{"id":11927,"date":"2024-08-06T01:28:16","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T01:28:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=11927"},"modified":"2024-08-06T01:28:16","modified_gmt":"2024-08-06T01:28:16","slug":"%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3%e7%a5%9e%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%80%ef%bc%8928%e5%94%af%e5%bf%83%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%ef%bc%9a%e8%b4%b9%e5%b8%8c%e7%89%b9%ef%bc%88%e7%bb%ad%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=11927","title":{"rendered":"\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\uff08\u4e00\uff0928\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\uff08\u7eed\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <style> #h5vp6a3ff4e327934 .h5vp_video_overlay{ top:10px; left:10px; } .popup_close_btn { display:none }.h5vp_player.popup_close .plyr { display:none }.h5vp_popup_wrapper.popup_close video { display:none }#h5vp6a3ff4e327934 video { max-width:100% }#h5vp6a3ff4e327934 { border-radius:0px }#h5vp6a3ff4e327934 { overflow:hidden }#h5vp6a3ff4e327934 .h5vp_video_overlay p { color:#fff 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Title&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:&quot;Author Name&quot;,&quot;disableDownload&quot;:false,&quot;fusionDownload&quot;:true,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;background&quot;:&quot;#333&quot;,&quot;repeat&quot;:false,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;opt-1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;muted&quot;:false,&quot;disablePause&quot;:false}'>\r\n    <audio  playsinline preload=\"auto\" class=\"player11926\" id=\"player11926\">\r\n      <source src=\"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/video\/\u62a4\u6559\u795e\u5b66\/2021_\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\/\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\uff08\u4e00\uff0928\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\uff08\u7eed\uff09.mp3\" type=\"audio\/mp3\">\r\n        Your browser does not support the audio element.\r\n    <\/audio>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\uff08\u4e00\uff0928 \u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\uff08\u7eed\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8bb2\uff1a\u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u7267\u5e08_\u6821\u5bf9\uff1a\u5218\u52a0\u7acb_\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u9648\u5f1f\u5144<\/p>\n<p>Modern Theology 1\uff0cSession 28\u73b0\u4ee3\u795e\u5b66\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u8bb2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u8bb2\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u5c31\u662f\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u662f\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u4f60\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u90a3\u4e2a\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6254\u6389\u5b83\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u561b\u3002\u90a3\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u5462\uff1f\u90a3\u96be\u9053\u6211\uff08\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6211\uff09\u770b\u5230\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4e71\u4e03\u516b\u7cdf\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u5417\uff1f\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bf4\uff0c\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5934\u6765\u8bb2\u3002\u4f60\u4e0d\u8981\u628a\u73b0\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u4e16\u754c\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u597d\uff0c\u7b49\u4e00\u4e0b\u54c8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5934\u6765\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bb2\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u7edf\u89c9\u554a\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u554a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4f60\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u4f60\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u3002\u662f\u55bd\uff0c\u4f60\u53c8\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u4e86\u561b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5bf9\uff1f\u4f60\u7528\u7406\u8bba\uff08\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\uff09\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u754c\u91cc\u6478\u6765\u6478\u53bb\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e71\u4e03\u516b\u7cdf\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u8fc7\u7684\u3001\u5305\u88c5\u8fc7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u561b\u3002\u4f60\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6765\u627e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u3002\u600e\u4e48\u4e00\u7801\u4e8b\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u4ece\u6211\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4f60\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u4e00\u81f4\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5934\u6765\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f60\u4e24\u5c42\u697c\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u697c\u4e0b\u8ddf\u697c\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u9996\u8981\u539f\u5219\u5c31\u662f\uff0cself-consciousness or the I\uff0c\u6211\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0cis a spontaneous (unconditioned) act\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u6761\u4ef6\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u3002that in taking place creates or posits the I as having existence or being\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u53d1\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5462\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002the unquestionable certainty of a proposition can never be demonstrated\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9996\u8981\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u600e\u4e48\u8bc1\u660e\u5462\uff1f\u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528discourse\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9760\u5eb7\u5fb7\u90a3\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53bb\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u89c9\u5730\u7528\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u53bb\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u3002\u4f60\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u8fd9\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u518d\u6765\u4e00\u6b21\u54c8\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u9020\u6210\u6211\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\u5462\uff0c\u4f60\u53c8\u5fc5\u987b\u8bbe\u5b9a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u975e\u6211\u3001\u5916\u754c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6761\u8bb2\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u201c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u201d\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u8fdb\u5165\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u5148\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u55bb\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u821e\u8e48\u5bb6\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u62cd\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u660e\u661f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0d\u4fe1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u8df3\u821e\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u5fe7\u90c1\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5403\u6bd2\u836f\u7684\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u8df3\u821e\u3001\u5728\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u8eab\u4f53\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u561b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u8eab\u4f53\u5728\u52a8\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5bf9\uff1f\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u6709\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5bf9\uff1f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u5f88\u6f5c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u8df3\u821e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u8868\u6f14\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u8df3\u821e\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8df3\u821e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002\u641e\u5f97\u4e0d\u597d\u4e0d\u662f\u8df3\u821e\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u6f14\u620f\u5462\uff0c\u4f60\u5403\u8ff7\u5e7b\u836f\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u683c\u5206\u88c2\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u5728\u90a3\u79cd\u5e7b\u5883\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c31\u662f\u771f\u7684\u6211\u3002\u662f\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ece\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5ddd\u666e\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7801\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u8f93\u6389\u8fd9\u6b21\u7684\u5927\u9009\uff1b\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u75c5\u60c5\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4f1a\u597d\u7684\uff0c2020\u5e74\u521d\uff1b\u6211\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e71\u5403\u4e00\u4e9b\u6ce1\u767d\u6c34\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u533b\u597d\u4f60\u7684\u75c5\u60c5\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5f04\u5047\u6210\u771f\u3002\u4f60\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u600e\u4e48\u6837\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u53f2\u4e39\u798f\u54f2\u5b66\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u201c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u201d\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\uff0cJ.G.Fichte\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u56db\u6bb5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u4e0e\u8457\u4f5c\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u6216\u8005\u4f01\u4e1a\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u8036\u62ff\u5927\u5b66\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u7efc\u89c8\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8bb2\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u51fa\u751f\u57281762\u5e745\u670819\u53f7\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4e61\u6751\u51fa\u751f\u3002\u7236\u6bcd\u4eb2\u662f\u505a\u7ec7\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e1d\u5e26\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u7a77\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u957f\u5b50\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u5f88\u806a\u660e\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u624d\u534e\u88ab\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7537\u7235\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7537\u7235\u5c31\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u9996\u5148\u6709\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u7267\u5e08\u6559\u4ed6\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4f9b\u4ed6\u8bfb\u4e66\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2aPforta\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7ffb\u6210\u201c\u666e\u4f5b\u8fbe\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u7ffb\u201c\u4f5b\u8fbe\u201d\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u201c\u666e\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u662f\u4e0d\u53d1\u97f3\u7684\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u8fdb\u5230\u8036\u62ff\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7537\u7235\u540e\u6765\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u3002\u5f88\u7a77\u7684\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u5c31\u8981\u627e\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u505a\u4e86\u5bb6\u6559\uff08\u5bb6\u5ead\u6559\u5e08\u6216\u8005\u8865\u4e60\u8001\u5e08\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u618e\u6068\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\uff08\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u745e\u58eb\u7684\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u3002\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u662f\u745e\u58eb\u7684\u64cd\u5fb7\u8bed\u90e8\u5206\u7684\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u5462\uff0c\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u662f\u64cd\u6cd5\u8bed\u7684\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u64cd\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u505a\u79c1\u4eba\u6559\u5e08\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u5c31\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e86\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u3002\u4ed6\u60f3\u51fa\u7248\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u4ed6\u60f3\u5199\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\u30021790\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5f53\u79c1\u4eba\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8981\u6559\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u6279\u5224\u54f2\u5b66\uff08critical philosophy\uff09\u76f8\u9047\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4ed6\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6323\u624e\u7740\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u4f26\u7406\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u90a3\u4e2a\u4f26\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u59d4\u8eab\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8fdb\u6b65\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u63a8\u52a8\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u5584\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u53c8\u575a\u6301\u7740\u4e00\u4e2aintelligible fatalism\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u65b9\u9762\u4eba\u53c8\u9700\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u8981\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u5728\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u91cc\u9762\u627e\u5230\u5934\u8111\u548c\u5185\u5fc3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8c03\u548c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cc\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u6700\u9ad8\u3001\u6700\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u727a\u7272\u6389\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8ddf\u5fb7\u6027\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u81f3\u7ec8\u53bb\u4e86K\u00f6nigsberg\u67ef\u5c3c\u65af\u5821\u53bb\u627e\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff0c\u9017\u7559\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u89c1\u9762\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f88\u5931\u671b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u51b3\u5fc3\u8981\u5411\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u8bfb\u901a\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u662fAttempt at a Critique of All Revelation\uff0c\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u542f\u793a\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6216\u8005\u521d\u5224\u3002\u8bd5\u56fe\u53bb\u6279\u5224\u6240\u6709\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0a\u5e1d\u542f\u793a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u5417\uff1f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u542f\u793a\u662f\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u6ee1\u6b23\u8d4f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5b89\u6392\u4e86\u8fd9\u4efd\u6587\u7a3f\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u51fa\u7248\uff0c1792\u5e74\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u672c\u662f\u533f\u540d\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u3002\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4f20\u9605\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e48\u9ad8\u6c34\u51c6\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5c31\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u7684\u3002\u540e\u6765\u624d\u53d1\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u8c01\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u5c31\u9a6c\u4e0a\u6210\u540d\u4e86\u30021792\u30021793\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u533f\u540d\u51fa\u7248\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u662f\u652f\u6301\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u95e8\u54c8\u30021794\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u4ed6\u5c31\u7559\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u53bb\u518d\u601d\u8003\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u518d\u4fee\u8ba2\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u4ed6\u6548\u5fe0\u4e8e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u6279\u5224\u54f2\u5b66\uff1b\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u975e\u5e38\u8ba4\u540cK. L. Reinhold\u83b1\u8335\u970d\u5c14\u5fb7\u3002\u4ed6\u6b23\u8d4f\u8fd9\u4e2aReinhold\u8981\u5e2e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e00\u5fd9\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u8981\u4e3a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u7684<strong>\u4e00\u4e2a<\/strong>\u9996\u8981\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u662f<strong>\u4e00\u4e2a<\/strong>\u3002Reinhold\u83b1\u8335\u970d\u5c14\u5fb7\u662f\u597d\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u3001\u6539\u5584\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u3001\u4e5f\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e5f\u5bf9\u83b1\u8335\u970d\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\uff0cSolomon Maimon\u8fd8\u6709G. E. Schulze\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u8981\u56de\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u7684\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u3001\u5efa\u6784\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8d85\u9a8c\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u539f\u521b\u7684\u3001\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7248\u672c\u30021794\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u53d6\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u662fWissenschaftslehre\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u662fDoctrine of Science\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\uff0c\u6216\u8005Theory of Scientific Knowledge\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u30021793\u523094\u5e74\u5199\u4e86\u957f\u7bc7\u7684\u8bba\u6587Private Mediations on Elementary Philosophy\/Pracical Philosophy\uff0c\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u4ed6\u5c31\u52fe\u753b\u51fa\u4ed6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u30021794\u5e742\u6708\u52303\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u5411\u4e00\u5c0f\u7fa4\u7684\u7267\u5e08\u8ddf\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\uff0c1794\u5e74\uff0c\u8036\u62ff\u5927\u5b66\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcd\u6821\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9080\u8bf7\u3002\u9080\u8bf7\u4ed6\u53bb\u63a5\u4efbthe chair of Critical Philosophy\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u54f2\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e3b\u6301\u8bb2\u5eb7\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6559\u6388\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u30021794\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5230\u8fbe\u4e86\u8036\u62ff\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u53d7\u5230\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ece1794\u523099\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e5f\u9996\u6b21\u5730\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u8bb2\u8ff0\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u5199\u4e66\u3001\u8bb2\u8bfe\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5411\u5927\u4f17\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u9762\u6539\u9769\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u9762\u8bd5\u56fe\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u91cd\u6574\u3002\u5411\u5927\u4f17\u4e5f\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bf4\u3002\u540e\u6765\u8036\u62ff\u65f6\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c1806\u5e74\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86Addresses to the German Nation\uff0c\u5bf9\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5c31\u662f\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5360\u636e\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5927\u53d1\u70ed\u5fc3\uff0c\u8981\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u8981\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u800c\u56de\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u8036\u62ff\uff0c1794\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e9b\u5927\u4f17\u6f14\u8bb2\u5927\u6807\u9898\u662fMorality for Scholars\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u6216\u8005\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u5934\u4e94\u7bc7\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u662f\uff0c\u4e66\u540d\u662fSome Lectures concerning the Scholar\u2019s Vocation\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u6216\u8005\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5929\u804c\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5929\u804c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6f14\u8bf4\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4e0d\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8bfb\u4ed61794\u5e74\u523099\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u597d\u51e0\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u4e66\u540d\u4e86\u30021798\u523099\u5e74\u4ed6\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u98ce\u6ce2\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u5b66\u672f\u671f\u520a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u5c31\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u4e3a\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u30021799\u5e74\u5c31\u88ab\u903c\u79bb\u5f00\u8036\u62ff\uff0c\u9003\u5230\u67cf\u6797\u53bb\uff0cBerlin\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u8bb2\u4e86\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f1794\u523099\u5e74\u7684\u8036\u62ff\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8bf7\u52ff\u64c5\u81ea\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u7f51\u7ad9\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u8f6c\u8f7d\u548c\u520a\u767b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\uff1b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\u7684\u7248\u6743\u5f52\u300c\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u300d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u590d\u5370\u51fa\u7248\u7b49\u5546\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/p>\n<p>ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\uff0cFichte\u2019s Philosophical Project\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5de5\u7a0b\u6216\u8005\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4ed6\u7a76\u7adf\u60f3\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u6765\u8bfb\u4e94\u4e2a\u5206\u9898\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8fde\u8d2f\u6027\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u975e\u8fde\u8d2f\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u65ad\u5c42\u6027\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u600e\u4e48\u53cd\u5bf9\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u6254\u6389\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\uff0c\u53e6\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u9996\u8981\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u4ed6\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u53d1\u660e\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u6574\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u662f\u8981\u5904\u7406freedom and necessity\u3002\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684Wissenschaftslehre\uff08\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff08\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u600e\u4e48\u8c03\u548c\u5462\uff1f\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ed6\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u662f\u8981\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u3002Man is a freely willing\uff0cmorally responsible 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ungrounded assertion of the subjective spontaneity and freedom (infinity) of the I \u3002\u6211\u662fsubjective spontaneity\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6211\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e0a\u662f\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u3002\u6211\u662f\u4e2a\u821e\u8e48\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u4e2a\u6f14\u5458\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u8bf4\u3001\u5ba3\u79f0\u3001\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u4e5f\u662f\u8d85\u9a8c\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u548c\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u8981\u76f8\u4fe1\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027objective 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