{"id":10213,"date":"2024-05-09T07:52:09","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:52:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10213"},"modified":"2024-05-09T07:52:09","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:52:09","slug":"%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%8e%e5%9c%a3%e7%bb%8f_03_%e7%a5%9e%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%8c%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%8c%e4%b8%8e%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%ef%bc%9b%e5%bd%a2%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10213","title":{"rendered":"\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf_03_\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\uff1b\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <style> #h5vp6a887afad615d .h5vp_video_overlay{ top:10px; left:10px; } .popup_close_btn { display:none }.h5vp_player.popup_close .plyr { display:none }.h5vp_popup_wrapper.popup_close video { display:none }#h5vp6a887afad615d video { max-width:100% }#h5vp6a887afad615d { border-radius:0px }#h5vp6a887afad615d { overflow:hidden }#h5vp6a887afad615d .h5vp_video_overlay p { 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data-options='{&quot;controls&quot;:[&quot;play&quot;,&quot;progress&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;,&quot;mute&quot;,&quot;volume&quot;,&quot;settings&quot;],&quot;seekTime&quot;:10,&quot;skin&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Audio Title&quot;,&quot;author&quot;:&quot;Author Name&quot;,&quot;disableDownload&quot;:false,&quot;fusionDownload&quot;:true,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;background&quot;:&quot;#333&quot;,&quot;repeat&quot;:false,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;opt-1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;muted&quot;:false,&quot;disablePause&quot;:false}'>\r\n    <audio  playsinline preload=\"auto\" class=\"player10212\" id=\"player10212\">\r\n      <source src=\"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/video\/\u62a4\u6559\u795e\u5b66\/2021_\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\/\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf_03_\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\uff1b\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66.mp3\" type=\"audio\/mp3\">\r\n        Your browser does not support the audio element.\r\n    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3\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u7b2c\u4e09\u8bb2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u4e00\u8bb2\u8bb2\u5230\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4e0a\u4e00\u8bb2\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u91cc\u9762\u529b\u4e89\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0cthe basic questions of philosophers are religious in character\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u5e08\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u63a2\u7d22\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u63a2\u7d22\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u5b58\u6709\uff09\u3001\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u63a2\u7d22\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u3001\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u63a2\u7d22\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u5e08\u8ba8\u8bba\u795e\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u771f\u7406\u5ba3\u79f0\uff08truth claims\uff09\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u79f0\u3001\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5ba3\u79f0\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5ea6\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u6211\u4eec\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6700\u5c0a\u5d07\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\u6700\u5c0a\u8d35\u3001\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6587\u5316\u91cc\uff0c\uff09\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6279\u5224\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u62a8\u51fb\u5b97\u6559\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8303\u56f4\u6216\u8005\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff08\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff09\u82e5\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8c34\u8d23\u8fd9\u79cd\u504f\u89c1\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u67d0\u67d0\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u5bfc\u5b97\u6559\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u6765\u5ba1\u6838\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u865a\u5047\u7684\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6761\u68cd\u5b50\u968f\u610f\u5730\u6765\u6253\u3001\u6765\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u8fd9\u662f\u6781\u5176\u4e0d\u516c\u9053\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662fun-American\uff0c\u4e0d\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u5408\u7f8e\u56fd\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bc9\u8bf8\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb\uff08separation of church and state\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6216\u8005\u4f1a\u5f15\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u4fee\u8ba2\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u600e\u4e48\u8bef\u5224\u6216\u8005\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u90a3\u6761\u4fee\u8ba2\u6848\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b97\u6559\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u8303\u56f4\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u5272\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u653f\u5e9c\u8d5e\u52a9\u6559\u4f1a\uff08government-established churches\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u56fd\u6559\uff09\uff1b\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u56fd\u6559\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u653f\u5e9c\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u5f53\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u88ab\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u90fd\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\uff08established churches\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u56fd\u6559\uff0c\u90a3\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u3001\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u4fee\u8ba2\u6848\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8d5e\u52a9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u6559\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u6211\u518d\u8bfb\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u4fee\u8ba2\u6848\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5dde\uff09\u8d5e\u52a9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u6559\uff0c\u8ddf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5dde\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e1a\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2amarketplace of ideas\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4f1a\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u5206\u8fa8\u3001\u53bb\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u5723\u7ecf\u201d\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u6bb5\uff0cthe subdivisions of philosophy\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5206\u652f\u6216\u8005\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5b66\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u3002\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff1a\u8ba9\u6211\u5bf9\u4e0a\u4e00\u6bb5\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u518d\u591a\u8bf4\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08Metaphysics\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff08the most general features of the universe\uff09\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u5b58\u6709\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff08the study of being itself\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u201c\u628a\u5b58\u6709\u770b\u4e3a\u662f\u5b58\u6709\u201d\u6765\u7814\u7a76\uff08the study of being as being\uff09\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\uff09\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff08\u5b58\u6709\u7269\uff09\u3001\u5404\u79cd\u7684\u5b58\u6709\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u6240\u95ee\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff08\u6309\u7740\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6765\u8bf4\uff09\uff0c\u5b58\u6709\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5b58\u6709\u662f\u548c\u975e\u5b58\u6709\uff08non-being\uff09\u6709\u522b\uff0c\u201c\u4e0e\u975e\u5b58\u6709\u6709\u522b\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u201d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8270\u5de8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u63d0\u8bae\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u95ed\u8d77\u773c\u775b\u6765\u60f3being\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u95ed\u8d77\u773c\u775b\u60f3non-being\u975e\u5b58\u6709\uff1b\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e24\u6b21\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u540c\u5417\uff1f\u60c5\u51b5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u5230non-being\u975e\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u60f3something\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u60f3\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u975e\u5b58\u6709\uff08non-being\uff09\u4e0b\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5217\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u6709\u7269\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u975e\u5b58\u6709\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\uff08things of some kind\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u72ec\u89d2\u517d\uff08Unicorns\uff09\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u68ee\u6797\u91cc\uff0c\u5374\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u91cc\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b58\u6709\u5047\u5982\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ddf\u975e\u5b58\u6709\u533a\u522b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u5b58\u6709\u600e\u80fd\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u7269\u5462\uff1fHow can it be anything\uff1f\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u53bb\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u94a6\u4f69\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u591a\u52a0\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u3002\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u5ba2\u6c14\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff1a\u5f53\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u6b64\u505a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u7edd\u5bf9\u8005\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff09\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\uff1b\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u4e00\u4e9b\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u5b58\u7269\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u5047\u8bbe\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u770b\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5305\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1aWhy is there something rather than nothing\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e9b\u5b58\u6709\u7269\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u5462\uff1f\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e5f\u95ee\u6709\u5173\u76ee\u524d\u5b58\u6709\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1aWhy are things the way they are\uff1f\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5462\uff1fWhat are the most basic features of reality\uff1f\u5b9e\u5728\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\uff09\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3001\u5bf9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u662f\u4e94\u82b1\u516b\u95e8\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u4ece\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4ee5\u964d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6452\u5f03\u4e86\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u636e\u7684\u731c\u6d4b\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u6f84\u6e05\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6f84\u6e05\u5b57\u8bcd\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u8bf4\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u8d85\u8d8a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u811a\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u53f7\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4Peter Strawson\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u300a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u300b\uff08Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff081959\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u5355\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8fc7\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66\uff08process philosophy\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u70ed\u70c8\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u9762\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\uff09\u4e5d\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u4e00\u5143\u548c\u591a\u5143\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2\u3002\u6240\u95ee\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff08one or many\uff09\uff1f\u5e15\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\uff08Parmenides\uff09\u3001\u666e\u7f57\u63d0\u8bfa\uff08Plotinus\uff09\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff08\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u5207\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\uff08the world is that oneness\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u8005\uff08monists\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0cDemocritus\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u5229\u7279\uff08\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\uff09\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179\uff08Leibniz\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u7ef4\u6839\u65af\u5766\uff08\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u7531\u7ec6\u5c0f\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u522b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4ef6\u96f6\u4ef6\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u88ab\u7ea6\u5316\u6210\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u518d\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u575a\u6301\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u6982\u662f\u540c\u7b49\u6216\u8005\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\u3001\u4e24\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u7269\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u5584\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u6076\u7684\uff1b\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u5728\u4e89\u53d6\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u7684\u62dc\u706b\u6559\uff08Zoroastrianism\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6469\u5c3c\u6559\uff08Manichaeanism\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d3e\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8005\u6211\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u6309\uff1a\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u534e\u4eba\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u4f20\u9053\u4eba\u548c\u6559\u6d3e\u5ba3\u4f20\u8bf4\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u9b54\u9b3c\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u6551\u8d4e\u8ba1\u5212\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u548c\u9b54\u9b3c\u4e89\u53d6\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5c31\u663e\u51fa\u62dc\u706b\u6559\u6216\u8005\u662f\u6469\u5c3c\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8bf7\u52ff\u64c5\u81ea\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u7f51\u7ad9\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u8f6c\u8f7d\u548c\u520a\u767b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\uff1b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\u7684\u7248\u6743\u5f52\u300c\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u300d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u590d\u5370\u51fa\u7248\u7b49\u5546\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/p>\n<p>ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u3001\u591a\u5143\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\uff08\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\uff09\u3001\u6d1b\u514b\uff08\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u5b87\u5b99\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e9b\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\uff09\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u4e5f\u6709\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u3001\u591a\u5143\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u4e5f\u6709\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u662f\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u6765\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c31\u8c08\u5230\u552f\u5fc3\u8fd8\u662f\u552f\u7269\u3002\u552f\u7269\u7684\u6709\uff0c\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u8bf4\u662f\u6c34\u3002\u6211\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8fdb\u5230\u8bfe\u5802\u5728\u9ed1\u677f\u4e0a\u5c31\u5199\uff1aAll is water\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6c34\u3002Anaximenes\uff0c\u963f\u90a3\u897f\u7f8e\u5e0c\uff08\u4e5f\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\uff09\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u7a7a\u6c14\uff08air\uff09\u3002Anaxagoras\uff0c\u963f\u7eb3\u514b\u8428\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u8bf4\uff0cindefinite\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u3002Heraclitus\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u8bf4\uff0cAll is fire\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u706b\u3002Pythagoras\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6570\u5b57\uff08numbers\uff09\u3002Democritus\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u5229\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u7531\u7ec6\u5c0f\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u539f\u5b50\uff08atoms\uff09\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u662f\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd8\u6709\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u7531\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\u4e24\u79cd\u81f3\u7ec8\u5b58\u6709\u7269\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e0e\u552f\u7269\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u552f\u5fc3\uff08\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u3002\u67cf\u514b\u83b1\uff08\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff08\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5c31\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\uff08mind\uff09\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\u3002\u8fd9\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u8005\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08idealism\uff09\u3002Plotinus\u666e\u7f57\u63d0\u8bfa\u3001Spinoza\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\uff0c\u666e\u7f57\u63d0\u8bfa\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\uff0c\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u662f\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff0c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u795e\u5723\u7684\u3001\u6709\u795e\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u89c2\u70b9\u79f0\u4e3a\u6cdb\u795e\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5171\u76f8\uff08universals\uff09\u771f\u7684\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\u5b87\u5b99\u53ea\u6709\u6b8a\u76f8\u6ca1\u6709\u5171\u76f8\u5462\uff1f\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5171\u76f8\uff1f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7528\u8bcd\u3001\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5b57\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\uff08general reality\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\uff08abstract reality\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0credness\u7ea2\u989c\u8272\uff0ctriangularity\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f62\u72b6\uff0cmanhood\u4eba\u6027\uff0c virtue\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8bcd\u79f0\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u3002\u5171\u76f8\u548c\u6b8a\u76f8\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u6b8a\u76f8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u6307\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8bf4\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u68f5\u6811\uff0c\u8fd9\u5757\u997c\u5e72\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u718a\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6b8a\u76f8\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u662f\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0cWilliam of Occam\u5965\u5361\u59c6\uff08\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u7684\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6b8a\u76f8\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u5171\u76f8\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u662f\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u201c\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u540c\u65f6\u8981\u6307\u5f88\u591a\u6b8a\u76f8\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u552f\u5b9e\u8bba\u8005\uff08Realists\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5171\u76f8universals\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u76f8\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u662f\u6307\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aRealists\u552f\u8bc6\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff09\u4f1a\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1f\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff1a\u552f\u6709\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff08only universals are real\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5171\u76f8\u5047\u5982\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u65b9\u5462\uff1f\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u552f\u5b9e\u8bba\u8005\uff09\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u201c\u5171\u76f8\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u4f1a\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u5462\uff08\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff09\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\uff08\u597d\u50cf\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff09\u5171\u76f8\u4e43\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u5462\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\uff08\u597d\u50cf\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u91cc\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5171\u76f8\u548c\u6b8a\u76f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\u4e2a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8981\u95ee\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5728\u52a8\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u53d8\u52a8\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff1fParmenides\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u5e15\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002Heraclitus\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279\u5c31\u6301\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e07\u7269\u4e0d\u65ad\u5728\u53d8\u52a8\u4e2d\uff08constantly in flux\uff09\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u53d8\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u201c\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u5219\u5728\u53d8\u52a8\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u8ddf\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u671d\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u524d\u8fdb\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\uff09\u5462\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u7684\uff1f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff09\u662f\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u7684\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u4f5c\uff08\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2amotion\uff09\u6216\u8005\u8fc7\u7a0b\u90fd\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\uff08Bertrand Russell\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff09\u548c\u8428\u7279\uff08\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u81ea\u5df1\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u516d\uff0c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u548c\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u548c\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u8054\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0cDemocritus\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u5229\u7279\uff08\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\uff09\u3001\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Hobbes\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08determinists\uff09\u3002\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\uff08\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff09\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u94fe\u5b50\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\uff08Epicurus\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\uff09\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u4f1a\u6559\u7236\u3001\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u3001\u963f\u7c73\u5ff5\uff08\u5341\u516d\u3001\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u3001\u6000\u7279\u9ed1\u5fb7\uff08Whitehead\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u968f\u610f\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\uff08libertarian freedom\uff09\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u7b49\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u90a3\u4e2aautexousion\u4e00\u6837\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u505a\u5b83\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u3002\u4f11\u8c1f\uff08David Hume\uff0c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u8054\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5f3a\u52a0\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e03\uff0c\u4eba\u6709\u7075\u9b42\u5417\uff1f\u9664\u4e86\u8eab\u4f53\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u7406\u667a\u3001\u6709\u7cbe\u795e\uff08mind\uff09\u5417\uff1f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f20\u7edf\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u3001\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u3002\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7075\u9b42\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08the soul is \u201cthe form of the body\u201d)\u3002\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\uff08\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff09\u3001\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\uff08Epicurus\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff09\u3001\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u3001\u7f57\u7d20\uff08\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u52a8\u6001\uff08matter and motion\uff09\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4ece\u552f\u7269\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u7075\u9b42\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5047\u5982\u8bf4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\uff08\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff09\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u6d3e\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8eab\u4f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff08an aspect of the body\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u516b\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u600e\u4e48\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\uff1f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8ddf\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u56f4\u4f5c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u7406\u667a\uff08mind\uff09\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\uff08will\uff09\u3001\u611f\u60c5\uff08emotions\uff09\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\uff08imagination \uff09\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff08memory\uff09\u3001\u76f4\u89c9\uff08 intuition\uff09\u3001\u5bdf\u89c9\uff08 perception\uff09\u3001\u7406\u5ff5\uff08ideas\uff09\u3001\u5370\u8c61\uff08impressions\uff09\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u5206\u56db\u6d3e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6d3e\u662f\u7406\u667a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08Intelletualists\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff08\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff09\u3001\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff08\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u3001\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff08\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff08\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\u3001\u514b\u62c9\u514b\uff08\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6539\u9769\u5b97\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u667a\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u91cc\u9762\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5c42\u9762\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u611f\u60c5\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u7406\u667a\u7684\u6307\u6325\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08Voluntarists\uff09\u3002\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u53f8\u5404\u8131\uff08\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\uff09\u3001\u5965\u5361\u59c6\uff08William of 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