u542f\u793a\u4e9b\u751a\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\nAt one point, Van Til appears to go beyond this appeal to mystery. Replying to Buswell\u2019s criticism, he cites Calvin\u2019s treatise On the Eternal Predestination of God<\/em>, in which Calvin claims to absolve God from the charge of being the author of sin (theologians rarely define \u201cauthor of sin.\u201d Although they always insist that the phrase does not apply to God. That creates confusion, especially between Calvinists and Arminians. I take it to mean \u201cdoer of sin,\u201d with some note of \u201ccommending sin.\u201d). Calvin\u2019s argument is that God is the \u201cultimate\u201d cause of sinful acts, while the wicked themselves are the \u201cproximate\u201d causes. Van Til quotes Calvin and Hodge at length in this connection, and with approval. (DF2, 183-187.) Although this approach to the problem of evil has some roots in Reformed tradition, I believe it is ultimately unsuccessful. I do not see how God is absolved from complicity in evil merely because his causality is once removed from the event. If I hire A to kill B, I am as responsible as A, am I not? The indirectness of my murder does not remove the guilt from me. Is it different with God? Normally, on a Reformed view of the matter, the standards that God reveals to us are standards that reflect his own nature, though there are some cases where he has prerogatives and rights that we do not have. Evidently he has such rights in this case. But he has revealed little or nothing to us in this connection.<\/p>\n\u81f3\u7ec8\uff0c\u90aa\u6076\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u300c\u5965\u79d8\u300d\u3002\u7ec8\u6781\u6210\u56e0\u548c\u8fd1\u56e0\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u82e5\u53ea\u63d0\u51fa\u7ea6\u4f2f\u7684\u795e\u4e49\u8bba\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u59a5\u5f53\u3002<\/p>\n
In the end, the matter resolves again into mystery. The proximate-ultimate distinction does not help. Van Til would have been better off to stick with his Jobian theodicy.<\/p>\n
[ IST = An Introduction to Systematic Theology ]<\/p>\n
[ DF2 = The Defense of the Faith, 2nd<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n[ CVT = John Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought ]<\/p>\n
[ AGG = John Frame, Apologetics to the Glory of God ]<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\uff1b\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3000\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743 THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff1a\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3 GOD\u2019S S […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[145],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-145"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12490"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12490\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}