{"id":12484,"date":"2024-10-05T22:32:18","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T22:32:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=12484"},"modified":"2024-10-05T22:32:18","modified_gmt":"2024-10-05T22:32:18","slug":"%e7%9f%a5%e8%af%86%e8%ae%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%bd%a2%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%a6%e8%ae%b2%e4%b9%89_%e8%87%aa%e5%90%ab%e4%b8%b0%e6%bb%a1%e5%92%8c%e7%bb%9d%e5%af%b9%e4%bd%8d%e6%a0%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=12484","title":{"rendered":"\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8bb2\u4e49_\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4f4d\u683c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a name=\"_Toc402351074\"><\/a>\u300a\u54e5\u5c3c\u6d41\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u4efd\u3000\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>VAN TIL\u2019S METAPHYSICS OF KNOWLEDGE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u5085\u5170\u59c6\uff0c\u300a\u54e5\u5c3c\u6d41\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u987551-184\u3002\u7f16\u8005\u52a0\u6dfb\u8d44\u6599\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(From John M. Frame, <em>Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&amp;R Publishing, 1995, Part Two, pp. 51-184.\u00a0 With additional material from editor.)<\/p>\n<h1>\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u3000\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1a\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u4e0e\u7edd\u5bf9\u4f4d\u683c<\/h1>\n<p><strong>GOD: SELF-CONTAINED FULLNESS AND ABSOLUTE PERSONALITY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7ecf\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u4e66\u300b40\u7ae0\u3002\u300a\u4f7f\u5f92\u884c\u4f20\u300b17\uff1a22-31\u3002\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e66\u300b11\uff1a33-36\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Scripture: Isaiah chapter 40.\u00a0 Acts 17:22-31.\u00a0 Romans 11:33-36.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u672c\u4e8e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2BIBLICAL WORLDVIEW<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>(From John M. Frame, <em>Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&amp;R Publishing, 1995, chapter 4, pp. 51-53.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6211\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u53ef\u5206\u4f5c\u56db\u4e2a\u8303\u7574\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u5bf9\u300c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u300d\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300d\uff09\u3002\u2026<\/p>\n<p>We shall now begin to look at Van Til\u2019s thought systematically. On my analysis, his most significant insights can be divided into four general categories: the metaphysics of knowledge, the ethics of knowledge, the argument for Christianity, and the critique of unbelief (including both the thought of unbelievers and the influence of unbelieving thought upon Christian theology). \u2026<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/strong><strong>\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66<\/strong><strong> Metaphysics, Knowledge, Ethics<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u4efd\u300c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300d\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u8981\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u770b\u6cd5\u6765\u81ea\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u4efd\u300c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300d\u4f1a\u5904\u7406\u5815\u843d\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u2026<\/p>\n<p>In Part Two, \u201cThe Metaphysics of Knowledge,\u201d I will discuss Van Til\u2019s view of the basic nature of human knowledge within a Christian worldview. Part Three, \u201cThe Ethics of Knowledge,\u201d will deal with the effects of the Fall upon our knowledge. \u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5e38\u5e38\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08\u662f\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff09\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b9e\u5b58\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u5b87\u5b99\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4f4d\u683c\u4e0e\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u65e0\u9650\u4e0e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u80fd\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u4e0e\u4e0d\u80fd\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5219\u5904\u7406\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff1b\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51c6\u5219\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff08epistemology, theory of knowledge\uff09\u5219\u8ba8\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Van Til often discussed relationships among metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics, three traditional philosophical disciplines. Metaphysics, roughly synonymous with ontology, describes in broad terms the nature of reality and deals with questions about the general structure of the world: the relations of unity and diversity, personality and impersonality, God and man, infinitude and finitude, time and eternity, the visible and the invisible. Ethics deals with norms for personal behavior, ways of determining those norms, and ways of applying them to behavior. Epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, discusses how we can know truth, including truth in metaphysics and ethics. \u2026<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/strong><strong> = <\/strong><strong>\u300a<\/strong><strong>\u5723\u7ecf<\/strong><strong>\u300b<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Metaphysics = Biblical Worldview<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u8bb2\u4e49\uff0c\u539f\u662f\u4ee5\u300a\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300b\u4e3a\u9898\u76ee\uff08\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u88ab\u6539\u4e3a\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7efc\u89c8\u300b\uff09\u3002\u300c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300d\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u6307\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u521b\u9020\u8005\u4e0e\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u751f\u6daf\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5173\u5fc3\u300c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u300d\u548c\u300c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\u300d\u4e24\u8005\u4e0e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u2026\uff08\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\uff09\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7279\u522b\u914d\u5f97\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u8d5e\u626c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u672c\u4e8e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u53c8\u5bcc\u6709\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u57fa\u8981\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Van Til\u2019s first class syllabus was originally entitled \u201cThe Metaphysics of Apologetics.\u201d (More recently it was retitled <em>A Survey of Christian Epistemology<\/em>.) \u201cMetaphysics\u201d in this context refers to the biblical worldview, namely, the relation between Creator and creature. Thus, he was concerned from the earliest days of his career to discuss human knowledge and Christian apologetics in relation to the biblical worldview. \u2026 (Van Til\u2019s) account of the metaphysics of knowledge merits superlative commendation. It is profoundly biblical and intellectually penetrating, and it provides substantial clarification of the fundamental nature of human thought. \u2026<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u67b6\u6784\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5708\u5b50<\/strong>\u2500\u2500<strong>\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\u4e0e\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Simple Structure: Two Circles,The Creator-Creature Distinction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u300d\uff08DF1, 23\uff09\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684<\/p>\n<p>\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u521b\u9020\u8bba\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7942\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u6559\u5ba4\u9ed1\u677f\u4e0a\u753b\u4e24\u4e2a<\/p>\n<p>\u5706\u5708\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u5708\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1b\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u5708\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u88ab\u9020\u7269\uff08\u5b87\u5b99\uff09\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u5708\u7531\u51e0\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u8fde\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u62a4\u7406\uff08\u638c\u7ba1\u5b87\u5b99\uff09\u548c\u542f\u793a\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5708\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Van Til wrote, \u201cNow the basic structure of my thought is very simple\u201d (DF1, 23), and in essence it is. Van Til\u2019s starting point is the historic doctrine of creation: God is the Creator, the world is his creation. Over and over again in class he would draw two circles on the blackboard: a large circle representing God and a smaller circle below it representing the creation. The two are connected by lines representing providence and revelation, but Van Til emphasized the distinctness of the two circles from one another.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u300c\u5723\u7ecf\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u4e16\u4fd7\u300d\uff1a\u300c\u4e8c\u5708\u601d\u7ef4\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u4e00\u5708\u601d\u7ef4\u300d\uff1a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u300c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u300d\u7684\u9519\u8bef<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bible Versus World: Two Circles Versus One Circle Thinking:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Error of Correlativity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6c0f\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u662f\u300c\u4e8c\u5708\u300d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u53ea\u6709\u300c\u4e00\u5708\u300d\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u89c6\u5b87\u5b99\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u5b9e\u5b58\u5f7c\u6b64\u540c\u7b49\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u82e5\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u7942\u5c31\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u7b49\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5168\u6743\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u4e0e\u4e3b\u5bb0\uff1b\u4e16\u754c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u7942\u540c\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u300c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u67b6\u6784\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>He insisted that Christianity has a \u201ctwo-circle\u201d worldview, as opposed to secular thought, which has only \u201cone-circle\u201d thinking. Non-biblical thought makes all reality equal: if there is a God, he is equal to the world. But for Christianity, God is the sovereign Creator and Lord; the world is in no sense equal to him. That is, in essence, the \u201csimple structure\u201d of Van Til\u2019s thought.<\/p>\n<p>[ DF1 = The Defense of the Faith, 1<sup>st<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>GOD, THE SELF-CONTAINED FULLNESS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(From John M. Frame, <em>Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&amp;R Publishing, 1995, chapter 4, pp. 53-58.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300c\u81ea\u5b58\u300d\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Aseity: God Is Self-Sufficient, Not Correlative<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u63a2\u7d22\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u89c2\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9875\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5148\u5b58\u4e0e\u81ea\u5b58\uff0c\u5e76\u9884\u8bbe\u7942\u65e0\u8c2c\u8bef\u5730\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u5411\u4eba\u542f\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\uff1b\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u7edf\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u300d\uff08IST, 1; IST \u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248, 215.\uff09\u300c\u81ea\u5b58\u300d\uff08self-existence \u6216 aseity\uff09\u6240\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u7942\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\uff08correlative\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u7942\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5b58\u6709\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u300c\u6765\u6e90\u300d\u8fd9\u8bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u3002\u300d\uff08DF2, 9\uff09\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5e38\u8bf4\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u300d\uff08self-contained\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Evidently, then, our first priority in trying to understand Van Til\u2019s metaphysics of knowledge is to explore his doctrine of God. On the first page of his <em>Introduction to Systematic Theology,<\/em> he says, \u201cFundamental to everything orthodox is the presupposition of the antecedent self-existence of God and of his infallible revelation of himself to man in the Bible.\u201d (IST, 1; ITS2, 215.) \u201cSelf-existence,\u201d sometimes called aseity, refers to the fact \u201cthat God is in no sense correlative to or dependent upon anything besides his own being. God is the source of his own being, or rather the term source cannot be applied to God. God is <em>absolute<\/em>. He is sufficient unto himself\u201d (DF2, 9). Often Van Til summarizes this concept by referring to the \u201cself-contained God.\u201d<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>God Is Self-Sufficient, Therefore Unchangeable<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5f88\u559c\u6b22\u5f15\u7528\u5df4\u6587\u514b\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff09\u90fd\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u7942\u7684\u81ea\u5b58\uff08aseity\uff09\u91cc\uff08IST, 206\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u5b58\u4e0a\uff1a\u300c\u663e\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u7942\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u9664\u4e86\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff08eternal Being\uff09\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7942\u4e0d\u9760\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u739b3:6\uff0c\u96c51:17\uff09\u3002\u300d\uff08DF2, 9; DF4, 30.\uff09<\/p>\n<p>He quotes favorably a passage from Bavinck to the effect that all the other\u00a0 virtues of God are included in his aseity (IST, 206). Thus, when Van Til goes on to discuss God\u2019s immutability, he bases that doctrine upon the divine aseity: \u201cNaturally God does not and cannot change since there is nothing besides his own eternal Being upon which he depends (Mal. 3:6, James 1:7).\u201d (DF2, 9; DF4, 30.)<\/p>\n<p>\u739b3:6<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6211\u8036\u548c\u534e\u662f\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u4eec\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u4e4b\u5b50\u6ca1\u6709\u706d\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96c51:17<\/p>\n<p>\u5404\u6837\u7f8e\u5584\u7684\u6069\u8d50\u548c\u5404\u6837\u5168\u5907\u7684\u8d4f\u8d50\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u4e0a\u5934\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u4f17\u5149\u4e4b\u7236\u90a3\u91cc\u964d\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8f6c\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u513f\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u300d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>God\u2019s Immutability Versus Secular Immutability<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u65e2\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7942\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u300d\uff08self-contained fullness\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7406\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u300c\u4e0d\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u8005\u300d\uff08unmoved mover\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\uff08IST, 210\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Since God\u2019s immutability is based upon his \u201cself-contained fullness,\u201d it is quite opposite to the immutability of Aristotle\u2019s unmoved mover, an abstract thought thinking itself (IST, 210).<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u89c2\u300d\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5f15\u81f4\u300c\u4e00\u5708\u601d\u7ef4\u300d<\/strong><strong>\u2500\u2500<\/strong><strong>\u501f\u7740\u5ef6\u4f38\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u6cd5<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Secular Ideas of \u201cSelf-Contained\u201d:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>All Lead to One-Circle Thinking \u2013 Through Extrapolation or Negation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u300d\u8fdb\u5230\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u300d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5efa\u6784\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u300d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e0\u300d\uff08uncaused cause\uff09\u3001\u300c\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7c92\u5b50\u300d\u3001\u300c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u300d\uff08abstract unity\uff09\u3001\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u300d\uff08abstract form\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u76f8\u300d\uff09\u3001\u300c\u673a\u7387\u6027\u300d\uff08pure chance\uff09\u3001\u6216\u300c\u968f\u610f\u6027\u300d\uff08randomness\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u6709\u9650\u7684\u73b0\u5b58\u300c\u5ef6\u4f38\u300d\uff08extrapolation\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u6709\u9650\uff08negation\uff09\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u501f\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u65e0\u9650\uff08infinity\uff09\u3002\u6309\u4e00\u822c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff0c\u300c\u5ef6\u4f38\u6cd5\u300d\u4f1a\u5f15\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u300d\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5b83\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6709\u9650\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u6269\u5927\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u800c\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300d\u5219\u4f1a\u5f15\u81f4\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u300d\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u5b83\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u300d\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u300c\u5ef6\u4f38\u6cd5\u300d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f15\u81f4\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u53ea\u5c06\u4eba\u5e26\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u800c\u5df2\uff1b\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300d\u5219\u5f15\u81f4\u865a\u65e0\u3002\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u5230\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u300c\u4e30\u6ee1\u300d\u90a3\u91cc\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u628a\u4eba\u9886\u5165\u300c\u4e00\u5708\u300d\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u4e8c\u5708\u300d\u601d\u7ef4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Notice how he moves from \u201cself-contained\u201d to \u201cself-contained <em>fullness<\/em>.\u201d That is important. All would-be comprehensive metaphysical systems include something that is \u201cself-contained.\u201d It may be an uncaused cause, an ultimate physical particle, an abstract unity in reality, an abstract form, or perhaps pure chance or randomness. The basis for such assertions lies either in an extrapolation from finite reality (the \u201cway of eminence\u201d) or in a negation of the finite in an attempt thereby to reach infinity (the \u201cway of negation\u201d). Extrapolation or eminence, carried out in the usual philosophical way, leads to a \u201cself-contained\u201d being that is merely an enlargement of the finite universe; negation leads to a being that is self-contained simply because it has no positive qualities. Extrapolation leads to no God at all, but only a larger universe; negation leads to emptiness. Neither leads to the \u201cfullness\u201d of the biblical God. Both leads to \u201cone-circle\u201d thinking, rather than \u201ctwo-circle\u201d thinking.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u300c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300d\u4e0e\u300c\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u300c\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300d<\/strong><strong> = <\/strong><strong>\u62bd\u8c61<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Correct Negation Versus Incorrect Negation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Incorrect = Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u300c\u5ef6\u4f38\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u300c\u5ef6\u4f38\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f5c\u6cd5\u3002\u8bba\u5230\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\uff09\u65e0\u9650\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u300d\uff08IST, 211\uff09\u4ed6\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u81f3\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u300d\uff08IST, 211; IST2, 335. \u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u53c2 ITS2, 264, 296-297, 323-326; \u7279\u522b\uff1a\u9875 323\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Van Til does not deny the legitimacy of extrapolations and negations as such.\u00a0 But he objects to the way in which these have typically been carried out in the history of philosophy and theology. With regard to infinity, he says, \u201cWe are again compelled to describe this attribute chiefly by way of negation.\u201d (IST, 211.) He adds, however, \u201cBut it is again of utmost significance that we use the way of negation correctly.\u201d (IST, 211; IST2, 335.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u662f\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u300d\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>The incorrect way is \u201cabstract,\u201d which is to<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5c06\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u51cf\u53bb\u6392\u5e8f\u3001\u5ef6\u7eed\uff08succession, continuity\uff09\u7b49\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u8fbe\u5230\u6c38\u6052\u3001\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u79cd\u529d\u544a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u6765\u5230\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Simply take the notions of time and space, and subtract such characteristics as succession or continuity from them in order to reach the notions of eternity and omnipresence. But when we follow this advice we land at the opposite pole from that of the fullness of the being of God. We then come to pure emptiness.<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90a3\u8a00\u8bed\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c3d\u8ff0\u7684\u300c\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u300d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7b49\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u524d\u63d0\uff08presupposition\uff09\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u51cf\u9664\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u5ff5\u91cc\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u9020\u7684\u7f18\u6545\u800c\u6709\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u82e5\u8fd9\u6837\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u672c\u7684\uff08theistic\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u80af\u5b9a\u300d\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u5706\u6ee1\u3001\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bba\u53ca\u7942\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u300d\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5148\u9884\u8bbe\u7942\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u3002\uff08IST, 211-212; IST2, 335-336.\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, we need the indescribable fullness of the being of God as the presupposition of our notions of time and space. Then we subtract from these notions the limitations that pertain to them by virtue of the fact that they are created by God. If we do this, we walk theistically on the way of negation. The way of negation is then, at the same time, the way of affirmation. God then appears so full and rich in his being that we cannot even make negations with respect to him without the presupposition of the fullness of his being. (IST, 211-212; IST2, 335-336.)<\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e5f\u8fd0\u7528\u300c\u9884\u8bbe\u524d\u63d0\u300d\uff01\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Even in his basic discussion of God\u2019s nature, the matter of presuppositions comes into play!&#8230;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5408\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>God\u2019s Unity Is Basis of His Aseity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e5f\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5408\u4e00\u6027\uff08unity\uff09\u4e0e\u7942\u7684\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u5c06\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\u300d\uff08singularity\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\u548c\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u300d\uff08simplicity\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u522b\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u4efd\u6216\u5c42\u6b21\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u662f\u795e\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\uff09\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5bf9\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u300d\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u8db3\u662f\u5185\u5728\u8d28\u7d20\u7684\u81ea\u8db3\uff08internal qualitative sufficiency\uff09\u3002\u300d\uff08IST, 215; IST2, 341. \u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a \u53c2\uff1aDF4, 31\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Van Til also relates God\u2019s attribute of unity to his self-contained fullness.\u00a0 Theologians traditionally distinguish God\u2019s unity of singularity (that there is only one God) from his unity of simplicity (that he is not made up of parts or aspects that are intelligible in themselves, apart from the divine being as a whole). To Van Til, the one implies the other: \u201cWe have in the case of God absolute numerical identity and, therefore, internal qualitative sufficiency.\u201d (IST, 215; IST2, 341.\u00a0 Ed.: cf. DF4, 31.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong>\u9519\u8bef\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u82e5\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u300d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u826f\u5584\uff09\u9ad8\u8fc7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u771f\u795e\uff0c<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Error: Abstract Attribute \u2013 e.g. Goodness, Will Be Higher Than God,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>And Be The True God, Albeit an Impersonal God<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u82e5\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300c\u91cc\u9762\u300d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u662f\u79bb\u7942\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u4ee5\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u826f\u5584\u300d\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u300c\u826f\u5584\u300d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u601d\u60f3\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u7942\u8981\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u5e26\u5230\u8fd9\u300c\u826f\u5584\u300d\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u53bb\u9075\u5b88\u5b83\u3002\u82e5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u300c\u826f\u5584\u300d\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u8d28\u7d20\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300d\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82e5\u5426\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5219\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u72ec\u4e00\u6027\uff08\u5b87\u5b99\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>If there is only one God, then there is nothing \u201cin\u201d him that is independent of him. God\u2019s goodness, for example, is not something in his mind to which he brings himself to conformity. If it were, that goodness, an abstract quality, would be a second deity coordinate with God himself. Thus, denial of God\u2019s unity of simplicity violates God\u2019s unity of singularity.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300d\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u90a3\u4e0d\u662f\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u82e5\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u826f\u5584\u6bd4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u66f4\u7ec8\u6781\uff08ultimate\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u300c\u826f\u5584\u300d\u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u795e\u3002\u800c\u771f\u795e\u82e5\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u771f\u795e\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\uff08impersonal\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\uff08personal\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In another sense, however, on this supposition, there would still be one god, though not the God of Scripture. For abstract goodness would be more ultimate than God is; it alone would be authentic deity. And if the true deity were an abstract principle, then the true deity would be impersonal rather than personal.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u826f\u5584\u5c31\u662f\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\uff1b\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u6307\u5411\u7942\u672c\u8eab<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>God\u2019s Goodness Is Himself; All Attributes Refer to His Self<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u826f\u5584\u5c31\u662f\u7942\u6240\u662f\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u6307\u5411\u7942\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\uff08\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6307\u5411\u7942\u7684\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>On the contrary, says Van Til, God\u2019s goodness is everything that he is. All his attributes, similarly, refer (from different perspectives!) to his self-contained fullness.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0e\u7942\u300e\u540c\u6781\u300f\u7684\u3002IST2, 323\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(Ed.: All the attributes of God are coterminous with God.\u00a0 IST2, 323.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\uff1b\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong>\u5ef6\u4f38\u4e0e\u5426\u5b9a\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u8bbe\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Extrapolation and Negation Must Presuppose God\u2019s Revelation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u5b8c\u6ee1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u9760\u5ef6\u4f38\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u53bb\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u82e5\u81ea\u6211\u542f\u793a\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e2d\u9884\u8bbe\u8fd9\u542f\u793a\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u7942\u7684\u542f\u793a\u4e2d\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u88ab\u9020\u8005\uff1b\u7942\u4e5f\u8d50\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u300c\u521b\u9020\u8005\u4e0e\u88ab\u9020\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\u300d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4f5c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8c26\u5351\u5730\u4ece\u7942\u624b\u4e2d\u9886\u53d7\u8fd9\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5173\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u300d\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u590d\u8ff0\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In summary, the nature of God is so rich and full that we could never come to know it on the basis of either eminence or negation taken by themselves. However, if God reveals himself, then we can presuppose that revelation in our extrapolations and negations. For he tells us in that revelation that he is the Creator and we are creatures, and he tells us much about how Creator and creature differ from one another. What we must do first is humbly accept that knowledge from his hands. Our doctrines of the divine attributes will simply be repetition, explanation, and application of what God has told us.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li><strong>\u5e94\u7528<\/strong><strong>\u300a<\/strong><strong>\u5723\u7ecf<\/strong><strong>\u300b<\/strong><strong>\u7275\u6d89\u666e\u904d\u542f\u793a\uff1b\u5bf9\u666e\u904d\u542f\u793a\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u8bbe<\/strong><strong>\u300a<\/strong><strong>\u5723\u7ecf<\/strong><strong>\u300b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Applying Scripture Involves General Revelation;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Response to General Revelation Must Presuppose Scripture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bf4\u5230\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u300c\u4f7f\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u76f8\u8fde\u300d\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u548c\u65e0\u9650\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u95ee\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u6709\u751a\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u8bb2\u5f97\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ed4\u7ec6\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u6765\u81ea\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u542f\u793a\u300d\u2500\u2500\u5373\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u542f\u793a\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5148\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u771f\u7406\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u51fa\u6709\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5982\u4f55\u8d85\u8d8a\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08transcendence\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cc\u4e34\u5728\uff08immanence\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>But application, of course, involves relating the teachings of Scripture to the realities of our experience. In the case of divine immutability and infinity, it is important to ask how these are related to space and time. Scripture says little specifically or in general about space and time; much of what we learn about these things comes from \u201cnatural revelation,\u201d God\u2019s revelation of himself in nature and history. But when our analysis of space and time presupposes the truth of Scripture, we can draw useful conclusions about how God transcends them, yet is also immanent in them.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li><strong>\u542f\u793a\u4f7f\u300c\u5ef6\u4f38\u6cd5\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300d\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u80fd\u800c\u6709\u6548<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Revelation Makes Extrapolation, Negation Possible and Fruitful<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5ef6\u4f38\u6cd5\u548c\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u6709\u501f\u7740\u542f\u793a\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u4e2a\u300c\u865a\u7a7a\u300d\u7684\u795e\u660e\uff1b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u795e\u660e\u82e5\u300c\u662f\u300d\u751a\u4e48\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Thus, divine revelation enables us to use extrapolation and negation in a fruitful way. In any case, it is only by revelation that we can avoid believing in an \u201cempty\u201d god, one that is only a projection of ourselves, if indeed he is anything at all.<\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8fd9\u6837\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a\u7942\u7684\u81ea\u8db3\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u3001\u65e0\u9650\u6027\u548c\u5408\u4e00\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In this manner Van Til discusses all the incommunicable attributes of God (Incommunicable attributes, traditionally, are those that are unique to God; communicable attributes are divine attributes that can also be predicated of finite people or things. The distinction breaks down, because all of God\u2019s attributes are unique to him, and because the creation images all his attributes in some faint way. Van Til understood the limitations of this classification, as have most Reformed theologians; like them, however, he continued to use it.): aseity, immutability, infinity, and unity. All of these must be understood to pertain to God\u2019s self-contained fullness, on the basis of his revelation. (You can see how Van Til\u2019s apologetic concerns press us far beyond the usual theological formulations of the divine attributes. This and other examples of his theological thinking led me to argue in VTT that Van Til is not only an apologist, but also a theologian of first importance. Additional examples of Van Til\u2019s theological creativity are noted elsewhere in this volume.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53ef\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/strong><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7075\u6027\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u4e2a\u522b\u5316\u7684\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u300e\u540c\u6781<\/strong><strong>\u300f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>God\u2019s Communicable Attributes: God\u2019s Spirituality Is Self-Individuated;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>God\u2019s Knowledge Is Coterminous with Himself<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53ef\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7075\uff1b\u7942\u7684\u7075\u6027\u300c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u542b\u7cca\u7684\u5c5e\u7075\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u7c7b\u522b\uff1b\u597d\u50cf\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u54c1\u79cd\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u54c1\u79cd\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\uff01\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u7075\uff08the absolute Spirit\uff09\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u7075\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u7942\u6709\u522b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u8d28\u6027\u6765\u81ea\u6211\u4e2a\u522b\u5316\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u4e2a\u522b\u5316\u7684\u7075\uff08self-individuated Spirit\uff09\u3002\u300d\uff08IST, 233\uff09<\/p>\n<p>The same thing is true of the communicable attributes. God\u2019s \u201cspirituality\u201d is not \u201csome vague generic concept of spirituality of which God is one particular instance and man another. God is the absolute Spirit. He is the self-contained Spirit. He does not need materiality over against himself to individuate himself. He is the self-individuated Spirit.\u201d (IST, 233.)<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7942\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff08\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\uff09\u662f\u540c\u6781\u7684 \uff08coterminous\uff09\uff08IST, 234; IST2, 323\uff09\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b8c\u5168\u900f\u77e5\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u7942\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u7942\u91cc\u9762\u6216\u5728\u7942\u5916\u9762\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u79bb\u7942\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u7942\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5c5e\u6027\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\uff08self-dependent\uff09\u3002\u7528\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u300c\u5206\u6790\u6027\u300d\uff08analytical\uff09\u7684 [IST, 236\uff1b\u53c2\u98758; CA, 6; JA, 275-305; HDRA, 1:1-24\uff1b\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c27\u7ae0]\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u7942\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u4e30\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6458\u5f55\uff09\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u88ab\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u7942\u5bf9\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u88ab\u9020\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\/\u8be0\u91ca\u4e07\u7269\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>With regard to God\u2019s omniscience, his knowledge and his being are \u201ccoterminous.\u201d (IST, 234; IST2, 323.) He knows himself and his plan for the world exhaustively; therefore, there is nothing within him or outside him that is independent of him. Like all his attributes, his knowledge is self-dependent, or, as Van Til sometimes describes it, \u201canalytical.\u201d [IST, 236; cf. p. 8; CA, 6. For a discussion of the controversy between Van Til and Knudsen concerning this term, see JA, 275-305, and HDRA, 1:1-24. In my view, Knudsen\u2019s critique amounts to a fairly elementary misunderstanding of a term that Van Til defines quite adequately. I shall discuss the larger question of Van Til\u2019s \u201crationalism\u201d at later points, especially chap. 27 (CVT).] His knowledge is never dependent on anything outside of himself. Otherwise, he would not be self-contained fullness. (This is not to say that God\u2019s knowledge of the world is knowledge of himself <strong>simpliciter<\/strong>. God\u2019s knowledge is not mere introspection; he knows himself, and he also knows what takes place in the temporal world. This point is important; otherwise, we are pressed toward pantheism. The world is genuinely other than God, and God knows it as something different from himself. Nevertheless, even in knowing the world in its otherness, God knows something that he has exhaustively interpreted prior to its existence, because he has , exhaustively, made that world what it is. Van Til does not himself make this point, but he does not deny it either, and we should recognize it as a legitimate qualification of his emphasis.)<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u7f16\u6309\uff1a\u53c2\uff1aDF4, 31-32, \u7279\u522b\u662f\u9875 32, \u6ce8\u811a5\u3002\u300e\u5206\u6790\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u300f\uff1a\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u8bba\u8ff0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u300f(discursive process)\u3002\u300fEd.: Cf.: DF4, 32; esp. p. 32, footnote 5. \u201cAnalytical knowledge\u201d:\u00a0 \u201cGod\u2019s knowledge is not such that it partakes of any kind of discursive process.\u201d)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"13\">\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u826f\u5584<\/strong>\u3001<strong>\u5723\u6d01<\/strong>\u3001<strong>\u516c\u4e49\uff1b\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u9884\u65e8\u300d\u5b9a\u65e8\u4e86\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4e07\u7269<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>God\u2019s Goodness, Holiness, Righteousness;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>God\u2019s Eternal Decree Wills Himself and All Things<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u826f\u5584\u5c31\u662f\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5047\u5982\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u89c1\u5728\u7942\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff08IST, 238\uff09\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5723\u6d01\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7edd\u5bf9\u548c\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7eaf\u6d01\u300d\uff08IST, 244\uff09\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u516c\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u7942\u795e\u6027\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u300d\u3002\uff08IST, 245\uff09\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u300c\u5b9a\u65e8\u7942\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u5f52\u4f9d\uff0f\u76ee\u6807\uff08end\uff09\u300d\uff08IST, 246\uff09\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u662f\u300c\u88ab\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u4e00\u5207\u5b9e\u4f53\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u300d\uff08IST, 247\uff09\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9690\u5bc6\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u2500\u2500\u5373\u7942\u7684\u9884\u65e8\uff08decretive will\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f6a\u4e0e\u90aa\u6076\uff08IST, 248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Goodness is God himself. If that were not so, he would be seeking goals outside himself. (IST, 238. We should make another qualifying point parallel to the one made in the preceding note: God seeks the goodness of his creatures. This does not detract from his self-containment; rather, it presupposes self-containment. Were he not self-contained, he would act to meet his own needs; self-containment frees him to meet the needs of others, to be a servant-king.) Holiness is \u201cGod\u2019s absolute eternal moral purity.\u201d (IST, 244.)\u00a0 Righteousness is \u201cthe internal self-consistency of the divine being.\u201d (IST, 245.)\u00a0 His will \u201cwills himself as his own end\u201d (IST, 246) and is \u201cthe source of all substance and power in the created universe.\u201d (IST, 247.) God\u2019s secret or decretive will includes everything that comes to pass, including sin and evil. (IST, 248.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"14\">\n<li><strong>\u9762\u5bf9\u5965\u79d8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Mysteries = Understandable<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u826f\u5584\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u600e\u80fd\u5b9a\u65e8\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u600e\u80fd\u65e2\u8868\u8fbe\u7942\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5462\uff1f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5e76\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ed6\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96be\u9898 [IST, 249\uff1b\u53e6\u53c2\u672c\u4e66\uff08CVT\uff09\u7b2c11-13\u7ae0]\uff0c\u4f46\u900f\u8fc7\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e0a\u5e1d\u672c\u6027\u4e2d\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u8fd9\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u89c1\uff0c\u867d\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5965\u79d8\uff0c\u5374\u4ecd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>There are mysteries in all of this. How can a good God will the existence of evil? How can God\u2019s acts in the world express his eternal nature, yet be free? Van Til does not claim to have solved the difficulties. [IST, 249; see chaps. 11-13 of this book (CVT).] But, having emphasized the self-contained fullness that is essential to God, he has made it quite understandable why we should expect to encounter such mysteries.<\/p>\n<p>[ IST = An Introduction to Systematic Theology ]<\/p>\n<p>[ DF2 = The Defense of the Faith, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n<p>[ VTT = John Frame, Van Til: The Theologian ]<\/p>\n<p>[ CA = Christian Apologetics ]<\/p>\n<p>[ JA = Jerusalem and Athens ]<\/p>\n<p>[ HDRA = Herman Dooyeweerd and Reformed Apologetics ]<\/p>\n<p>[ CVT = John Frame, Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought ]<\/p>\n<p>III. \u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4f4d\u683c<\/p>\n<p><strong>GOD, THE ABSOLUTE PERSONALITY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(From John M. Frame, <em>Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&amp;R Publishing, 1995, chapter 4, pp. 58-61.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1a\u7edd\u5bf9\u800c\u4f4d\u683c<\/strong><strong> God: Absolute and Personality<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4ee5\u300c\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u300d\uff08self-contained fullness\uff09\u6765\u5f52\u7eb3\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4ee5\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u4f4d\u683c\u300d\uff08absolute personality\uff09\uff08DF2, 12, 42; DF4, 33.\uff09\u6765\u603b\u7ed3\u8fd9\u6559\u4e49\u3002\u300c\u7edd\u5bf9\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4f4d\u683c\u300d\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u591a\u795e\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u54f2\u5b66\uff09\u90fd\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u795e\u660e\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u300c\u795e\u300d\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u542b\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5219\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5b58\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edd\u5bf9\u8005\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u3002\u552f\u6709\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6559\u5bfc\u91cc\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u6027\u548c\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\u91cc\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Van Til summarizes his doctrine of God in terms of \u201cself-contained fullness.\u201d Another Van Tillian summary of this doctrine is that God is \u201cabsolute personality.\u201d (DF2, 12, 42; DF4, 33.) Both words in the phrase are important. Some non-Christian systems (as the polytheistic religions and modern philosophical \u201cpersonalisms\u201d) posit personal gods of one kind or another, but those gods are not absolute in the sense of being self-contained. Other non-Christian systems accept absolute realities of various kinds, but those absolutes are not personal. Only in biblical teaching are absoluteness and personality combined in the Supreme Being.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Van Til: Personalistic<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bba\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u591a\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u751a\u81f3\u4ece\u4ed6\u5199\u4f5c\u751f\u6daf\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u300c\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u501f\u7528\u4e86\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08\u8303\u7574\uff09\uff0c\u6765\u62a4\u536b\u300c\u4e9a\u5f53\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5934\u4e0e\u4ee3\u8868\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u6559\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Van Til\u2019s \u201cpersonalism\u201d is not widely noted in the literature about him, but it is nonetheless an important theme in his thought, and it has been important since his earliest writing. In the following passage, he employs personalistic categories to defend the doctrine of Adam\u2019s representative headship of the human race:<\/p>\n<p>\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5730\uff0c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u91cc\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u300c\u4f4d\u683c\u9645\u300d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff08personal relationship\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u300d\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\uff08personal actions\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\uff08personality\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4f4d\u65e0\u9650\u3001\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6709\u5173\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5b8c\u5168\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u4f4d\u683c\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u540c\u65f6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u300c\u4ee3\u8868\u539f\u5219\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08representational principle\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u4f4d\u3002\u7942\u4eec\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\uff0c\u7942\u4eec\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\uff08exhaustively representational\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4eba\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u53d7\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u611f\u89c9\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\uff08SCE, 78-79\uff1b\u53c2\u987597\uff09<\/p>\n<p>In the Trinity there is completely personal relationship without residue. And for that reason it may be said that all man\u2019s actions are personal too. Man\u2019s surroundings are shot through with personality because all things are related to the infinitely personal God. But when we have said that the surroundings of man are really completely personalized, we have also established the fact of the representational principle. All of man\u2019s acts must be representational of the acts of God. Even the persons of the Trinity are mutually representational. They are <strong>exhaustively<\/strong> representational of one another. Because he is a creature, man must, in his thinking, his feeling and his willing, be representative of God. (SCE, 78-79; cf. p. 97.)<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u9664\u4e86\u7528\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff08representational plan\uff09\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u300d\uff08SCE, 79\uff09\u300c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u90fd\u5f71\u54cd\u540e\u6765\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u300d\uff08SCE, 79\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, \u201cIt was impossible for God to create except upon the representational plan.\u201d (SCE, 79.) \u201cEvery act of every finite person affects every act of every other finite person that comes after him by virtue of the one general plan of God.\u201d (SCE, 79.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300c\u975e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u300c\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff1b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u88ab\u670d\u5728\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Non-Biblical Personalisms Are In Fact Impersonalistic;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Because God Is Made Subject to Impersonal Laws<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u9c8d\u6069Bowne\u3001\u67cf\u745e\u95e8Brightman\u7b49\uff09\u548c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u300c\u6211\uff0d\u4f60\u300d\u795e\u5b66\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u5e03\u4f2f(Martin Bube)\u548c\u5e03\u4f26\u7eb3Brunner\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u90fd\u7528\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u62d2\u7edd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6b63\u7edf\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff08\u5373\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff09\u4e2d\u90a3\u4f4d\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08absolute God\uff09\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u5176\u5b9e\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff08impersonalistic\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u8ba9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u670d\u5728\u5076\u7136\u3001\u5b64\u5b58\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u903b\u8f91\u7b49\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff08SCE, 176-182\u300c\u8bba\u9c8d\u6069\u300d\uff1bIST, 165-166\u300c\u8bba\u73b0\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u300d\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u548c\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7684\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u9650\u5236\u300c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u300d\uff0c\u597d\u4e3a\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u300d\u7559\u4e0b\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u300d\u90fd\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u5076\u7136\u6216\u53d7\u9020\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u8bba\u53ca\u4e9a\u7c73\u5ff5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u5904\u5883\u91cc\u300d\uff08SCE, 87\u3002\u300c\u8bba\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u795e\u5b66\u300d\uff0c\u53c2\u9875 65-80\uff09\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e5f\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08DF2, 62 = DF4, 85; CTETH, 35; JA, 16\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5f3a\u8c03\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Van Til has often had occasion to address personalistic idealisms like those of Bowne and Brightman and \u201cI-Thou\u201d theologies such as those of Buber and Brunner. Such views use much personalistic rhetoric, but they reject the absolute God of historic Christian orthodoxy. Van Til argues that these views are in fact <strong>impersonalistic<\/strong>, since they make God subordinate to the impersonal principles of chance, brute fact, and abstract logic. (SCE, 176-182 on Bowne; IST, 165-166, on modern liberal theologians.) Similarly, Arminian and Lutheran theology, since they limit God\u2019s sovereignty to make room for human acts that spring from chance or creaturely autonomy, is impersonalist to that extent. On the Arminian view, \u201cAn act to be moral or immoral, must take place in a completely impersonal atmosphere.\u201d (SCE, 87. On Lutheranism, see pp. 65-80.) Van Til also criticizes philosophical determinism for its impersonalism. (DF2, 62 = DF4, 85; CTETH, 35; JA, 16. Van Til is emphatic that Calvinism is not a form of philosophical determinism.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u548c\u5723\u7ea6\u795e\u5b66\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Calvin and Covenant Theology: Only True Personalism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u6b63\u9762\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u5173\u4e8e\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u300d\u7684\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u4e0d\u81f4\u8d70\u5411\u5b8c\u5168\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u51fa\u8def\u300d\uff08DF2, 98 = DF4, 113-114\uff1b\u53c2CTETH, 207; CFC, 23\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u300c<strong>\u552f\u6709\u5723\u7ea6\u795e\u5b66\u5bf9\u5b9e\u5b58\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u5168\u7136\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684<\/strong>\u300d\uff08DF2, 98\uff09\u3002\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8981\u4e49\u300b\u5f00\u5b97\u660e\u4e49\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4eba\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u9884\u5b9a\u8bba\u6559\u4e49\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff08determinism\uff09\uff1b\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u91cc\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u662f\u4f4d\u683c\u4e0e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53c2CTETH, 19, 250-251; IW, 28; JA, 16; ICG, 5, 25-29; TG, 9\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Positively, Van Til cites Calvin as a true personalist. He sets forth his doctrine of man\u2019s will \u201cboldly as the only alternative to complete impersonalism.\u201d (DF2, 98; cf. CTETH, 207; CFC, 23.) He knew that \u201c<strong>covenant theology furnishes the only completely personalistic interpretation of reality.<\/strong>\u201d [DF2, 98 = DF4, 113-114. (emphasis by Van Til).] Calvin began his <em>Institutes<\/em> by saying that the knowledge of oneself is dependent on the knowledge of God and vice versa. His doctrine of predestination, far from being an impersonal determinism, placed man in a person-to-person relationship with God in every event of nature and history. (For more references to Van Til\u2019s personalism, see CTETH, 19, 250-251; IW, 28; JA, 16; ICG, 5, 25-29; TG, 9.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u5426\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\u548c\u5355\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u5c06\u7942\u670d\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff1b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u53ea\u6709\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u8005\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5168\u6743\u8005<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Denial of God\u2019s Self-Contained Fulness and Simplicity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Makes God Subject to Abstract Qualities;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Only a Personal Being Can Be Sovereign<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u9762\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u542b\u4e30\u6ee1\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e3b\u5f20\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8bb0\u5f97\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u5417\uff1f\u82e5\u5426\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u628a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u670d\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u8d28\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u7942\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u975e\u5e38\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c42\u5173\u7cfb\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5168\u6743\u7684\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u5168\u6743\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u300c\u90a3\u4e00\u4f4d\u300d\uff08an absolute person\uff09\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u5e76\u4ed8\u8bf8\u6267\u884c\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u5168\u6743\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u81f3\u7ec8\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u670d\u5728\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>We noted in the previous section that to deny God\u2019s self-contained fullness is to assert impersonalism. Recall particularly Van Til\u2019s argument that the denial of divine simplicity makes God subordinate to abstract qualities. Van Til finds a close relationship between divine sovereignty and the divine personality. This relationship is very illuminating. It is edifying to observe that only a personal God can be sovereign and only a sovereign God can be an absolute person. That is to say, only a personal being can make choices and carry them out, and only a sovereign God can avoid being subject, ultimately, to impersonal principles.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff1a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u82e5\u62d2\u7edd\u300c<\/strong><strong>\u300a<\/strong><strong>\u5723\u7ecf<\/strong><strong>\u300b<\/strong><strong>\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Personalism Basic to Argument for Christianity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Biblical God or Impersonal Fate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e26\u8fdb\u4ed6\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u4ed6\u6bd4\u8f83\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u524d\u9762\u66fe\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u65f6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u770b\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0a\u3002\u4eba\u82e5\u62d2\u7edd\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u6240\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Van Til often brought this absolute personalism into his apologetic, especially when he compared the Reformed faith with various inauthentic personalisms, such as those mentioned above. We shall see also that his basic argument for Christianity depends on biblical personalism. To reject the personal, biblical God leaves no alternative except a world governed by impersonal fate.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong>\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u66f4\u300c\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Van Til\u2019s Students Must Be Even More Personalistic<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u300c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5f0f\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u300d\u9700\u8981\u6bd4\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u6240\u7528\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u6216\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u6240\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u4e00\u4e0e\u4f17\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5171\u76f8\u300d\u7b49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u5168\u7136\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5c06\u4f1a\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u5728\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5171\u76f8\u300d\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u300c\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u4e00\u4e0e\u4f17\u300d\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In my view, a Van Tillian apologetic of the future should emphasize this principle even more than Van Til did. Some of van Til\u2019s formulations suggest that the Van Tillian apologist is, after all, concerned mainly with abstractions: an \u201cultimate oneness and manyness,\u201d a \u201cconcrete universal.\u201d Abstract as these notions sound, their actual meaning is entirely personalistic; for, as we shall see in the following chapter, in Van Til\u2019s thought only a person can be a truly concrete universal, an ultimate one-and-many. But, as we build on Van Til\u2019s foundation, we should be even more explicitly personalistic.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong>\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7ec8\u6781\u7684<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>The Impersonal Cannot Be Ultimate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff08rationality\uff09\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Impersonal facts and laws cannot be ultimate, precisely because they are not personal. They cannot account for rationality, for moral value, for the causal order of the universe, or for the universal applicability of logic.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong>\u300a<\/strong><strong>\u5723\u7ecf<\/strong><strong>\u300b<\/strong><strong>\u4e2d\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5bf9\u62a4\u6559\u8005\u56db\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Four Ways Biblical Personalism Helps Apologist<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u62a4\u6559\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u6bd4\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u66f4\u52a0\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300c\u4f4d\u683c\uff0f\u975e\u4f4d\u683c\u300d\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5206\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5f3a\u8c03\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u80fd\u7ed9\u62a4\u6559\u8005\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u51e0\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u6709\u4e9b\u6155\u9053\u670b\u53cb\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u63a2\u7d22\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u82e5\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u7814\u7a76\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u578b\u6001\uff08ideologies\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u300d\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u7ed9\u4e88\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7279\u522b\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u300e\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u7531\u6709\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u5728\u638c\u7ba1\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u53d7\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u6240\u63a7\u5236\uff1f\u300f\u6b64\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u8d2f\u5f7b\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u5219\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u9635\u8425\u3002\u300d\uff082\uff09\u5bf9\u4f4d\u683c\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6b63\u89c6\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u4fd7\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4eba\u7684\u5b64\u5355\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e3a\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u3001\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u91cc\u662f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3002\uff083\uff09\u552f\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u624d\u80fd\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u7531\u7ec8\u6781\u5408\u7406\uff08rational\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\u638c\u7ba1\u7684\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u786e\u636e\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u7531\u7ec8\u6781\u6b63\u76f4\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\u638c\u7ba1\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u786e\u636e\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The Christian apologist should emphasize, more than Van Til did, the issue of impersonalism versus personalism. It is this issue, as we have seen, that distinguishes the Christian worldview from all others. To emphasize it gives the apologist several advantages: (1) Inquirers sometimes tell us that there is no point in investigating Christianity, for if they did that, they would also have to investigate all the other religions, philosophies, and ideologies in the history of thought \u2013 an impossible task, to be sure. We can reply that they should give special attention to Christianity, for on the crucial question of whether the universe is governed by a person or by impersonal principles, Christianity is unique. It is consistently personalistic, and all its rivals are in the opposite camp. (2) The emphasis on personalism also addresses the loneliness of modern secular people. It offers them an ultimate friendship, ultimate love, something they will never find in a non-Christian view of the world. (3) It assures them that an ultimate rationality \u2013 and (4) an ultimate justice \u2013 govern the world order. These assurances are not possible on any other basis, as we shall see.<\/p>\n<p>[ DF2 = The Defense of the Faith, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> edition ]<\/p>\n<p>[ SCE = A Survey of Christian Epistemology ]<\/p>\n<p>[ IST = An Introduction to Systematic Theology ]<\/p>\n<p>[ CTETH = Christian Theistic Ethics ]<\/p>\n<p>[ JA = Jerusalem and Athens ]<\/p>\n<p>[ CFC = The Case for Calvinism ]<\/p>\n<p>[ IW = The Inerrant Word ]<\/p>\n<p>[ ICG = The Intellectual Challenge of the Gospel ]<\/p>\n<p>[ TG = The Triumph of Grace: The Heidelberg Catechism ]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u534e\u7f51\u7edc\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662ccnci.org\uff1b\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u300a\u54e5\u5c3c\u6d41\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b \u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u4efd\u3000\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff09 VAN TIL\u2019S METAPH [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[145],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12484","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-145"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12484","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12484"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12484\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12484"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12484"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}