{"id":12486,"date":"2024-10-05T22:36:14","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T22:36:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=12486"},"modified":"2024-10-05T22:36:14","modified_gmt":"2024-10-05T22:36:14","slug":"%e7%9f%a5%e8%af%86%e8%ae%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%a2%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%a6%e8%ae%b2%e4%b9%89_%e9%a2%84%e8%ae%be%e7%9a%84%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=12486","title":{"rendered":"\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8bb2\u4e49_\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u95ee\u9898"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u3000\u9884\u8bbe\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/h1>\n

PRESUPPOSITIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. <\/a> \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u6d3e\uff09\u5417\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    IS VAN TIL A PRESUPPOSITIONALIST?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    (From John M. Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1995, chapter 10, pp. 131-136.)<\/p>\n

    \u6709\u4e9b\u8bfb\u8005\u6216\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u524d\u9762\u4e5d\u7ae0\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u6d3e\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n

    Some readers will be amazed that nine chapters of this book have passed without any concentrated attention being given to the concept of presupposition. After all, the most common name given to Van Til\u2019s apologetic is \u201cpresuppositionalist.\u201d<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5f88\u5c11\u81ea\u79f0\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/strong>\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u6d3e\uff09<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Van Til Seldom Designate Himself Presuppositionalist<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u5176\u5b9e\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u672c\u4eba\u5f88\u5c11\u7528\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u6d3e\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u6807\u699c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u4e3a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u6d3e\u300d\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u6709\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ecb\u610f\u522b\u4eba\u8fd9\u6837\u79f0\u547c\u4ed6\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u3002\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

      Van Til himself used the concept rather sparingly. For one thing, he did not voluntarily characterize his apologetic as \u201cpresuppositionalist,\u201d although he did sometimes accommodate the use of that term by others. In discussing Floyd Hamilton\u2019s critique of his apologetics, he uses the term, sometimes in quotes, sometimes without, to allude to Hamilton\u2019s phraseology. (CTK, 255-272.) He uses it similarly in connection with James Oliver Buswell, (CTK, 273-309) who claimed to have invented it to describe Van Til\u2019s position. (CTK, 276.)<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u54f2\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u548c\u540e\u9a8c<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        A Priori<\/em><\/strong> and A Posteriori<\/em> in the History of Philosophy<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u8bf4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u82e5\u8bba\u53ca\u6b64\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5c06\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u6d3e\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e9b\u8bb8\u8bef\u5bfc\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u77ed\u603b\u7ed3\u4e3a\uff1a\u81ea\u4ece\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u5173\u6ce8\u5148\u9a8c\uff08a priori<\/em>\uff09\u4e0e\u540e\u9a8c\uff08a posteriori<\/em>\uff09\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[\u6bd4\u8f83\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u300c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u300d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002] \u540e\u9a8c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e43\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5438\u53d6\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5219\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u9760\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u5f97\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f1a\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u5165\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n

        For another thing, it is somewhat misleading to call Van Til a presuppositionalist, in view of the history of the concept. To summarize that history briefly: Western philosophers since the ancient Greeks have been concerned with the relationship between a priori <\/em>and a posteriori<\/em> knowledge. [Compare this discussion with the discussion of laws and facts in chap. 5 (CVT). The same fundamental issues are found here, but with different terminology.] A posteriori knowledge is knowledge gained from<\/strong> experience. A priori knowledge is knowledge possessed independently of experience \u2013 that knowledge which we bring to<\/strong> our experience in order to analyze and evaluate it.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u5148\u524d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          The Priority of A Priori <\/em>Not Temporal Priority: Independence of Experience<\/strong><\/p>\n

          [\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u4ece\u5148\u524d\u800c\u6765\u300d\uff0c\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u5148\u524d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u5a74\u5b69\u751f\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u300c\u79cd\u5b50\u300d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u5148\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5206\u6790\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u6b64\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u524d\uff08\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u4e4b\u524d\u300d\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1b\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e43\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u67d0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5de6\u53f3\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8005\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002]<\/p>\n

          [A priori<\/em> means literally \u201cfrom before,\u201d suggesting temporal priority. Some philosophers may have claimed that infants are born with a priori knowledge, perhaps in \u201cseed form.\u201d But a priori knowledge does not necessarily precede experience in time. The important thing is that a priori<\/em> knowledge is independent of experience, and that it serves as a criterion for analyzing and\/or evaluating it. The same point must be made regarding presuppositions. A presupposition is not a belief that one must have before (temporally speaking) one comes to believe in other things; rather, it is a belief that is independent of some other knowledge and governs that knowledge to some extent.\u00a0 Many critics of Van Til have erred at this point.]<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u540e\u9a8c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1a\u6d1b\u514b\u7b49<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Philosophers of A Posteriori<\/em>: Locke et al<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u662f\u540e\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u50cf\u767d\u7eb8\u4e00\u5f20\uff08blank slate\u2500\u2500\u6d1b\u514b\uff09\uff0c\u8981\u8ba9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e66\u5199\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u4e8c\u4e58\u4e8c\u7b49\u4e8e\u56db\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u5374\u4e0d\u50cf\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

            Some philosophers have tried to make the case that all our knowledge is a posteriori<\/em> \u2013 that the mind begins as a \u201cblank slate\u201d (Locke) to be written on by experience. But we know some things that do not seem to be derived from experience. For example, the proposition that two times two is four \u2013 necessarily and everywhere in the universe \u2013 does not seem to be derivable from any experience.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7b49<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Philosophers of A Priori<\/em>: Plato et al<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u53c8\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548cGordon Clark\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u6240\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u771f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u5ba3\u79f0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8d4b\u4e88\u5fc3\u667a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f7f\u7406\u6027\u514d\u53bb\u300c\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u5171\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u300d\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n

              Others, like Plato, and perhaps Gordon Clark, have claimed that all knowledge is a priori,<\/em> and that experience gives us no real knowledge, but at best reminds us of what we know innately. But such a claim seems to give the mind free rein, removing its responsibility to conform itself to the world of our common experience.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u5148\u9a8c\u4e0e\u540e\u9a8c\u517c\u987e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1a\u4e9a\u7406\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u7b49<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Philosophers Blending A Priori <\/em>and A Posteriori<\/em>: Aristotle et al<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \u5f88\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e24\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u4e9a\u7406\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5177\u6709\u5148\u9a8c\u548c\u540e\u9a8c\u4e24\u79cd\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6210\u4efd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u3001\u88ab\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u667a\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u52a0\u4ee5\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5374\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5374\u5f88\u96be\u5c06\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u7eaf\u300d\u5148\u9a8c\u5143\u7d20\u4e0e\u300c\u7eaf\u300d\u540e\u9a8c\u5143\u7d20\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n

                Many philosophers in between these extremes, such as Aristotle, have argued that knowledge has both a priori<\/em> and a posteriori<\/em> elements. Experience is a necessary ingredient in knowledge, but that experience must be conceptualized, analyzed, and formulated by a priori concepts already in the mind. However, it has proved very difficult to distinguish purely a priori elements from purely a posteriori elements in our consciousness, for reasons such as those discussed in chapter 5 (CVT).<\/p>\n

                \u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u5916\u800c\u53c8\u5de6\u53f3\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u800c\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd1\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u624d\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5148\u9a8c<\/strong>\u65f6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

                In any case, the notion of a priori<\/em> knowledge, gained to some extent independently of experience and governing experience, has been a staple of philosophical discussion for centuries. The term presupposition<\/strong>, although its common philosophical use dates back two centuries, captures much of the meaning that philosophers have sought to include under the label a priori<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \u5eb7\u5fb7\u53cd\u5bf9\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \u53d1\u5c55\u8d85\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u63a2\u7d22\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Immanuel Kant vs. Hume\u2019s Empiricism and Leibniz\u2019s Rationalism;<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Develops Transcendental Method (Conditions of Knowledge)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \u5eb7\u5fb7\uff081724-1804\uff09\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u662f\uff1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u540e\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49 \uff08empiricism\uff09\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4f11\u8c1f\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08skepticism\uff09\uff1b\u5f3a\u8c03\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49 \uff08rationalism\uff09\u53c8\u5bfc\u81f4\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7b14\u4e0b\u6beb\u65e0\u7ecf\u9a8c\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u65e0\u7406\u636e\u601d\u8fa8\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u8d85\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff08transcendental method\uff09\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002[\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e5f\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u8d85\u9a8c\u300d\uff08SCE,10-13\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u4f1a\u628a\u6b64\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u8303\u6c0f\u300c\u652f\u63f4\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u300d\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c23\u7ae0\u3002]<\/p>\n

                  Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was troubled that empiricism (emphasizing a posteriori knowledge) was leading to skepticism in the writings of David Hume, while rationalism (emphasizing a priori knowledge) was, in the writings of G.W. Leibniz and others, producing implausible speculations without any grounding in experience. As an alternative to both empiricism and rationalism, Kant developed a \u201ctranscendental method.\u201d [Van Til also called his method \u201ctranscendental\u201d (SCE, 10-13). I shall discuss that concept in connection with his \u201cArgument for Christianity,\u201d especially in chap. 23 (CVT).]<\/p>\n

                  \u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5426\u8ba4\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u900f\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5c31\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u8eab\uff08in itself\uff09\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u5177\u5907\u67d0\u79cd\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u501f\u7740\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff08rationality\uff09\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u751a\u4e48\uff1f\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u300c\u8d85\u9a8c\u300d\u5730\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u751a\u4e48\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3a\u300c\u771f\u300d\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u3001\u4f17\u3001\u56e0\u3001\u679c\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u4f5c\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u5047\u8bbe\u2500\u2500\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u4f1a\u88ab\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

                  Like the empiricists, Kant denied that we have a priori knowledge of the world \u201cin itself\u201d apart from our experience. But he also agreed with the rationalists that some kind of a priori<\/em> knowledge was necessary if we are to make any sense out of experience. That a priori<\/em> knowledge was discovered \u201ctranscendentally,\u201d that is, by asking, What are the preconditions of meaning and rationality? Granting that knowledge is possible, in other words, what must we presuppose to be true? Kant concluded that we must make certain assumptions about space and time and about the \u201ccategories\u201d (unity, plurality, cause, effect, etc.) that the mind applies to experience.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u552f\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\uff09<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Idealism After Kant<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff08\u552f\u5fc3\uff09\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Fichte\u3001Schelling\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff09\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Green, Bradley, Bosanquet\uff09\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\uff08preconditions\uff09\u5374\u6301\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe<\/strong>\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u540d\u8bcd\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u300c\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c2\u300d\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u501f\u7528\u81ea\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8303\u6c0f\u5bf9\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u5224\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

                    Idealism in Germany (Fichte, Schelling, Hegel) and Britain (Green, Bradley, Bosanquet) continued Kant\u2019s transcendental approach, although it reached different conclusions about the preconditions of knowledge. It was in the idealist literature that presupposition<\/em> became a common philosophical term. Van Til wrote his doctoral dissertation on the idealist concept of God, and, doubtless, picked up the term from that school of thought, even though he was very critical of idealism in general.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \u91cd\u89c6\u9884\u8bbe\u7684<\/strong>20<\/strong>\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      20th<\/sup> Century Philosophers Who Place Premium on Presuppositions<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \u867d\u7136\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6e10\u8d8b\u5f0f\u5fae\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u6709\u5426\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u6d3e\u4ecd\u7136\u6ce8\u91cd\u6b64\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u300c\u751f\u547d\u4e16\u754c\u300d\uff08life world\uff09\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9884\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n

                      Through the twentieth century, idealist influence on philosophy has waned, but others have emphasized the importance of presuppositions in human knowledge, with or without using the term. Phenomenologists and existentialists have emphasized the importance of the \u201clife world,\u201d the world of ordinary experience, which supplies the presuppositions for theoretical activity.<\/p>\n

                      \u7ef4\u6839\u65af\u5766\u8bf4\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u67d0\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u300d\uff08form of life\uff09\u6216\u300c\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u300d\uff08language game\uff09\u4e43\u662f\u5148\u4e8e\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u90a3\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u6216\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u300d\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u535a\u84dd\u5c3c\uff08Michael Polanyi\uff09\u7684\u300c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u77e5\u8bc6\u300d\uff08tacit knowledge\uff09\u548c\u5b54\u6069<\/p>\n

                      \uff08Thomas Kuhn\uff09\u7684\u300c\u5178\u8303\u300d\uff08paradigms\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

                      Ludwig Wittgenstein taught that acceptance of a \u201cform of life\u201d or \u201clanguage game\u201d was prior to knowledge of anything within that form of life or language game. Philosophers of science have often emphasized the presuppositions of scientific theorizing: e.g., Michael Polanyi\u2019s \u201ctacit knowledge\u201d and Thomas Kuhn\u2019s \u201cparadigms.\u201d<\/p>\n

                      \u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5219\u575a\u6301\u300c\u59d4\u8eab\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u751f\u547d\u8ba1\u5212\u300f\u6216\u300e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300f\uff08praxis<\/em>\uff09\u300d\u8981\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

                      Marxists have insisted that commitment to a certain life-project or praxis<\/em> is prior to all theorizing.<\/p>\n

                      \u6709\u4e9b\u8be0\u91ca\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u300c\u300e\u5148\u300f\u59d4\u8eab\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff08story\uff09\u300d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u89e3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c9f\u901a\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u592a\u591a\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6279\u5224\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8ba4\u300c\u8bed\u8a00\u5177\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u628a\u8bed\u8a00\u5b8c\u5168\u7ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

                      Some hermeneutical theorists have emphasized the need of prior commitment to a \u201cstory.\u201d And deconstructionists have found so much bias in human communication that, in the view of their critics, they have entirely denied the possibility of objective content in language, reducing language entirely to the assertion of presuppositions.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. \u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5904\u7406\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6216\u8bc1\u636e\u6d3e\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u5bb6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Every Philosopher Must Deal with Presupposition, Including Van Til<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u79f0\u804c\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u5bb6\u90fd\u8981\u4e25\u8083\u5904\u7406\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c06\u9884\u8bbe\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u62a4\u6559\u5bb6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8bc1\u636e\u6d3e\u548c\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\uff09\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u751a\u4e48\u4e24\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

                        Clearly, then, any twentieth-century apologist worth his salt would have to deal in a serious way with the concept of presupposition, distinguishing it from other aspects of human knowledge, and distinguishing his own view from the many other possibilities available. Van Til undertook this task, but in this respect he was no different form many other apologists, even from many who would prefer to be called \u201cevidentialists\u201d or \u201cclassicists.\u201d<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. \u591a\u9a6c\uff0e\u745e\u5fb7\u7684\u300c\u5e38\u8bc6\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u300d\u5f71\u54cd\u53f2\u9c8d\u5c14\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6d3e\u62a4\u6559\u5b66<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Thomas Reid\u2019s Common Sense Realism Influences Sproul\u2019s Classical Apologetics<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          [\u591a\u9a6c\u2027\u745e\u5fb7\uff08Thomas Reid\uff09\u662f\u300c\u5e38\u8bc6\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u300d\uff08commonsense realism\uff09\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6<\/p>\n

                          \u8ba4\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u8bc6\u4e0a\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ece\u4e25\u683c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u8bbe\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u611f\u77e5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u3001\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7b49\u3002\u745e\u5fb7\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u4e3a\u8001\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5b66\u6d3e\uff08Old Princeton\uff1b\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u5982\u8d3a\u6cbbCharles Hodge\u3001\u534e\u5c14\u975e\u5fb7B. B. Warfield\uff09\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

                          [Thomas Reid, the nineteenth-century founder of the school of philosophy called Scottish commonsense realism, argued that philosophy must make certain commonsense assumptions that are not strictly provable, such as the reliability of sense experience and the reality of the world external to ourselves. Reid\u2019s thinking became the basis of the \u201cOld Princeton\u201d apologetic, and it is reflected in many forms of evangelical apologetics today.<\/p>\n

                          \u53c2\u9605R. C. Sproul, John Gerstner, Arthur Lindsley\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u90fd\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u9884\u8bbe\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdc\u4e0d\u5982\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u90a3\u4e48\u6e05\u695a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u5728\u62a4\u6559\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002]<\/p>\n

                          See appendix A, in which I indicate that the book Classical Apologetics<\/em>, by R.C. Sproul, John Gerstner, and Arthur Lindsley (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984) claims this kind of presuppositional basis. In my estimation, however, they are far less sophisticated than Van Til in their account of how presuppositions function in apologetic argument.]<\/p>\n

                          \u65e0\u7591\u5730\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u300c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u7684\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u6d3e\u300d\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n

                          Certainly, one\u2019s concern for the preconditions of knowledge does not in itself justify one\u2019s being labeled a presuppositonalist.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. \u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u5148\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u9884\u8bbe\u6d3e\uff01<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Presuppositionalism = A Priorism<\/em>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            Van Til is Not Presuppositionalist in This Sense<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u300c\u5148\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff1a\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u540e\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8d2c\u4f4e\u540e\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cGordon Clark\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u559c\u6b22\u88ab\u8d34\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5426\u8ba4\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u611f\u77e5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u8303\u6c0f\u80af\u5b9a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u3001\u6709\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6839\u636e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u4e8e\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u3002[\u53c2\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u4efd\u300c\u652f\u63f4\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u300d18-24\u7ae0\u3002\u53e6\u53c2IST, 146-147; SCE, 7-13\u3002] \u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

                            That label may connote a kind of apriorism, which either denies a posteriori <\/em>knowledge or minimizes its importance relative to the a priori. Gordon H. Clark was certainly a presuppositionalist in this sense, and he welcomed that label. He denied that anything could be learned from sense experience. But Van Til was not an apriorist in this sense. He approved of empirical, factual study and believed that the study of factual evidence was important to apologetics. [See our later discussion of Van Til\u2019s \u201cArgument for Christianity\u201d (CVT, pt. 4, chaps. 18-24). Some references on this point are IST, 146-147; SCE, 7-13.] In general, he took this position:<\/p>\n

                            \u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4eba\u4e3a\u5730\u5c06\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\uff08induction\uff09\u4e0e\u6f14\u7ece\u6cd5\uff08deduction\uff09\u5206\u5f00\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c06\u300c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u300d\u548c\u300c\u7528\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u7406\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u300d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u5206\u5f00\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4eba\u4e3a\u5730\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u62bd\u79bb\u6216\u5206\u9694\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u63a8\u7406\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u3002[DF1, 258\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u968f\u540e\u4e3a\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u300d\u4e88\u4ee5\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u5411\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u770b\u5f85\u300e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff08philosophy of fact\uff09\u53d1\u51fa\u6311\u6218\u300d\u3002]<\/p>\n

                            I do not artificially separate induction from deduction, or reasoning about the facts of nature from reasoning in a priori<\/em> analytical fashion about the nature of human consciousness. I do not artificially abstract or separate them from one another. On the contrary I see induction and analytical reasoning as part of one process of interpretation. (DF1, 258. This is followed by an endorsement of \u201chistorical apologetics,\u201d with the caveat that discussions of fact should include challenges to the unbeliever\u2019s philosophy of fact.)<\/p>\n

                            \u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\uff1b\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n

                            \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u751a\u81f3\u8bf4\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u300c\u5fc5\u987b\u62d2\u7edd\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4e0a\u3002\u300d\uff08IST, 170\uff0c\u5bf9Clark\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u56de\u5e94Clark\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5bb9\u6613\u5931\u53bb\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8303\u6c0f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e94\u8be5\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u601d\u7ef4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u5bf9\u540e\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5426\u8ba4\u3001\u6216\u79bb\u5f00\u4e0a\u5e1d\u542f\u793a\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u63a8\u7406\u6cd5\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

                            He even said, with somewhat less balance, that human beings \u201cmust reject every form of a priori reasoning and base themselves upon the revelation of God from the start.\u201d (IST, 170, in response to Clark. As we have seen, Van Til tended to \u201close his balance\u201d when he dealt with Clark. Surely he should have objected here, not to a priori reasoning as such, but to apriorism as a theory of knowledge, to the denial of a posteriori knowledge, or to a priori reasoning apart from revelation.)<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u652f\u6301\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0e\u9884\u8bbe\u3001\u591a\u5143\u89c6\u89d2<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Van Til Supports Evidence and Presupposition, Multiperspectivalism<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u89c1\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u662f\u591a\u5143\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\uff08multiperspectival\uff09\uff1a\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7684\u542f\u793a\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u540c\u5728\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4ed6\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u4ece\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\uff08interdependent\uff09\u3002\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u89c1\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e5f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5143\u7d20\u4e0e\u540e\u9a8c\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4e09\u4e00\u771f\u795e\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u7684\u4e09\u800c\u4e00\uff08three in one\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u800c\u4f17\uff08unity in plurality\uff09\u3001\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08fact in law\uff09\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08law in fact\uff09\u3002\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u548c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u540e\u9a8c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5355\u5355\u5bfb\u627e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9762\u90fd\u662f\u6789\u7136\u3001\u656c\u62dc\u5076\u50cf\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u5bfb\u627e\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u79bb\u5f00\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u82e5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5148\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

                              As we have seen, Van Til\u2019s epistemology is multiperspectival: it seeks a balance between facts and laws, a balance between revelation in word, act, and divine presence. He coordinates revelation from and about God, the world, and the self, and he finds them interdependent. Similarly, we see in this context that Van Til seeks a balance between a priori and a posteriori elements in knowledge. The Trinity is not a mere oneness or a mere threeness, but always three in one. So the creation is unity in plurality, fact in law, law in fact. There is no pure a priori or pure a posteriori. The search for either is fruitless and idolatrous, being the search for an absolute criterion apart from God. Therefore, if presuppositionalism denotes apriorism, Van Til is not a presuppositionalist.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \u300c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u662f\u9884\u8bbe\u6d3e\u300d\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                In What Sense Van Til is a Presuppositionalist<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u5a01<\/strong>\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u77e5\u8bc6\u89c2\u300d\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u300c\u6548\u6cd5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u800c\u601d\u7ef4\u300d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u770b\u89c1\uff0c\u5728\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u542f\u793a\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u6240\u6709\u8303\u7574\u4e2d\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u771f\u7406\u51c6\u5219<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

                                However, Van Til may be called a presuppositionalist in another sense. Certainly he believed that God\u2019s revelation has absolute authority (and thus a certain priority) over all human thought. We have seen that his concept of analogical knowledge requires us to \u201cthink God\u2019s thoughts after him.\u201d We have seen that, in Van Til\u2019s view, revelation must serve as our ultimate criterion of truth in all areas of life.<\/p>\n

                                \u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u542f\u793a\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u5148\u9a8c<\/strong>\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b83\u5de6\u53f3\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u6709\u4e9b\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff08\u540e\u9a8c<\/strong>\uff09\u5f53\u4e2d\u53bb\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u900f\u8fc7\u9605\u8bfb\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff08\u5728\u5723\u7075\u7684\u5149\u7167\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff09\u3001\u5e76\u900f\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u548c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u521b\u9020\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7942\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u900f\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u9886\u53d7\u542f\u793a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5f15\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u300c\u5148\u9a8c\u601d\u7ef4\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u542f\u793a\u4e3a\u6839\u57fa\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

                                This revelation is given to us a priori<\/em>, in a sense. It governs our interpretation of experience, and that is one traditional function of a priori knowledge. But we discover it partly through our experience, unlike a priori knowledge in the traditional sense. We learn about God by reading the Bible (under the illumination of the Holy Spirit) and by observing his handiwork in creation and in ourselves. That is, we receive revelation through experience. This is why Van Til is able, in the previously quoted passage, to draw a sharp contrast between a priori reasoning and basing ourselves upon the revelation of God.<\/p>\n

                                \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8fd9\u4e48\u79f0\u547c\u4ed6\u3002\u4f46\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u53bb\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5728\u751a\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u751a\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n

                                So, we may or may not choose to call Van Til a presuppositionalist. But it is more important in either case to understand in what ways Van Til affirms, and in what ways he rejects, traditional apriorism.<\/p>\n

                                [ CTK = A Christian Theory of Knowledge ]<\/p>\n

                                [ CVT = John Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought ]<\/p>\n

                                [ SCE = A Survey of Christian Epistemology ]<\/p>\n

                                [ IST = An Introduction to Systematic Theology ]<\/p>\n

                                [ DF1 = The Defense of the Faith, 1st<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n

                                \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. <\/a> \u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  THE MEANING OF PRESUPPOSITION<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  (From John M. Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1995, chapter 10, pp. 136-137.)<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. \u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u575a\u6301\uff08\u59d4\u8eab\uff09<\/strong>\u2500\u2500<\/strong>\u5085<\/strong>\u5170\u59c6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Heart Commitment \u2013 Frame<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u6765\u6307\u660e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u5e94\u5f53\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u4e0b\u8fc7\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u5c1d\u8bd5\u66ff\u4ed6\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u662f\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u575a\u6301\uff08<\/strong>basic heart commitment<\/strong>\uff09<\/strong>\u3002\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u575a\u6301\uff08\u59d4\u8eab\uff09\u662f\u5411\u7740\u300c\u5728\u7942\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\u542f\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u300d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u5bf9\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5219\u7528\u522b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u660e\u3001\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u6b22\u4e50\u3001\u94b1\u8d22\u3001\u7406\u6027\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u7ec8\u6781\u59d4\u8eab\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u638c\u63a7\u4ed6\u4eec\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff08DF2, 83, 216\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u59d4\u8eab\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u7406\u6027\uff09\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5b83\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5224\u65ad\u771f\u4e0e\u5047\u3001\u5bf9\u4e0e\u9519\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u51c6\u5219\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u59d4\u8eab\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u5b83\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u300c\u771f\u7406\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

                                    Van Til uses the term presupposition<\/em> to indicate the role that divine revelation ought to play in human thought. I do not believe that he ever defines the term. I have tried to define it for him as a \u201cbasic heart-commitment.\u201d For the Christian, that commitment is to God as he reveals himself in his Word. Non-Christians substitute something else \u2013 another god, themselves, pleasure, money, rationality, or whatever \u2013 as that to which they are ultimately committed and that which governs all of life, including thought. (DF2, 83, 216.) Our ultimate commitment plays an important role in our knowledge. It determines our ultimate criteria of truth and falsity, right and wrong. As long as we consistently maintain our ultimate commitment, we cannot accept anything as true or right that conflicts with that commitment.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. \u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u65e0\u610f\u4e2d\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Unbeliever (Unconsciously) Concede God Exists: A Different Presupposition<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                      \u5728\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u529d\u544a\u62a4\u6559\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u300c\u5411\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5426\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u771f\u6b63\u5730\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08he is still really presupposing God\uff09\u3002\u300d\uff08CTK, 13\uff09\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5f53\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u7ec8\u6781\u59d4\u8eab\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u501f\u7740\u5047\u8bbe\u300c\u5b87\u5b99\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4e86\u89e3\u300d\uff08intelligible\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u7684\u6b21\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b21\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u6cd5\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5728\u8fd9\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u5176\u610f\u613f\u7684\uff1b\u8fd9\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u4e0e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

                                      There are a few instances in Van Til\u2019s writings in which he uses the term presupposition<\/strong> differently. For example, he urges the apologist to show \u201cthe non-Christian that even in his virtual negation of God, he is still really presupposing God.\u201d (CTK, 13.) Clearly, when the unbeliever \u201cpresupposes\u201d God in this sense, he is not acknowledging God as his ultimate commitment. Van Til\u2019s point here is that, in assuming the intelligibility of the world, the unbeliever implicitly concedes the existence of the God he explicitly denies. This lesser sense of presuppose<\/strong> is related to Van Til\u2019s more common use of the term, but it is somewhat different. For the unbeliever to presuppose God in this context is for him to think, say, or do something, contrary to his own inclination, that indicates at some level of his consciousness a recognition of God\u2019s reality and significance.<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. \u9884\u8bbe\u4e8b\u7269\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u6761\u4ef6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Presupposing Things: A Necessary Condition<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \u5728\u8303\u6c0f\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u6240\u6307\u6d89\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bba\u636e\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u5b66\u79d1\u3001\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff08\u5982\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u53ef\u77e5\u6027 intelligibility\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002[\u4f8b\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\uff08CA, 24\uff09\u3001\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff08DF2, 77\uff09\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08DF2, 100\uff09\u3002] \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u88ab\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u6761\u4ef6<\/strong>\uff08a necessary condition\uff09\u6216\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e8b\u7269\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u7684\u56e0\u7d20<\/strong>\uff08legitimizer\uff09\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff1a\u5047\u5b9a\uff58\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\uff59\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\uff58\uff0c\uff59\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4ed6\u59d4\u8eab\uff08\u575a\u6301\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u501f\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0e\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fde\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002[\u5173\u4e8e\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u300d\uff08reasoning by presupposition\uff09\uff0c\u53c2\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c23\u7ae0\u3002]<\/p>\n

                                        There are also passages in Van Til in which the word presuppose<\/em> is used, not of persons, but of things: arguments, methods, knowledge, academic disciplines, states of affairs (like the intelligibility of the universe). [Examples: science (CA, 24), consciousness of self and objects (DF2, 77), and methods (DF2, 100).] In such contexts, that which is presupposed is a necessary condition or that which legitimizes. Perhaps we can relate these uses to our basic definition by saying that if x<\/em> presupposes y<\/em>, then y<\/em> is that to which a person must be committed if he is to give an intelligible account of x<\/em>. [For Van Til\u2019s concept of \u201creasoning by presupposition,\u201d see chap. 23 (CVT).]<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. \u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u540c\u610f\u8bcd\uff1a\u8d77\u59cb\u70b9<\/strong>\u3001\u53c2\u8003\u70b9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          Presupposition\u2019s Synonyms: Starting Point, Reference Point<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8f9e\u6c47\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u300c\u8d77\u59cb\u70b9\u300d\uff08starting point\uff09\u4e0e\u300c\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u300d\uff08reference point\uff09\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u8bcd\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff08\u53c2\u62d9\u8457DKG, 125-126\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u300c\u8d77\u59cb\u70b9\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u542b\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u300c\u5f00\u59cb\u300d\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u8bbe\u5fc5\u987b\u5177\u5907\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

                                          Van Til sometimes uses other phrases as equivalents to presupposition<\/em>, especially \u201cstarting point\u201d and \u201creference point.\u201d These latter phrases are, in my estimation, less clear. (See DKG, 125-126.) \u201cStarting point,\u201d in particular, suggests a temporal sequence which, as we have seen, is not necessary to the concept of presupposition.<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          1. \u9884\u8bbe\u5f0f\u63a8\u7406<\/strong> = <\/strong>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u300c\u8d85\u9a8c\u8bba\u8bc1\u300d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                            Reasoning by Presupposition: Van Til\u2019s \u201cTranscendental Argument\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u5f0f\u63a8\u7406\u300d\uff08reasoning by presupposition\uff09\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6709\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u8bba\u8bc1\uff08transcendental argument\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8303\u6c0f\u63d0\u5021\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u80af\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c23\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

                                            Finally, there is the phrase \u201creasoning by presupposition,\u201d which for Van Til designates the \u201ctranscendental argument\u201d for Christian theism. Because he advocates this sort of argument, Van Til may certainly in one sense be called a presuppositionalist. We shall discuss this form of argumentation in chapter 23 (CVT).<\/p>\n

                                            [ DF2 = The Defense of the Faith, 2nd<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n

                                            [ CTK = A Christian Theory of Knowledge ]<\/p>\n

                                            [ CA = Christian Apologetics ]<\/p>\n

                                            [ CVT = John Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought ]<\/p>\n

                                            [ DKG = John Frame, Doctrine of the Knowledge of God ]<\/p>\n

                                            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            <\/a>III. \u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u7684\u8bef\u4f1a<\/p>\n

                                            MISUNDERSTANDINGS<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            (From John M. Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1995, chapter 10, pp. 137-138.)<\/p>\n

                                            \u6709\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\uff08\u5982Mark Hanna\u548cR. C. Sproul, John Gerstner\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u683c\u65af\u7279\u7eb3, Art Lindsley\u7b49\u4eba\uff09\u628a\u9884\u8bbe\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff08assumption\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u968f\u610f\u9009\u7528\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u6027\u6839\u636e\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u8303\u6c0f\u601d\u60f3\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n

                                            Some writers understand a presupposition to be a mere supposition, assumption, or postulate \u2013 a belief chosen arbitrarily, with no rational basis. [E.g., Mark Hanna, Crucial Questions in Apologetics<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981), and Sproul, Gerstner, and Lindsley, Classical Apologetics<\/em>.] This is not Van Til\u2019s understanding, and it should not be assumed in discussions about him.<\/p>\n

                                            \u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u5177\u6709\u6700\u575a\u56fa\u7684\u7406\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u2500\u2500\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff08\u8bc1\u660e\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u770b\u89c1\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u601d\u8003\u800c\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\uff08hypothesis\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5361\u4e43\u5c14\uff08E.J. Carnell\uff09\u662f\u6301\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u89c2\uff08\u53c2CVT\u7b2c21\u7ae0\uff09\uff1b\u4f46\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u9884\u8bbe\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff08categorical\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\uff08hypothetical\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

                                            For Van Til, Christian presuppositions have the strongest possible rational ground, namely, the revelation of God. Indeed, Christian presuppositions are even provable<\/strong> in a sense, as we shall see in our examination of Van Til\u2019s argument for Christianity. Nor does Van Til use presupposition<\/strong> to refer to a hypothesis adopted for consideration, as does, for example, Edward J. Carnell. [See the discussion in chap. 21 (CVT).] For Van Til, presuppositions are categorical, not hypothetical.<\/p>\n

                                            \u518d\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\uff08presupposition\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u9884\u300d\uff08pre-\uff09\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u6697\u793a\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u5148\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u7684\u300c\u9884\u300d\u5b57\u662f\u300c\u81f3\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6700\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u662f\u81f3\u9ad8\u7684 \uff08pre-eminent\uff09\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300e\u81ea\u6211\u300f\u548c\u300e\u4e8b\u7269\u300f\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\uff08intelligibility\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u300e\u751a\u4e48\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e8b\u7269\u65f6\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\uff1f\u300f\u300d\uff08DF2, 77.\uff09<\/p>\n

                                            Nor should we emphasize the pre-<\/strong> in presupposition<\/strong> to suggest that a presupposition must be held at some point in time prior to all our other knowledge. The pre-<\/strong> in presupposition<\/strong> refers to the \u201cpre-eminence\u201d of the presupposition with respect to our other beliefs. Van Til says, \u201cMan\u2019s consciousness of self and of objects presuppose for their intelligibility the self-consciousness of God. In asserting this we are not thinking of psychological and temporal priority. We are thinking only of the question as to what is the final reference point in interpretation.\u201d (DF2, 77.)<\/p>\n

                                            \u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u95ee\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u600e\u80fd\u671f\u671b\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u501f\u7740\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u542f\u793a\uff08\u7f571:21\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u53bb\u9009\u62e9\u300c\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7942\u300d\u3002\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u514d\u9664\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c1a\u672a\u5f97\u7740\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5b88\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300d\u8fd9\u9879\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u6d88\u51cf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u8d2f\u6559\u5bfc\u662f\uff1a\u5018\u82e5\u79bb\u5f00\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u5429\u5490\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5815\u843d\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u529e\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n

                                            The question is sometimes asked, How can people be expected to presuppose God\u2019s revelation before they have come to believe in God? The answers are: (1) Everyone knows God already by virtue of natural revelation (Rom. 1:21). Those who choose not to believe in him do so contrary to their own better knowledge. (2) Even if presupposing God did require knowledge in addition to what we have, the lack of such knowledge would not invalidate the obligation to presuppose God. Rather, that obligation would entail the further obligation to gain that additional knowledge. (3) Even if the requirement to presuppose God\u2019s revelation were in some sense impossible for man to obey, that fact would not invalidate it. Calvinism typically teaches that God commands what depraved man cannot do apart from grace.<\/p>\n

                                            [ CVT = John Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought ]<\/p>\n

                                            [ DF2 = The Defense of the Faith, 2nd<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n

                                            \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            1. <\/a> \u300c\u975e\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u300d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              (From John M. Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 1995, chapter 10, pp. 138-139.)<\/p>\n

                                              \u4ece\u524d\u9762\u51e0\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u5b9a\u4e49\u6f84\u6e05\u4e3a\u300c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u575a\u6301\u300d\uff08ultimate commitment\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

                                              In the preceding sections, I have reserved the word presupposition<\/em>, as Van Til usually does, for a person\u2019s ultimate commitment. The example of the non-Christian\u2019s presupposing God was an exception.<\/p>\n

                                              \u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a\u300c\u65e2\u7136\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u6b21\u8981\uff08proximate\uff09\u7684\u59cb\u70b9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u2500\u2500\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u2500\u2500\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u3002\u300d\uff08DF2, 77\uff1b\u53c2IST, 72\uff09<\/p>\n

                                              There are other exceptions: \u201cIf then the human consciousness must, in the nature of the case, always be the proximate starting point, it remains true that God is always the most basic and therefore the final reference point in human interpretation.\u201d (DF2, 77; cf. IST, 72.)<\/p>\n

                                              \u6709\u4eba\u6297\u8bae\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u4e2d\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e3a\u59cb\u70b9\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u2500\u2500\u5373\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u2500\u2500\u4e3a\u59cb\u70b9\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u7528\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u300c\u59cb\u70b9\u300d\uff08starting point\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6297\u8bae\u7684\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u5c31\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u300c\u59cb\u70b9\u300d\uff08starting point\uff09\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u59cb\u70b9\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u60f3\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5148\u540e\u6b21\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

                                              Some have objected that we cannot ask people to presuppose or \u201cstart with\u201d God in their thinking, for they must always \u201cstart with\u201d whatever is most immediate to them, namely, their own consciousness. This objection becomes less plausible when we reply that Van Til\u2019s \u201cstart with\u201d in such a context does not have a temporal meaning, but simply refers to that which has supreme authority over a person. If we do treat the question as a temporal one, the answer is that we can \u201cstart with\u201d anything. It does not matter in what order we consider the various items we think about.<\/p>\n

                                              \u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e3a\u59cb\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u79bb\u5f00\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6d1e\u89c1\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5e26\u5f15\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f62\u50cf\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u5f3a\u8c03\u300c\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u300d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u76f8\u9047\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u76f8\u9047\u3002<\/p>\n

                                              But, more importantly, even if we do begin with our own consciousness, we will not be able to interpret that consciousness rightly apart from God. Indeed, a true insight into our own consciousness brings us face-to-face with God, for we are his image. Hence Calvin emphasized the interdependence of our knowledge of God and of the self. Therefore, even in the temporal sense, a true encounter with consciousness will simultaneously be an encounter with God.<\/p>\n

                                              \u5c31\u7b97\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300c\u8d77\u59cb\u70b9\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u610f\u8bc6\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5f53\u65f6\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u51c6\u5219\uff08normative criteria\uff09\u3002\u300c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u5148\u540e\u6b21\u5e8f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5f52\u8303\u6027\u300d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u300c\u8d77\u59cb\u70b9<\/strong>\u300d\u8fd9\u8bcd\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u9884\u8bbe<\/strong>\u300d\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n

                                              And even if we must \u201cstart with\u201d the consciousness in a temporal sense, that does not mean that we must accept as normative the present standards or criteria that that consciousness affords us. The temporal question and the normative question must be kept distinct. The term start with<\/strong> confuses that distinction, and therefore is not a good synonym for presuppose<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

                                              \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u6211\u300d\u6216\u300c\u610f\u8bc6\u300d\u662f\u300c\u6b21\u59cb\u70b9\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6b21\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u624d\u662f\u300c\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u300d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u8bbe\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u53bb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002[\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u9650\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5148\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5916\u5728\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08each act of knowledge\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89c6\u89d2\uff08perspectives\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e09\u8005\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u540c\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u8d77\u3001\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u7b26\u5408\u8303\u6c0f\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08perspectivalism\uff09\u3002] \u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u9884\u8bbe\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1b\u7942\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u3002\u4f7f\u5f92\u6b63\u662f\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u82e5\u8d23\u5907\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u5927\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u300d\uff08\u7ea6\u4e003:20\uff09<\/p>\n

                                              Van Til\u2019s formulation is that the self or consciousness is the \u201cproximate\u201d starting point or presupposition, while God is the \u201cultimate\u201d one. We know our own consciousness, and we must presuppose that self-knowledge when we come to know anything else. (Of course, it is also the case that we cannot know ourselves without at the same time knowing something of our finite environment. So knowledge of self is not prior to knowledge of the things outside ourselves. Self, world, and God are known simultaneously, as perspectives on each act of knowledge. That does not mean that the three are identical to one another, only that they are known together. This is my formulation, but I think it is in accord with Van Til\u2019s overall perspectivalism.) But our ultimate presupposition must be God alone. The apostle assumes that relationship when he write, \u201cWhenever our hearts condemn us, God is greater than our hearts, and he knows everything\u201d (1 John 3:20).<\/p>\n

                                              [ DF2 = The Defense of the Faith, 2nd<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n

                                              [ IST = An Introduction to Systematic Theology ]<\/p>\n

                                              \u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\uff1b\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                              \u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u3000\u9884\u8bbe\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898 PRESUPPOSITIONS \u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u524d\u63d0\u6d3e\uff09\u5417\uff1f IS VAN […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[145],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-145"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12486"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12486\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}