{"id":10197,"date":"2024-05-09T07:41:25","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:41:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10197"},"modified":"2024-05-09T07:41:25","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:41:25","slug":"%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%8e%e5%9c%a3%e7%bb%8f_07_%e5%bd%a2%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e5%af%b9%e7%ab%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10197","title":{"rendered":"\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf_07_\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <style> #h5vp6a887ae98a30a .h5vp_video_overlay{ top:10px; left:10px; } .popup_close_btn { display:none }.h5vp_player.popup_close .plyr { display:none }.h5vp_popup_wrapper.popup_close video { display:none }#h5vp6a887ae98a30a video { max-width:100% }#h5vp6a887ae98a30a { border-radius:0px }#h5vp6a887ae98a30a { overflow:hidden }#h5vp6a887ae98a30a .h5vp_video_overlay p { color:#fff }#h5vp6a887ae98a30a .h5vp_video_overlay p { font-size:20px }#h5vp6a887ae98a30a { width:100% 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class=\"popup_close_btn\">&times;<\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"h5vp_popup_overlay\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<!-- for library  -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<video   data-poster=\"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t\tpreload=\"auto\"\r\n                                                            >\r\n                    <source src=\"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/video\/\u62a4\u6559\u795e\u5b66\/2021_\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\/\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf_07_\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\/playlist.m3u8\" size=\"720\" type=\"video\/mp4\"\/>\r\n                                        \r\n                    \t\t\t\t<\/video>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<!-- for youtube -->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <style>\r\n .player10196  .plyr__controls,\r\n .player10196 .StampAudioPlayerSkin{\r\n  border-radius: 10px;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n }\r\n .player10196{\r\n  margin: 0 auto; }\r\n .player10196 .plyr__controls .plyr__controls {\r\n   border-radius: none;\r\n   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Name&quot;,&quot;disableDownload&quot;:false,&quot;fusionDownload&quot;:true,&quot;color&quot;:&quot;#fff&quot;,&quot;background&quot;:&quot;#333&quot;,&quot;repeat&quot;:false,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;opt-1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;muted&quot;:false,&quot;disablePause&quot;:false}'>\r\n    <audio  playsinline preload=\"auto\" class=\"player10196\" id=\"player10196\">\r\n      <source src=\"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/video\/\u62a4\u6559\u795e\u5b66\/2021_\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\/\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf_07_\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb.mp3\" type=\"audio\/mp3\">\r\n        Your browser does not support the audio element.\r\n    <\/audio>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/p>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b07 \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8bb2\uff1a\u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u7267\u5e08_\u6821\u5bf9\uff1a\u5218\u52a0\u7acb\u5f1f\u5144_\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u9648\u5f1f\u5144<\/p>\n<p>Philosophy and the Bible session 7\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u7b2c\u4e03\u8bb2\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u7b2c72\u9875\u90a3\u91cc\u5462\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u7b2c\u5341\u4e2a\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b2c\u5341\u4e2a\u9898\u76ee\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u770b\u8fc7\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u548c\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u662f\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7acb\u5462\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u8d85\u8d8atranscendence\u548c\u4e34\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6765\u8bb2\u5408\u4e4e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u548c\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u5408\u4e4e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u4e34\u5728\u548c\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u4e34\u5728\u3002\u7b2c74\u9875\u5462\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fe\u8868\u7b2c1.5\u3002\u5de6\u8fb9\u4e00\u8ddf\u4e8c\uff0c\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u8ddf\u4e34\u5728\uff0c\u53f3\u624b\u8fb9\u7684\u4e09\u8ddf\u56db\u662f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u548c\u4e34\u5728\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf<\/p>\n<p>Biblical\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Non-Biblical<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u8d85\u8d8a\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u4e0e\u6743\u5a01 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u8d85\u8d8a\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728<\/p>\n<p>Transcendence: God\u2019s control and authority\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transcendence: God not present<\/p>\n<p>\uff081\uff09 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(3)<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"631\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\uff082\uff09 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\uff084\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e34\u5728\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7acb\u7ea6\u3001\u5b88\u7ea6\u7684\u540c\u5728\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u4e34\u5728\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u533a\u5206\u7684<\/p>\n<p>Immanence: God\u2019s covenant presence\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Immanence: God and the world are indistinguishable<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u56fe\u88681.5 \u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u8d85\u8d8a\u548c\u4e34\u5728\u89c2<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u8bf7\u52ff\u64c5\u81ea\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u7f51\u7ad9\u6216\u5e73\u53f0\u8f6c\u8f7d\u548c\u520a\u767b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\uff1b\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u9010\u5b57\u7a3f\u7684\u7248\u6743\u5f52\u300c\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u300d\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u590d\u5370\u51fa\u7248\u7b49\u5546\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/p>\n<p>ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Fig. 1.5. Concepts of Transcendence and Immanence<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8bb2\u5230\u7b2c78\u9875\uff0c\u8981\u8bb2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56db\u65b9\u6216\u8005\u957f\u65b9\u76d2\u5b50\u7684\u4e24\u8fb9\uff08\u5de6\u8fb9\u53f3\u8fb9\uff09\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5782\u76f4\u7ebf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u5f00\u59cb\u8bb2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e24\u6761\u5782\u76f4\u7ebf\u662f\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8ddf\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u90fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u4f1a\u8bf4\u5723\u7ecf\u91cc\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u6027\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u7684\u4e34\u5728\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u90fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e07\u4e8b\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e07\u4e8b\u4e07\u7269\u91cc\u662f\u6709\u4efd\u513f\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u6709\u5b57\u9762\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u80cc\u540e\u5728\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\u3002\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e4e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u5f88\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5462\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8ddf\u795e\u5b66\u5462\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u61f5\u64e6\u64e6\u7684\u3001\u61f5\u61f5\u61c2\u61c2\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7279\u522b\u662f\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u5462\u8bb2\u5230\u5df4\u7279\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5462\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ed6\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u53eb\u505aconservative shift\u4fdd\u5b88\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ed6\u559c\u6b22\u7528\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7528\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u3001\u57fa\u8981\u6d3e\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4fe1\u5f92\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u5f81\u52df\u4e86\uff0c\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u540e\u5462\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u7528\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u7528\u8bcd\u3001\u63aa\u8f9e\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff1a\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u3001\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u9898\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u770b\u7a7f\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53bb\u8bba\u8fa9\u3001\u53bb\u770b\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\uff0c\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acbantithesis\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u8fd8\u662f\u4f17\uff1fIs the universe one or many?\u4e00\u800c\u4f17\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u9762\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u53bb\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90a3\u91cc\u53bb\u627e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u5728\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u9762\u53bb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0can absolute\u3002\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u60f3\u8981\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684absolute\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u4e8b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c31\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u5207\u4e07\u7269\u4e07\u4e8b\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u4e07\u7269\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u8ddf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u662f\u5173\u8054\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u600e\u4e48\u53bb\u627e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u900f\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e2a\u9014\u5f84\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201done-ness\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u7ea6\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u91cc\u9762\u538b\u7f29\u4e86\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\uff0call is water\u3002\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e00\u4e0a\u8bfe\u5c31\u201call is water\uff0c boys\u201d\uff0c\u5c0f\u4f19\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6c34\u554a\u3002all is water\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7ea6\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u8def\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u8def\u5c31\u662f\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u201c\u4f17\u201dmany\uff0cplurality\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0can ultimate plurality\uff0c\u628a\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u780d\u788e\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\uff0c\u53bb\u627e\u5230\u5b87\u5b99\u90a3\u4e2a\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u3001\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u3001\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u6784\u6210\u5355\u5143\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c31\u662f\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u5229\u7279\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5143\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u53bb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u770b\u5230\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u600e\u4e48\u6279\u8bc4\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3aprinciple of individuation\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5316\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u53bb\u627e\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u91cc\u9762\u53bb\u627e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0a\u90a3\u91cc\u53bb\u770b\u90a3\u4e9b\u5851\u6599\u888b\u3001\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c7d\u6c34\u7f50\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u94dd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u5851\u6599\u3002\u4f60\u518d\u53bb\u627e\u5230\u6700\u540e\u90a3\u4e2a\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u662f\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u627e\u5230\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u7b2c80\u9875\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e66\u300b11\uff1a33-36\u3002\u5047\u5982\u8981\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u62e5\u6709\u90a3\u4e2a\u552f\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u624d\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fd9\u6837\u53bb\u63a2\u7d22\u90a3\u4e2a\uff0c\u8981\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ece\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u3002\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u6bd4\u8f83\u5ba2\u6c14\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7531\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6765\u663e\u51fa\uff1a\u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u771f\u795e\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c8\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u53c8\u662f\u201c\u4e09\u201d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\uff1a\u4ed6\u8981\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u4ed6\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4ed6\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u800c\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u8fde\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u3002\u4f60\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u600e\u4e48\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u5462\uff0c\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6c34\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201d\u6c34\u201d\u3002Thales said\uff0c \u201call is water\u201d\uff0c\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6c34\u3002\u8fd9\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4ed6\u5728\u5ba3\u79f0\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u539f\u5219transcendent principle\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u201c\u6c34\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u6c34\u5440\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6c34\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f7f\u5176\u4ed6\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u5f04\u6e7f\u6389\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u6c34\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u6c34\u3002\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u7684\u201c\u6c34\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u5b87\u5b99\u5176\u5b83\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u8ddf\u5b83\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u9053\u5bb6\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u65e0\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5112\u5bb6\u6216\u8005\u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u5929\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6613\u201d\u3001\u201c\u592a\u6613\u201d\u3001\u201c\u592a\u6781\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u539f\u5219\uff0ctranscendent principle\uff0c\u6c34\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c34\u600e\u4e48\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u5b87\u5b99\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e07\u7269\u5462\uff1f\u96be\u9053\u6c34\u4f1a\u81ea\u6211\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5417\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e07\u7269\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u9664\u4e86\u6c34\u4ee5\u5916\u5176\u4ed6\u4e07\u7269\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\u800c\u5df2\u5462\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u5e15\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u7ec8\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u5b58\u6709\u201d\uff1f\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u8bf4\uff0c\u81f3\u7ec8\u53ea\u6709\u6c34\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90fd\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\u5462\uff1f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e16\u754c\uff0cworld of forms\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e16\u754c\uff0cchangeless world of forms\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0cthe world of forms\u3002\u600e\u4e48\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u53d8\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5462\uff1f\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201done\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u8d85\u8d8a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u80fd\u591f\u8db3\u591f\u5730\u4e34\u5728\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4e34\u5728\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\u4e07\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u4f17\u201d\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5417\uff1f\u8bfa\u65af\u5e95\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u54af\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u641e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u81f3\u9ad8\u4e09\u4e00\u795e\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7075\u4f53\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u6765\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u811a\u4e0d\u78b0\u5730\u7684\uff0c\u5403\u4e1c\u897f\u53ea\u662f\u7ed9\u4f60\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u5403\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7075\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u7684\u5c5e\u7075\u89c2\u91cc\u9762\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\u5462\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u627e\u201c\u4e00\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e00\u6279\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0can ultimate plurality\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6279\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u91cc\u7279Democritus\u7684\u201c\u539f\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u662f\u201c\u4f17\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u539f\u5b50\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u6765\u4f60\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u8fc7\u201c\u539f\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u4f60\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u5ba0\u7269\u90a3\u5c0f\u72d7\uff0c\u4f60\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u89c1\u90a3\u72d7\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u91cc\u7684\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u8fc7\u8fd9\u72d7\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u518d\u5206\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u7b49\u7b49\u548c\u5e15\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u7684being\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684forms\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\uff0cthey are 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universals real\uff1f\u8fd8\u662f\u8bf4\u53ea\u6709\u6b8a\u76f8\u624d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5462\uff1fAre universals real\uff0c or are only particulars real? 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classes of object\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904sameness\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904differences\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u5404\u7ae0\u5404\u5904\u90fd\u4f1a\u6307\u51fa\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u76f8\u548c\u6b8a\u76f8\uff0c\u5171\u76f8\u548c\u6b8a\u76f8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0cuniversals\u5171\u76f8\u548cparticulars\u6b8a\u76f8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662f\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u5b83\u6765\u6323\u624e\u7684\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u3002\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904sameness\uff0cuniversals\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u67d0\u67d0\u5730\u65b9\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91ccworld of forms\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u5462\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3asameness\uff0cuniversals\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff0caspect of things\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4form is in the 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