{"id":10165,"date":"2024-05-09T07:03:56","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10165"},"modified":"2024-05-09T07:03:56","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T07:03:56","slug":"%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%8e%e5%9c%a3%e7%bb%8f_%e8%ae%b2%e4%b9%89_03_%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%8c%e7%a5%9e%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%8c%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10165","title":{"rendered":"\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf_\u8bb2\u4e49_03_\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u5b97\u6559"},"content":{"rendered":"

[III] \u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u5b97\u6559PHILOSOPHY, THEOLOGY, AND RELIGION<\/strong> (4-8)<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u795e\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u5085\u5170\u59c6\uff09Definition of theology (Frame) <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u6211\u628a\u795e\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a \u300e\u67d0\u4f4d\u683c\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u4eba\u751f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n

    I define theology as \u201cthe application of the Word of God, by persons, to every aspect of human life.\u201d<\/p>\n

    [ \u6ce8\u811a\u516b\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u53c2\u300a\u795e\u5b66\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u300b\u539f\u8457\uff0c\u987576-85\uff1b\u300a\u5723\u8a00\u8bba\u300b\u539f\u8457\uff0c\u9875272-79\uff1b\u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u3002\u300b<\/p>\n

    [ Footnote 8.\u00a0 For exposition and defense of this definition, see DKG<\/em>, 76-85; DWG<\/em>, 272-79; ST<\/em>, chap. 1.]<\/p>\n

    \u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfbRelation of Theology to Philosophy<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e0a\u6587\u6211\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u6240\u8ba2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5fc5\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n

    On this definition, and on my previous definition of philosophy<\/em>, there is a strong affinity between the two disciplines.<\/p>\n

    [1] \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2Word of God and Worldview<\/p>\n

    \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u5730\u8bf4\u51fa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

    The Word of God is, among other things, the authoritative statement of the Christian worldview<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    [2] \u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u548c\u5927\u53d9\u8ff0Word of God and Meta-Narrative<\/p>\n

    \u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u5927\u53d9\u8ff0\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

    And because it describes a historical sequence, it may be called a meta-narrative<\/em> as well.<\/p>\n

    [3] \u300e\u5e94\u7528\u300f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u300e\u8bb2\u8ff0\u300f(formulation) \u548c\u300e\u7ef4\u62a4\u300f(defense)\uff08\u795e\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u90fd\u5982\u6b64\uff09<\/p>\n

    Application Involves Formulation and Defense (Theology and Philosophy)<\/p>\n

    \u6211\u5bf9\u795e\u5b66\u8ba2\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u91cc\u7684\u300e\u5e94\u7528\u300f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u91cc\u7684\u300e\u8bf4\u51fa\u300f(formulation) \u548c\u300e\u7ef4\u62a4\u300f(defense)\u3002<\/p>\n

    Application<\/em> in my definition of theology<\/em> includes the \u201cformulation\u201d and \u201cdefense\u201d in my definition of philosophy<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    [4] \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b66Christian Theology is Christian Philosophy<\/p>\n

    \u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u6216\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

    So we may say that:<\/p>\n

    Christian theology is Christian philosophy, or philosophy with a Christian worldview.<\/p>\n

    \u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u6587\u672c\uff1fPhilosophers \u2013 No Authoritative Text?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u529b\u4e89\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53c2\u8003\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

    It might be argued that philosophers, unlike theologians, do not work from authoritative texts.<\/p>\n

    \u4f46\u82e5\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e16\u4fd7\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6307\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\uff0c\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

    But if that is true, it is true only for secular philosophers, not for Jewish, Muslim, or Christian ones.<\/p>\n

    \u800c\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9884\u8bbe\uff08\u524d\u63d0\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u8bfe\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u6587\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

    And even secular philosophers, as we have seen, presuppose worldviews, so that the worldview becomes for them the authoritative text.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff08\u5085\u5170\u59c6\uff09Definition of Religion (Frame)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u6211\u628a\u5b97\u6559\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u300e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u300f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u300a\u96c5\u5404\u4e66\u300b1\uff1a26-27\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n

      I define religion as \u201cthe practice of faith,\u201d as in James 1:26-27:<\/p>\n

      \u300e\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8654\u8bda\uff08\u4fe1\u5949\u5b97\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u52d2\u4f4f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u820c\u5934\uff0c\u53cd\u6b3a\u54c4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4eba\u7684\u8654\u8bda\uff08\u5b97\u6559\uff09\u662f\u865a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7236\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u90a3\u6e05\u6d01\u6ca1\u6709\u73b7\u6c61\u7684\u8654\u8bda\uff08\u5b97\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u770b\u987e\u5728\u60a3\u96be\u4e2d\u7684\u5b64\u513f\u5be1\u5987\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u5b88\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u6cbe\u67d3\u4e16\u4fd7\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n

      \u201cIf anyone thinks he is religious and does not bridle his tongue but deceives his heart, this person\u2019s religion is worthless.\u00a0 Religion that is pure and undefiled before God, the Father, is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction, and to keep oneself unstained from the world.\u201d<\/p>\n

      \u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\u5bf9\u5df4\u7279\uff0c\u6f58\u970d\u534e\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Critique of Barth\/Bonhoeffer\u2019s use of the word \u201creligion.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u6211\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u5df4\u7279\u548c\u6f58\u970d\u534e\u7b49\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5f88\u591a\u8bb2\u9053\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u6307\u81ea\u4e49(self-righteousness)\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u5f97\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

      I do not follow theologians such as Barth and Bonhoeffer, and many preachers, who use religion<\/em> to refer to self-righteousness, man\u2019s attempt to justify himself before God by his works.<\/p>\n

      \u5b57\u5178\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

      Dictionaries never define it that way.<\/p>\n

      \u5b57\u5178\u8f83\u4e3a\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u4e0e\u300e\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u300f(faith)\uff0c\u300e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u300f(belief)\uff0c\u300e\u4fe1\u6761\u300f(creed)\u7b49\u540c\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u672c\u7ae0\u4e0b\u6587 Clouser\u6240\u7528\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

      More commonly, dictionaries equate the term with faith, belief,<\/em> or creed<\/em>, as does the definition of Clouser, to be discussed later in this chapter.<\/p>\n

      \u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u66f4\u80fd\u6293\u5230\u300a\u96c5\u5404\u4e66\u300b1\uff1a26-27\u7684\u610f\u6db5\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u5fc3\/\u4fe1\u4ef0\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u900f\u8fc7\u656c\u8654\u7684\u8a00\u8bed\u548c\u601c\u60af\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

      But my definition catches, I think, the nuance of James 1:26-27 \u2013 not faith as such, but its outworking in godly speech and compassionate behavior.<\/p>\n

      \u5b97\u6559\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5b57\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u6539\u53d8\u5b83\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u7528\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u7a3b\u8349\u4eba\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

      Religion<\/em> is a perfectly good word, and there is no justification for re-defining it in order to make a theological or rhetorical point.<\/p>\n

      [\u6ce8\u811a\u4e5d\u3002\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u60f3\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e74\u9752\u5e03\u9053\u5bb6\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\uff1a\u300e\u4f60\u8ba8\u538c\u5b97\u6559\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u4e5f\u8ba8\u538c\u3002\u6211\u618e\u6068\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u7231\u8036\u7a23\u3002\u300f\u6211\u540c\u610f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8ba4\u540c\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7528\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bb2\u8fd9\u4e8b\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u6279\u8bc4\u5b97\u6559\uff01\u8981\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u662f\u300e\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u4e49\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u300f\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u7b49\u3002]<\/p>\n

      [ Footnote 9.\u00a0 I have in mind here the rhetoric of some young evangelists: \u201cYou hate religion?\u00a0 Well, I do, too.\u00a0 I hate religion, but I love Jesus.\u201d\u00a0 I agree with the point and, to some extent, the attitude.\u00a0 But there are better ways of stating it.\u00a0 Don\u2019t criticize \u201creligion,\u201d but criticize formalism, traditionalism, church bureaucracy, and the like.]<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e3b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Relation of Christian Religion and Christian Philosophy: <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Christ is Lord of All \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u56e0\u6b64\u6839\u636e\u6211\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n

        On my definition, then, Christian philosophy is part of the Christian religion, an outworking of Christian faith.<\/p>\n

        \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4ec6\u4eba\u3002\u7942\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u3002
        \nChristians are servants of Jesus Christ.\u00a0 He is their Lord.<\/p>\n

        \u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u547c\u53ec\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u300e\u65e0\u8bba\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u4e3a\u8363\u8000\u4e0a\u5e1d\u800c\u884c\u300f\uff08\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u524d\u4e66\u300b10:31\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

        Scripture calls them to \u201cdo all to the glory of God\u201d (1 Cor. 10:31).<\/p>\n

        \u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u4e8b\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u300e\u65e0\u8bba\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\u300f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

        Their thinking, their philosophizing, is part of that.<\/p>\n

        \u7279\u522b\u5947\u602a\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u90fd\u5f88\u4e50\u610f\u628a\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u653e\u5728\u656c\u62dc\uff0c\u6551\u6069\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u56f4\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u5374\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

        It is remarkable that Christians so readily identify the lordship of Christ in matters of worship, salvation, and ethics, but not in thinking.<\/p>\n

        \u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u524d\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u591a\u5904\u7ecf\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u591a\u6b21\u5429\u5490\u7942\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5728\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u609f\u6027\uff08\u7406\u89e3\uff09\u7b49\u4e8b\u4e0a\u8981\u987a\u4ece\u7942\u3002<\/p>\n

        But as I indicated by the great number of Bible verses prefacing this book, God in Scripture over and over demands obedience of his people in matters of wisdom, thinking, knowledge, understanding, and so forth.<\/p>\n

        \u5f53\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b66\u4e60\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u9996\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\uff1a\u300e\u8fd9\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f\u300f<\/p>\n

        Whenever the Christian engages in study, of philosophy or anything else, his first question must be: \u201cHow is this related to Christ?\u201d<\/p>\n

        \u800c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7942\u662f\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\uff08\u300a\u7ea6\u7ff0\u798f\u97f3\u300b1:3\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\uff1a<\/p>\n

        And of course, everything is related to him, for he is the Creator of all (John 1:3) and:<\/p>\n

        \u300e\u7231\u5b50\u662f\u90a3\u4e0d\u80fd\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u50cf\uff0c\u662f\u9996\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u4ee5\u5148\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u300e\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e07\u6709\u90fd\u662f\u9760\u7942\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\uff1b\u80fd\u770b\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u770b\u89c1\u7684\uff1b\u6216\u662f\u6709\u4f4d\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u7684\uff0c\u638c\u6743\u7684\uff1b\u4e00\u6982\u90fd\u662f\u501f\u7740\u7942\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e3a\u7942\u9020\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u300e\u7942\u5728\u4e07\u6709\u4e4b\u5148\uff1b\u4e07\u6709\u4e5f\u9760\u7942\u800c\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u300e\u7942\u4e5f\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u4e4b\u9996\u3002\u7942\u662f\u5143\u59cb\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u6b7b\u91cc\u9996\u5148\u590d\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u7942\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u51e1\u4e8b\u4e0a\u5c45\u9996\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u300e\u56e0\u4e3a\u7236\u559c\u6b22\u53eb\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e30\u76db\u5728\u7942\u91cc\u9762\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u300e\u65e2\u7136\u501f\u7740\u7942\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\u6240\u6d41\u7684\u8840\u6210\u5c31\u4e86\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u4fbf\u501f\u7740\u7942\u53eb\u4e07\u6709\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u90fd\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u300f\uff08\u300a\u6b4c\u7f57\u897f\u4e66\u300b1:15-20\uff09<\/p>\n

        \u201che is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation.\u00a0 For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities \u2013 all things were created through him and for him. \u00a0And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together.\u00a0 And he is the head of the body, the church.\u00a0 He is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, that in everything he might be pre-eminent.\u00a0 For in him all the fullness of God was pleased to dwell, and through him to reconcile to himself all things, whether on earth or in heaven, making peace by the blood of his cross.\u201d\u00a0 (Col. 1:15-20)<\/p>\n

        \u56e0\u6b64\u4fdd\u7f57\u80fd\u8bf4\uff1a\u300e\u6240\u79ef\u84c4\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u667a\u6167\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u7942\uff08\u57fa\u7763\uff09\u91cc\u9762\u85cf\u7740\u300f\uff08\u300a\u6b4c\u7f57\u897f\u4e66\u300b2:3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

        So Paul is able to say that in Christ \u201care hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge\u201d (Col. 2:3).<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u975e\u5b97\u6559\u6027\uff08\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\uff09\u54f2\u5b66\u5b58\u5728\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Does Non-Religious (Secular) Philosophy Exist?<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u533a\u522b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u300e\u4e16\u4fd7\u300f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

          So we normally distinguish Christian from \u201csecular\u201d philosophy.<\/p>\n

          \u300e\u4e16\u4fd7\u300f\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u6307\u300e\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

          Secular<\/em> usually means \u201cnon-religious.\u201d<\/p>\n

          \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u300e\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u300f (non-religious philosophy) \u8fd9\u7801\u4e8b\uff1f<\/p>\n

          But is there such a thing as non-religious philosophy?<\/p>\n

          [ \u6ce8\u811a\u5341\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4e09\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u6458\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u539f\u8457\uff0c\u987555-57\u3002]<\/p>\n

          [ Footnote 10.\u00a0 The next three paragraphs are taken from my DCL<\/em>, 55-57.]<\/p>\n

          \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u300e\u4e16\u4fd7\u300f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0a\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u6216\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

          \u201cSecular\u201d philosophies, of course, do not demand church attendance or participation in religious ceremonies.<\/p>\n

          \u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u5c42\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

          But in other respects, they are religious.<\/p>\n

          \u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613<\/strong><\/p>\n

          DEFINITION OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF: NOT EASY<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u514b\u52b3\u65af\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u8ff7\u601d\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u6709\u5176\u96be\u5ea6\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

          Roy Clouser, in The Myth of Religious Neutrality: An Essay on the hidden Role of Religious Belief in Theories<\/em> [Footnote 11], discusses the difficulty of defining religion<\/em>.<\/p>\n

          [Footnote 11.\u00a0 Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.]<\/p>\n

          \u4e16\u754c\u6240\u6709\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff1f\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u8868\u9762\u770b\u6765\u66f4\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n

          What, he asks do the great religions of the world have in common?\u00a0 That question is more difficult than it might seem, Clouser argues.<\/p>\n

          [Footnote 12.\u00a0 See his discussion in ibid., 10-12.]<\/p>\n

          [1] \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u90fd\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u795e\u9053\u6559\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n

          We might think that all religions include ethical codes, but Shinto does not.<\/p>\n

          [2] \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u90fd\u627f\u8ba4\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u81f3\u9ad8\u7684\u4f4d\u683c\u6027\u5b58\u6709 (a personal supreme being)\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u5374\u4e0d\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

          We might think that all religions acknowledge a personal supreme being, but Buddhism and Hinduism do not.<\/p>\n

          [3] \u6216\u8005\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u4e8b\u656c\u62dc\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4f0a\u6bd4\u9e20\u9c81\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\u6ca1\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

          Or we might propose that all religions demand worship.\u00a0 But Epicureanism and some forms of Buddhism and Hinduism do not.<\/p>\n

          \u514b\u52b3\u65af\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u300f (religious belief) \u4f5c\u51fa\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

          Clouser concludes, however, that it is nevertheless possible to define religious belief<\/em> [Footnote 13], and<\/p>\n

          he suggests the following:<\/p>\n

          [\u6ce8\u811a\u5341\u4e09\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u662f\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u300f\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002]<\/p>\n

          [Footnote 13.\u00a0 Note that Clouser\u2019s question is not the meaning of religion<\/em>, as I discussed it earlier, but the nature of a religious belief<\/em>, that is, a belief that is religious in character.]<\/p>\n

          \u4ed6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u300e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff08\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff09\u4e43\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1\u67d0\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u5723\u8005\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n

          \u201cA religious belief is any belief in something or other as divine.\u201d<\/p>\n

          [Footnote 14.\u00a0 Ibid., 21-22.]<\/p>\n

          \u514b\u52b3\u65af\u7684\u300e\u795e\u5723\u300f (divine) \u4e0d\u8db3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u795e\u660e\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

          Clouser\u2019s definition of divine<\/em> does not suffice to fully define the biblical God \u2013 or, for that matter, the gods of other religions.<\/p>\n

          \u4f46\u8db3\u4e3a\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u5f52\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u8005\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

          But it does define an attribute of the biblical God [Footnote 15], an attribute also ascribed to absolutes of other religious traditions.<\/p>\n

          [ \u6ce8\u811a\u5341\u4e94\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u5b58 (aseity)\u3002\u53c2\uff1a\u300a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c26\u7ae0\u3002]<\/p>\n

          [ Footnote 15.\u00a0 Called aseity<\/em> in DG, chap. 26.]<\/p>\n

          \u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u8db3\uff0c\u81ea\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1b\u8fd9\u81ea\u5b58\u8005\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u4efb\u4f55\u4ed6\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

          All systems of thought include belief in something that is self-sufficient, not dependent on anything else.<\/p>\n

          \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u81ea\u5b58\u8005\u5c31\u662f\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n

          In Christianity, the self-sufficient being is the biblical God.<\/p>\n

          \u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300e\u963f\u62c9\u300f\uff1b\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5a46\u7f57\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n

          In Islam, it is Allah; in Hinduism, Brahma.<\/p>\n

          \u514b\u52b3\u65af\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u591a\u795e\u5b97\u6559\u91cc\u7684\u795e\u660e\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300e\u795e\u5723\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4f9d\u9760\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5b58\u6709\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

          Clouser points out that in Greek polytheism the gods are not divine according to his definition, because they depend on realities other than themselves.<\/p>\n

          \u4e07\u7269\u6e90\u81ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d41\u53d8\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u6df7\u4e71(Okeanos)\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7edd\u5bf9\u81f3\u9ad8\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n

          The flux from which all things come, called Chaos or Okeanos, is the true deity of the ancient Greek religion.<\/p>\n

          [ Footnote 16.\u00a0 Clouser, Myth<\/em>, 25. ]<\/p>\n

          \u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u81ea\u79f0\u4e3a\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c0f\u627f\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u795e\u5723\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

          Even purportedly atheistic religions such as Theravada Buddhism have deities in Clouser\u2019s sense.<\/p>\n

          \u5c0f\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300e\u865a\u65e0\u300f\uff0c\u81f3\u7ec8\u7684\u300e\u65e0\u6709\u300f\uff08\u6d85\u76d8\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

          Theravada holds that the Void, the ultimate Nothingness, sometimes called Nirvana, is not dependent on anything else.<\/p>\n

          [ Footnote 17.\u00a0 Ibid., 26-27.]<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u5b97\u6559\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u533a\u522b\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Does a Distinction between Religion and Philosophy Exist?<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u533a\u522b\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u522b\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5c42\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

            But such a definition of religion<\/em> makes it impossible for us to distinguish sharply between religion and philosophy, or indeed between religion and any other area of human thought and life.<\/p>\n

            [ \u6ce8\u811a\u5341\u516b\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5bf9\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u540c\u6837\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7530\u7acb\u514b\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u662f\u300e\u81f3\u7ec8\u7684\u5173\u6000 \u300f(ultimate concern)\uff0c\u548c\u7279\u96f7\u9a6c\u7684\u300e\u5bf9\u6ca1\u6709\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u300f (affirmation of unrestricted value)\u3002\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d12-16\u9875\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u6697\u793a\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u90fd\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u3002\u6211\u5bf9\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u300e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u300f(the practice of faith)\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u91cd\u53e0\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e9b\u300e\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u754c\u4e8b\u7269\u300f\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u662f\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002]<\/p>\n

            [ Footnote 18.\u00a0 The same result follows from some other recent attempts to define religion<\/em>, such as Paul Tillich\u2019s definition of religion<\/em> as \u201cultimate concern,\u201d and William Tremmel\u2019s \u201caffirmation of unrestricted value.\u201d\u00a0 Clouser opposes these definitions in ibid., 12-16, but they also imply that all human thought is religious.\u00a0 I defined religion<\/em> earlier as \u201cthe practice of faith,\u201d and that definition coincides with Clouser\u2019s, when we understand that to accept anything as \u201cnot depending on anything else\u201d is an act of faith, though not necessarily Christian faith. ]<\/p>\n

            \u6240\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u6709\u662f\u81ea\u5b58\u7684<\/strong><\/p>\n

            ALL PHILOSOPHERS BELIEVE SOME BEING HAS ASEITY<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u540c\u7406\uff0c\u5404\u6d3e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u79f0\u662f\u300e\u4e16\u4fd7\u300f\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u627f\u8ba4\u4e00\u4e9b\u300e\u795e\u5723\u300f(divine) \u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u300e\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u754c\u4e8b\u7269\u300f\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

            Philosophies also, however secular they may claim to be, always acknowledge something that is divine in the sense of \u201cnot depending on anything else.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n

            \u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u7684\u300e\u6c34\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n

            \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u300e\u5584\u826f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n

            \u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u7279\u7684\u300e\u7b2c\u4e00\u52a8\u8005\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n

            \u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u8428\u7684\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n

            \u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u300e\u7269\u81ea\u4f53\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n

            \u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u300e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\/\u7edd\u5bf9\u8005\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n

            \u7ef4\u6839\u65af\u5766\u7684\u300e\u795e\u79d8\u7684\/\u795e\u79d8\u754c\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

            Examples would be Thales\u2019 water, Plato\u2019s Form of the Good, Aristotle\u2019s Prime Mover, Spinoza\u2019s \u201cGod or Nature,\u201d Kant\u2019s noumenal, Hegel\u2019s Absolute, the Mystical of Wittgenstein\u2019s Tractatus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

            \u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u91cc\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5178\u578b\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\uff0c\u610f\u5373\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u6bd4\u5b83\u66f4\u81f3\u7ec8\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6765\u8bc1\u5b9e (justify)\u5b83\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

            In the epistemological sphere, also, philosophers typically acknowledge human reason as self-sufficient in the sense that it requires no justification from anything more ultimate than itself.<\/p>\n

            \u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5426\u8ba4\u81ea\u4e3b\u7406\u6027\u65f6\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u8be1\u8fa9\u6d3e\uff0c\u53f8\u53ef\u8131\uff0c\u4f11\u8c1f\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u548c\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5178\u578b\u5730\u9ad8\u4e3e\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u6216\u611f\u89c9\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u6587\u4f1a\u770b\u89c1\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u610f\u5fd7\u6216\u611f\u89c9\u6210\u4e3a\u795e\u5723\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

            When they appear to deny autonomous reason (as with the Sophists, Duns Scotus, Hume, existentialism, and postmodernism), they typically exalt autonomous will or feeling, as we will see later, so that will or feeling becomes divine.<\/p>\n

            \u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u656c\u62dc\u771f\u795e\u8005\uff0c\u548c\u656c\u62dc\u5076\u50cf\u8005<\/strong><\/p>\n

            THERE ARE NO REAL ATHEISTS; <\/strong><\/p>\n

            ONLY WORSIPPERS OF TRUE GOD, AND IDOL WORSHPPERS <\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u6211\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8981\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff08\u6839\u636e\u6700\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

            The biblical point to be made here is that nobody is really an atheist, in the most serious sense of that term.<\/p>\n

            \u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u8f6c\u79bb\u771f\u795e\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u656c\u62dc\u7942\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u62d2\u7edd\u76f8\u4fe1\u300e\u7edd\u5bf9\/\u8005\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

            When people turn away from worship of the true God, they don\u2019t reject absolutes in general.<\/p>\n

            \u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u656c\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u656c\u62dc\u5076\u50cf\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4fdd\u7f57\u5728\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e66\u300b1\uff1a18-32\u6240\u6559\u5bfc\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

            Rather, instead of the true God, they worship idols, as Paul teaches in Romans 1:18-32.<\/p>\n

            \u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u656c\u62dc\u795e\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

            The great division in mankind is not that some worship a god and others do not.<\/p>\n

            \u6700\u5927\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e43\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u656c\u62dc\u771f\u795e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u656c\u62dc\u5047\u795e\uff0c\u5076\u50cf\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

            Rather, it is between those who worship the true God and those who worship false gods, idols.<\/p>\n

            \u865a\u5047\uff08\u9519\u8bef\uff09\u7684\u656c\u62dc\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u62ec\uff08\u5b97\u6559\uff09\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5fc5\u7136\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u627f\u8ba4\u300e\u81ea\u5b58\u6027\u300f(aseity)\uff0c\u5c0a\u5d07\u67d0\u67d0\u5b58\u5728\u7269\u662f\u300e\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u300f\u7684\u3002
            \nFalse worship might not involve rites or ceremonies, but it always involves acknowledgment of aseity, honoring some being as not dependent on anything else.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Conclusion: All basic philosophical questions are religious questions. <\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4f1a\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u529b\u4e89\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

              So I will argue through this book that the basic questions of philosophers are religious in character.<\/p>\n

              \u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u5e08\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u63a2\u7d22\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff08\u5b58\u6709\uff09\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff08\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\uff0c\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\uff08\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

              Both philosophers and religious teachers explore the great questions of metaphysics (being), epistemology (knowledge), and value theory (value).<\/p>\n

              \u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u5e08\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

              Under metaphysics, both philosophers and religious teachers discuss the question of God and the world.<\/p>\n

              \u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u771f\u7406\u5ba3\u79f0 (truth claims) \u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

              Under epistemology, they both concern themselves with the justification of truth claims.<\/p>\n

              \u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5173\u6ce8\u6211\u4eec\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8be5\u6700\u5c0a\u5d07\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

              Under value theory, both are interested in how we should live and what we should regard most highly.<\/p>\n

              \u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7528\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u4f5c\u4e00\u6761\u68cd\u5b50\uff0c\u6765\u51fb\u6253\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/strong><\/p>\n

              CURRENTLY, \u201cRELIGION\u201d = A CLUB TO BEAT DOWN DISLIKED CONCEPTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6587\u5316\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u7684\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u62a8\u51fb\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u6216\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/p>\n

              In current culture, there is a strong bias against \u201creligious\u201d views, in science, politics, and literature.<\/p>\n

              \u6211\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u82e5\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u9700\u8c34\u8d23\u8fd9\u79cd\u504f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n

              If my argument above carries weight, we should reprove such bias.<\/p>\n

              \u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8303\u56f4\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

              Insofar as religion<\/em> is a meaningful category, it cannot be sharply distinguished from philosophy or science.<\/p>\n

              \u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u6559\u5bfc\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u6765\u5ba1\u6838\u6b63\u786e\u548c\u865a\u5047\uff08\u9519\u8bef\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

              When people oppose the teaching of \u201creligious\u201d concepts, they are not presenting a criterion that can logically distinguish between true and false ideas.<\/p>\n

              \u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7528\u300e\u5b97\u6559\u300f\u8fd9\u8bcd\u4f5c\u4e00\u6761\u68cd\u5b50\uff0c\u968f\u610f\u5730\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

              Rather, they are using the term religion<\/em> as a club to arbitrarily exclude consideration of viewpoints that they don\u2019t happen to like.<\/p>\n

              \u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6781\u5176\u4e0d\u516c\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u300e\u4e0d\u7f8e\u56fd\u300f\uff08un-American, \u4e0d\u5408\u7f8e\u56fd\u7cbe\u795e\uff09\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

              That is, of course, blatantly unfair, indeed \u201cun-American,\u201d as we say in the States.<\/p>\n

              \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bc9\u8bf8\u300e\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb\u300f\uff0c\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u4fee\u8ba2\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n

              Some, of course, appeal to the \u201cseparation of church and state\u201d as formulated in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.<\/p>\n

              \u4f46\u8be5\u4fee\u8ba2\u6848\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u6cd5\u5ead\u5982\u4f55\u8bef\u5224\uff09\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u8303\u56f4\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u5272\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

              But that amendment (courts to the contrary notwithstanding) does not require a total separation of religion from the political sphere.<\/p>\n

              \u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u653f\u5e9c\u8d5e\u52a9\u6559\u4f1a\uff08government-established churches\u56fd\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u8054\u90a6\uff08\u5168\u56fd\uff09\u5c42\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n

              It does not even forbid government-established churches, except on the federal level.<\/p>\n

              \u5f53\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u88ab\u7f16\u5199\u65f6\uff0c\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u90fd\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\uff08established churches,\u300e\u56fd\u300f\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u4fee\u8ba2\u6848\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8d5e\u52a9\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u6559\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

              When the Constitution was written, a number of the colonies had established churches, and the purpose of the amendment was not to forbid these, but to forbid the federal government from establishing a church in competition with the state churches.<\/p>\n

              \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e1a\uff08\u8303\u56f4\uff09\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u90fd\u5e94\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u800c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5e02\u573a(marketplace of ideas) \u4f1a\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u53bb\u5206\u8fa8\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

              In a truly free society, people in every field would be free to express their views whether called religious or not, and the marketplace of ideas would be free to sort them out.<\/p>\n

              ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              [III] \u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u5b97\u6559PHILOSOPHY, THEOLOGY, AND RELIGION (4-8) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[125],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-125"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10165","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10165"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10165\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10165"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10165"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10165"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}