{"id":11554,"date":"2024-07-28T09:58:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-28T09:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=11554"},"modified":"2024-07-28T09:58:00","modified_gmt":"2024-07-28T09:58:00","slug":"%e5%b0%86%e4%ba%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%bf%83%e6%84%8f%e5%a4%ba%e5%9b%9e%ef%bc%9a%e6%94%b9%e9%9d%a9%e5%ae%97%e6%8a%a4%e6%95%99%e5%ad%a6_04_%e9%97%ae%e7%ad%94","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=11554","title":{"rendered":"\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u610f\u593a\u56de\uff1a\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u62a4\u6559\u5b66_04_\u95ee\u7b54"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\r\n .player11553  .plyr__controls,\r\n .player11553 .StampAudioPlayerSkin{\r\n  border-radius: 10px;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n }\r\n .player11553{\r\n  margin: 0 auto; }\r\n .player11553 .plyr__controls .plyr__controls {\r\n   border-radius: none;\r\n   overflow: visible;\r\n }\r\n .skin_default .player11553 .plyr__controls {\r\n   overflow: visible;\r\n }\r\n <\/style>\r\n<div class=\"skin_default\" 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University of Pennsylvania 1\uff1a26\uff1fbehavioural \u8fd9\u6837\u5206\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u7136\u540e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6587\u79d1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53eb\u5b83\u505a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u8bb2\u5f97\u4e0d\u597d\u542c\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u4f2a\u79d1\u5b66pseudoscience \u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u91cd\u590d\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u4eba\uff0c\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u518d\u6d3b\u4e00\u6b21\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u561b\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u5c31\u662fengineering\u3001technology \u3001business \u3001medicine\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e00\u8fb9\u53eb\u505ahumanities and fine arts\u3002humanities\u5c31\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u827a\u672f\u5c31\u662f\u7f8e\u672f\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5206\u7684\uff1a\u6709humanities\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u5305\u62ecfine arts\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u5982\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u662f\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u5316\u5b66\u8ddf\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u90fd\u8003\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u5dee\uff0c\u53ea\u5ff5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u671f\u6ca1\u6709\u5ff5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5b66\u671f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u627e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u76ee\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4fee\u7684\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8ddf\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u5957\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8ddf\u5b83\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\uff01\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u672c\u8eab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002science as we know it\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684Science is not neutral.\u4f60\u9009\u62e9\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f60\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u6709\u725b\u987f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u3001Galileo\uff08\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\uff09\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6709Newton\u725b\u987f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6709\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684Carl Sagan\uff08\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u8428\u6839\uff09\u7684\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\uff1b\u79d1\u5b66\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u53d8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u6307\u4eceGalileo(\u4f3d\u5229\u7565)\u3001\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u00b7\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\uff08\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\uff1aNicolaus\u00a0Copernicus\uff09\u5230Newton\u725b\u987f16\u300117\u4e16\u7eaa\u90a3\u79cd\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0cmechanisms \uff08\u673a\u68b0\uff09\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df7\u5408\u54c1\u3002\u90a3Isaac Newton\uff08\u725b\u987f\uff09\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u4e66\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e66\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u774017\u300118\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u2014\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u671f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\u3002\u7279\u522b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\u4f60\u5c31\u770b\u5230\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u79d2\u949f\uff0cInternet\u4e00click\u5c31\u5b66\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684200\u5e74\uff0c\u81ea\u4ece\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u662f\u6781\u5ea6\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u653b\u51fb\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u3002\u6211\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u79cd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u9762\u8bfb\u6211\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4fee\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u4fee\u662f\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u7684\uff1a\u65c5\u6e38\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u56db\u4e2a\u5b57\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u9009\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u8005\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8bdd\u8bf4\u7092\u6210\u4e00\u76d8\u3002\u90a3\u603b\u4e4b\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u80fd\u591f\u7ecf\u8425\u4f60\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u5e7f\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u6df1\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u9605\u5386\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u611f\u8c22\u795e\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u3001\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3001\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u3001\u653b\u51fb\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u2026\u53cd\u5bf9\u2026\u53cd\u5bf9\u2026\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u8ddf\u65f6\u4ee3\u5ff5\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u611f\u53d7\u5230\uff1b\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bfb\u795e\u5b66\u53bb\u8bfb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bfb\u5386\u53f2\u7684\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5c31\u662f\u8bfb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u76ee\u524d\u8ddf\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u90fd\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3001\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u3001\u552f\u7269\u7684\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b66\u5458\uff1a\u521a\u624d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u8bc1\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u51e1\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u88ab\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u89c2\u7684\u3002\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u7528\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6797\u7267\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff1a\u592a\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff1a\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u3002\u592a\u7b80\u5355\u4e86\uff0c\u201c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u4e0d\u80fd\u51a0\u4e0a\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u592a\u50b2\u6162\u4e86\uff01\u5b9e\u8bc1\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u63d0\u5347\u5230\uff0c\u54e6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u61c2\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u8bb2\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f60\u8981\u8bf4\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb500\u5e74\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u8fd9\u79cd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u8bf4\u662f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002Positivism and Empiricism\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002\u628a\u5b83\u51a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u662f\u7269\u4ef7\u81a8\u80c0\u3002\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ec0\u4e48\u795e\u5b66\uff1a\u6c34\u725b\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u773c\u7cbe\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u6c11\u4f17\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u5987\u5973\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u89e3\u653e\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u795e\u5b66\u91cc\u9762\u67d0\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u6d3e\u522b\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u201c\u53cd\u6b63\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7684\u5c31\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u7b26\u5408\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f18\u4e16\u7eaa\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u4fe1\u5d07\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d3a\u667a\uff08Charles Hodge\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u76f2\u70b9\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u7b80\u5355\uff01\u4f60\u51ed\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u3002\u4f60\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u505a\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u7136\u540e\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u7136\u540e\u505a\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u5957\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u90a3\u4f60\u5047\u8bbeconservation of matter energy\u4e48\uff1f\u4f60\u5047\u8bbe\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u95ed\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u80fd\u6e90\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5417\uff1f\u4f60\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u597d\u50cfCarl Sagan\uff08\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u8428\u6839\uff09\u8ddfEinstein\uff08\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff09\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5417\uff1f\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u5b9e\u8bc1\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5bf9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5462\u6211\u4eec\u8bfb\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6211\u5728University of Pennsylvania\u5f53\u65f6\u8bfb\u4e66\u6709\u4e00\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2adepartment\u53eb\u505a\u201cHistory and Philosophy of Science\u201d\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6539\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u53ebHistory and Sociology of Science\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3002\u90a3\u4e2aPhilosophy\u90a3\u4e2a\u5b57\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e86\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u60dc\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u8981\u8bb2\u8fd9\u4e48\u8fdc\uff0c\u5c31\u4eceCopernicus\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u3001Galileo\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u8bb2\u5230\u4eca\u5929500\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u5199\u7167\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u80cc\u540e\u4e00\u5927\u5957\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u81ea\u4ece1988\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u6df1\u6df1\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u4e86\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u6280\u7684interdisciplinary\uff08\uff1f9:33\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4ece1978\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u8ddf\u5916\u8bed\u7cfb\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u5f03\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ea6\u675f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ece1978\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u5411\u5916\u5f00\u653e\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6293\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u90a3\u4e2agreat 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