{"id":10144,"date":"2024-05-09T06:14:19","date_gmt":"2024-05-09T06:14:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10144"},"modified":"2024-05-09T06:14:19","modified_gmt":"2024-05-09T06:14:19","slug":"%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%8e%e5%9c%a3%e7%bb%8f_%e8%ae%b2%e4%b9%89_10_%e5%bd%a2%e8%80%8c%e4%b8%8a%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e5%af%b9%e7%ab%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/?p=10144","title":{"rendered":"\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf_\u8bb2\u4e49_10_\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb"},"content":{"rendered":"

[X] \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7acbTHE ANTITHESIS IN METAPHYSICS<\/strong> (24-30)<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u91cc\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff0c\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

Let us then consider the antithesis in philosophy as it appears in the three subdivisions of philosophy that I distinguished earlier in the chapter: metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory.\u00a0 First, metaphysics.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5f3a\u8c03\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\u4e0e\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e09\u4f4d\u683c\uff0c\u548c\u7942\u638c\u7ba1\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u5305\u542b\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u548c\u4e34\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

As I mentioned, the biblical worldview emphasizes the Creator-creature distinction, the absolute tri-personality of God, and his lordship over the world, understood as control, authority, and presence.<\/p>\n

\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\uff0c\u5374\u7edf\u4e00\u7aed\u529b\u654c\u5bf9\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6709\u65f6\u5f88\u540a\u8be1\u5730\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4e4b\u540c\u610f\uff08\u4e3a\u4e86\u79cd\u79cd\u76ee\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Non-Christian philosophy, though it takes many forms, uniformly seeks to oppose the biblical worldview, though it might paradoxically express agreement with it at various points and for various purposes.<\/p>\n

[1] \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1a\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\u548c\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u300f<\/strong><\/p>\n

ANTITHESIS IN METAPHYSICS: TRANSCENDENCE<\/em> AND IMMANENCE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6211\u53d1\u89c9\uff0c\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\u548c\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u300f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u6709\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n

I have found it useful to describe the antithesis in metaphysics by use of the terms transcendence <\/em>and immanence<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f3a\u8c03\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

These terms are commonly used in Christian theology as representing of two biblical emphases.<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u91cc\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u548c\u4e34\u5728TRANSCENDENCE AND IMMANENCE IN THE BIBLE<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\u8ba9\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5728\u9ad8\u5904\u7684\uff0c\u88ab\u9ad8\u4e3e\uff0c\u5d07\u9ad8\uff0c\u7b49\uff08\u300a\u8bd7\u7bc7\u300b7\uff1a7\uff1b9\uff1a2\uff1b\u300a\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u4e66\u300b6\uff1a1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Transcendence<\/em> evokes the biblical picture of God as \u201chigh,\u201d \u201clifted up,\u201d \u201cexalted,\u201d and so on (Pss. 7:7; 9:2; Isa. 6:1).<\/p>\n

\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u300f\u8ba9\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e34\u8fd1\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u5728\uff08\u300a\u521b\u4e16\u8bb0\u300b21\uff1a22\uff1b26\uff1a3\uff0c24\uff0c28\uff1b\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8bb0\u300b4\uff1a7\uff1b\u300a\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u4e66\u300b7\uff1a14\uff1b\u300a\u9a6c\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u300b1\uff1a23\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Immanence<\/em> draws on biblical language about God\u2019s being \u201cnear\u201d and \u201cwith us\u201d (Gen. 21:22, 26:3, 24, 28; 28:15; Deut. 4:7; Isa. 7:14; Matt. 1:23).<\/p>\n

\u795e\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\uff1a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong><\/p>\n

TRANSCENDENCE IN THEOLOGY: INCORRECT VS. BIBLICAL SENSE<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\u4e00\u822c\u5e26\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8272\u5f69\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8fdc\u79bb\u88ab\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u90a3\u4e48\u8fdc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7942\uff0c\u6216\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u8bba\u8bf4\uff08\u8bb2\u8bba\uff09\u7942\u3002<\/p>\n

In theological writing, transcendence<\/em> sometimes takes on the meaning that God is so far removed from the creation that we cannot know him or speak truly of him.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u91cc\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u300f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n

But the God of Scripture is not transcendent in that sense.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7edd\u5bf9\u662f\u4eba\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\uff1b\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u6c38\u751f\u5c31\u662f\uff08\u7528\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7942\uff08\u300a\u7ea6\u7ff0\u798f\u97f3\u300b17\uff1a3\uff09\uff01<\/p>\n

In the Bible, God is eminently knowable; indeed, eternal life is knowing him in a certain way (John 17:3).<\/p>\n

\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u7942\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8bb2\u8bba\u4ed6\uff0817\uff1a17\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

And in the Bible, God speaks to his people, so that they can speak truly of him (17:17).<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u9ad8\u5904\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u7942\u5750\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5b9d\u5ea7\u4e0a\uff0c\u7942\u662f\u4e3b\uff0c\u662f\u541b\u738b\u3002<\/p>\n

When Scripture speaks of God\u2019s being high or lifted up, it refers to his position on the throne of the universe as Lord and King.<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7528\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\uff0c\u6307\u4e0a\u7684\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u7942\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7942\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n

If we use the term transcendence<\/em> for his exaltation in this sense, then it refers to his lordship, particularly his control and authority.<\/p>\n

\u795e\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u300f\uff1a\u4e0d\u5047\u601d\u7d22\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u610f\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMMANENCE IN THEOLOGY: UN-CONSCIOUS, INCORRECT, VS. BIBLICAL SENSE<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u795e\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u300f\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6307\u7942\u7684\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\u8fd9\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u539a\u975e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b57\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5723\u7ea6\u7684\u610f\u6db5 (with more covenant nuance) \u3002<\/p>\n

Immanence<\/em> in theology is usually used to refer to God\u2019s omnipresence, which is uncontroversial among Christians, but I think it is better to use the term with more covenant nuance.<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4e34\u5728\u662f\u5e26\u7740\u7942\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u7528\u610f\u7684\uff1a\u8d50\u798f\u6216\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

God is omnipresent, yes, but with personal intentions toward people, either blessing or judgment.<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u7942\u5728\u5723\u7ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff08\u6216\u8bd1\u4e3a\uff1a\u662f\u7942\u7acb\u7ea6\u5b88\u7ea6\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

God\u2019s immanence is his covenant presence.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7aed\u529b\u907f\u514d\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u300e\u9760\u8fd1\u300f\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u7942\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7942\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u795e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

What we must strenuously avoid is what theologians do: to say that God becomes so \u201cnear\u201d that he cannot be distinguished from the world, and that he therefore abandons his divine nature.<\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u88ab\u964d\u4f4e\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u6216\u4eba\u88ab\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff1b\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u521b\u9020\u4e3b\u548c\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n

That either reduces God to the level of man, or raises man to the level of God, in either\u300e case violating the Creator-creature distinction.<\/p>\n

[ \u6ce8\u811a\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bba\u8c03\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4 Thomas Altizer \u63d0\u5021\u4ed6\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\uff1b\u65f6\u4e3a1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u53c2\uff1a\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u3002]<\/p>\n

[ Footnote 36.\u00a0 This kind of argument led Thomas Altizer to his Christian atheism in the 1960s.\u00a0 See chapter 10. ]<\/p>\n

\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u89c2\u300f\u548c\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u89c2\u300f\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u56fe\u88681.5\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/p>\n

These biblical and non-biblical concepts of transcendence and immanence may be illustrated by the following diagram; see fig. 1.5.<\/p>\n

\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b<\/strong><\/p>\n

BIBLICAL\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NON-BIBLICAL<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] \u8d85\u8d8a\uff1aTranscendence:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [3] \u8d85\u8d8a\uff1aTranscendence:<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u4e0e\u6743\u5a01\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728<\/p>\n

God\u2019s control and authority\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 God not present<\/p>\n

[2] \u4e34\u5728\uff1a Immanence:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [4] \u4e34\u5728\uff1aImmanence:<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7acb\u7ea6\u3001\u5b88\u7ea6\u7684\u540c\u5728\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u522b<\/p>\n

God\u2019s covenant presence\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 God and the world are<\/p>\n

Indistinguishabl<\/p>\n

Fig. 1.5.\u00a0 \u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u548c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u89c2\u548c\u4e34\u5728\u89c2<\/p>\n

Concepts of Transcendence and Immanence<\/p>\n

[2] \u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e0e\u4e34\u5728<\/strong><\/p>\n

BIBLICAL TRANSCENDENCE & IMMANENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u8868\u7684\u5de6\u8fb9\u4ee3\u8868\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u89c2\u548c\u4e34\u5728\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n

The left side of the triangle [Footnote 37] represents the biblical views of transcendence and immanence that we have discussed.<\/p>\n

[1] \u662f\u6307\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u7942\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5305\u62ec\u638c\u63a7\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

[1] is biblical transcendence: God\u2019s rule.\u00a0 Included in God\u2019s rule are his lordship attributes of control and authority.<\/p>\n

[2] \u662f\u6307\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7acb\u7ea6\u5b88\u7ea6\u7684\u540c\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

[2] is biblical immanence: God\u2019s covenant presence.<\/p>\n

[ \u6ce8\u811a\u4e09\u5341\u4e03\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u56db\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u53d6\u81ea\u300a\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u3002]<\/p>\n

[ Footnote 37.\u00a0 The next four paragraphs are taken from ST<\/em>, chap. 3. ]<\/p>\n

[3] \u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5168\u7136\u4ed6\u8005\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u9690\u85cf<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5176\u5b89\u5168\u663e\u9732\uff0c\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-BIBLICAL TRANSCENDENCE: GOD = WHOLLY OTHER\/HIDDEN<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-BIBLICAL IMMANENCE: GOD = WHOLLY REVEALED; MAN BECOMES GOD<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u8868\u7684\u53f3\u8fb9\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

The right side of the triangle represents the non-biblical views that we have noted.<\/p>\n

[3] \u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u89c2\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u7684\u9ad8\uff0c\u79bb\u6211\u4eec\u90a3\u4e48\u8fdc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7942\uff0c\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8fa8\u8ba4\u7942\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u5df4\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5168\u7136\u4ed6\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u9690\u85cf\u3002<\/p>\n

[3] is non-biblical transcendence: that God is so far \u201cabove\u201d us that we cannot know him or identify him in history.\u00a0 As Barth would say, he is wholly hidden or wholly other.<\/p>\n

[4] \u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e34\u5728\u89c2\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e34\u5728\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u663e\u9732\u3002<\/p>\n

[4] is non-biblical immanence: that the immanence of God is in effect the autonomy of creatures, God as wholly revealed.<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4eba\u7b49\u4e8e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6216\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u88ab\u964d\u4f4e\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002<\/p>\n

On this view, man in effect becomes God, or God is reduced to the level of man.<\/p>\n

[4] \u5f7c\u6b64\u654c\u5bf9\u3001\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u7ebf\u6761<\/strong><\/p>\n

LINES OF OPPOSITION\/ANTITHESIS<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u8868\u91cc\u7684\u659c\u7ebf\u4ee3\u8868\u654c\u5bf9\uff08\u5bf9\u7acb\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

The diagonal lines are lines of opposition.<\/p>\n

[1] \u548c [4] \u5f7c\u6b64\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff1a\u82e5\u8bf4\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u662f\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684 [4] \u5c31\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u81f3\u9ad8\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005 [1] \u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

[1] and [4] are contradictory, for to say that creatures are autonomous [4] is to contradict the assertion that God is the supreme ruler of the world [1].<\/p>\n

[2] \u548c [3] \u5f7c\u6b64\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff1a\u82e5\u575a\u6301\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u65f6\u7a7a\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u88ab\u8fa8\u8ba4 [3]\uff0c\u82e5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a00\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u540c\u5728\u7684\u771f\u7406 [2] \u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

[2] and [3] are also opposed, because to insist that God cannot be identified in history [3], that he is unknowable and unspeakable, contradicts the biblical teaching concerning God\u2019s presence [2].<\/p>\n

[5] \u76f4\u7ebf\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff08\u5f20\u529b\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

VERTICAL LINES: RELATIVE CONSISTENCY<\/strong><\/p>\n

BIBLICAL VIEW = CONSISTENT, W\/O TENSION<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u8868\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u7ebf\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u300e\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u300f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

The vertical lines draw our attention to the relative consistency of the two approaches.<\/p>\n

\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff08\u5f20\u529b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

The biblical view is consistent and without tension.<\/p>\n

[ \u6ce8\u811a\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5965\u79d8\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u900f\u77e5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u542f\u793a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u77db\u76fe\u3002]<\/p>\n

[ Footnote 38.\u00a0 This is not to deny that there is mystery.\u00a0 Our knowledge of God is not exhaustive.\u00a0 But what God reveals of himself is not contradictory. ]<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u77db\u76fe\uff08\u5f20\u529b\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u6797\u5728<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-BIBLICAL VIEW = FULL OF TENSION<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-BIBL. TRANSCENDENCE GENERATES<\/em> NON-BIBL. IMMANENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-BIBL. IMMANENCE GENERATES<\/em> NON-BIBL. TRANSCENDENCE<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff08\u5f20\u529b\uff09\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u600e\u80fd\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u5bb9\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7b49\u540c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8bfa\u65af\u5e95\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\uff1f<\/p>\n

The non-biblical view is full of tension: How can God be both ineffable and identical with the world, as in Gnosticism?<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u600e\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u9690\u85cf\uff0c\u53c8\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u663e\u9732\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5df4\u7279\uff09\uff1f<\/p>\n

How can he be wholly hidden and wholly revealed, as in Barth?<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u548c\u4e34\u5728\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9020\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-BIBL. TRANSCENDENCE & IMMANENCE GENERATES<\/em> EACH OTHER<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5145\u6ee1\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u89c2\uff0c\u600e\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e34\u5728\u89c2\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

But although this system is contradictory, we can understand how this view of transcendence generates<\/em> this particular view of immanence, and vice versa.<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u5e1d\u82e5\u662f\u65e0\u540d\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u8005 (the nameless beyond)\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u81ea\u5df1\u638c\u63a7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

If God is the nameless beyond, then necessarily we are left as masters of our own destiny.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7942\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u6211\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n

For, practically speaking, he cannot rule us.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u4f5c\u6289\u62e9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7942\u3002
\nWe cannot take account of him in our values, our decisions, or our worldviews.<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u81f3\u7ec8\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5c31\u5145\u5f53\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

Still, we cannot live without ultimate values, so we become god ourselves.<\/p>\n

\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u81f3\u7ec8\u6210\u56e0\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b87\u5b99\u5c31\u5145\u5f53\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u4e86\u3002
\nThe universe cannot exist without ultimate powers of causation, so it becomes its own cause.<\/p>\n

\u5c06\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ece\u5b87\u5b99\u632a\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba9\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n

Removing God from the world enables human autonomy.<\/p>\n

\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u82e5\u662f\u8981\u81ea\u4e3b [ \u6ce8\u811a\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d] \uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8ba4\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b58\u5728 [\u6ce8\u811a\u56db\u5341] \uff0c\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\u670d\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u79bb\u5f00\u6211\u4eec\u592a\u8fdc\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u8d77\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

And conversely, if our goal is to be autonomous [Footnote 39], then we either must deny God\u2019s existence altogether [Footnote 40] or must convince ourselves that God is too far beyond us to have any practical influence in our lives.<\/p>\n

[ \u6ce8\u811a\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u3002\u8bb0\u5f97\uff1a\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5815\u843d\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u5f52\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u53db\u9006\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u968f\u610f\u3002\u00a0 ]<\/p>\n

[ Footnote 39.\u00a0 Remember that Scripture teaches that autonomy is always the goal of fallen man.\u00a0 So it is not arbitrary to ascribe this sort of thinking ultimately to human rebellion against God. ]<\/p>\n

[ \u6ce8\u811a\u56db\u5341\u3002\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a \u89c2\uff09\u89c1\u56fe\uff0c[3]\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u79bb\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fdc\uff0c\u7942\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u8003\u8651\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7684\u884c\u5217\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u00a0 ]<\/p>\n

[ Footnote 40.\u00a0 Atheism is an extreme version of transcendence [3].\u00a0 For it asserts that God is so far from the real world in which we live, that he should not even be counted among real beings. ]<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u548c\u6bd4\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e34\u5728\uff1a\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u4f9d\u4e3a\u547d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u300e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u300f\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u9020\u6210\u5f20\u529b\/\u540a\u8be1<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-BIBL. TRANSCENDENCE & NON-BIBL. IMMANENCE REQUIRE<\/em> EACH OTHER<\/strong><\/p>\n

(NOTE: VAN TIL: THEY ARE CORRELATIVE), EVEN THOUGH THEY CREATE TENSION\/PARADOX<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\u4ece\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u6765\u770b\uff0c [3] \u9700\u8981 [4]\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u5f20\u529b\u548c\u540a\u8be1\u3002<\/p>\n

So [3] and [4] re\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 quire each other in a sense, even though bringing them together creates tension and paradox.<\/p>\n

[6] \u5782\u76f4\u7ebf\uff1a\u4e24\u79cd\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u601d\u8003\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\uff08\u4ec5\u662f\uff09\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f7c\u6b64\u77db\u76fe<\/strong><\/p>\n

HORIZONTAL LINES: SIMILARITY OF 2 WAYS TO THINK WITH WORDS:<\/strong><\/p>\n

VERBAL SIMILARITIES; CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN 2 SYSTEMS<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e24\u6761\u5782\u76f4\u7ebf\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

The horizontal lines lead us to consider the similarity of the two ways of thinking at the verbal level.<\/p>\n

\u4e24\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u89c2\u90fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u90fd\u63d0\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u4e34\u5728\u89c2\u90fd\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4e07\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

Both views of transcendence may appeal to the biblical language of God\u2019s exaltation and height.\u00a0 Both views of immanence describe his involvement in all things.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5927\u7684\uff1a\u8bda\u7136\u5f7c\u6b64\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

But beneath the verbal similarity, there are enormous conceptual differences, indeed contradictions, as we have seen, between the two systems.<\/p>\n

\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n

The verbal similarities indicate why the non-biblical positions have attracted many Christians.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u5730\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u770b\u7a7f\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u8fa8\u8ba4\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n

But these issues are so important, that we must penetrate beneath the surface similarities to recognize<\/p>\n

the antithesis between these two ways of thing.<\/p>\n

[7] \u300e\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u300f\u5bf9\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66<\/strong><\/p>\n

RELEVANCE OF ANTITHESIS TO PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS (METAPHYSICS)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300e\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u300f\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u4f55\u542b\u4e49\uff1f<\/p>\n

How, then, is the antithesis relevant to the philosophical questions I outlined earlier in the chapter?<\/p>\n

[7.1.] \u4f8b\u4e00\uff1a\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u300e\u4e00\u300f\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

EXAMPLE 1: IS THE UNIVERSE ONE?\u00a0 OR MANY?<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] \u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u300e\u4e00\u300f\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1f<\/p>\n

Is the universe one or many?<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff08\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\uff1a\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90a3\u91cc\uff09\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u7edd\u5bf9\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

The reason why this question has been important is that philosophers have wanted to find an absolute in<\/em> the world, belonging to the world, that is, rather than the God of Scripture.<\/p>\n

\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4eec\u8ffd\u5bfb\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u6db5\u76d6\u6027\uff08\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff09\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u300e\u7edd\u5bf9\u300f\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u300e\u4e00\u300f\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-CHRISTIANS SEEK COMPREHENSIVE EXPLANATION FOR EVERYTHING:<\/strong><\/p>\n

EITHER ULTIMATE ONE-NESS, OR ULTIMATE PLURALITY:<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMPOSSIBLE<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u300e\u7edd\u5bf9\u300f\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u4e8b\uff08\u8fd9\u5c31\u663e\u793a\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Non-Christian philosophers have wanted such an absolute to serve as a comprehensive explanation for everything (which indicates the connection between metaphysics and epistemology).<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u900f\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e2a\u9014\u5f84\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8ffd\u5bfb\uff1a<\/p>\n

They have tried to do that in two ways:<\/p>\n

[a] \u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u4e00\u300f (one-ness)\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u7ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300e\u4e00\u300f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u7684\u300e\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6c34\u300f\uff09\uff0c\u6216<\/p>\n

by identifying a one-ness<\/em> to which everything can be reduced (as Thales\u2019s \u201call is water\u201d) and<\/p>\n

[b] \u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1a\u628a\u4e07\u7269\u780d\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u96f6\u4ef6\uff08\u6210\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u53bb\u627e\u5230\u5b87\u5b99\u81f3\u7ec8\uff08\u6700\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7ec8\u6781\uff09\u7684\u6784\u6210\u5355\u5143\uff08\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u91cc\u7279\u7684\u300e\u539f\u5b50\u300f\uff09\u3002 \uff08\u53c2\uff1a\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u7684\u300e\u4e2a\u522b\u5316\u539f\u5219\u300f\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

by seeking an ultimate plurality<\/em>: chopping things down into their smallest parts to detect the ultimate constituents of the universe (Democritus\u2019s \u201catoms\u201d).<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff08\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e66\u300b11\uff1a33-36\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

But Christians believe this cannot be done (Rom. 11:33-36).<\/p>\n

\u8981\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u62e5\u6709\u90a3\u4e2a\u552f\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n

To have a comprehensive explanation of everything is to have a kind of knowledge available only to God himself.<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

That is impossible for human beings.<\/p>\n

\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fd9\u6837\u63a2\u7d22\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u3002\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e29\u548c\uff0c\u5ba2\u6c14\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u662f\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u4e5f\u662f\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e09\u4e00\u771f\u795e\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u4ed6\u7684\u300e\u4e00\u800c\u4f17\u300f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99<\/strong><\/p>\n

CHRISTIAN VIEW: TRINITY = ONE & MANY; <\/strong><\/p>\n

MADE WORLD TO REFLECT ITS ONE-AND-MANY-NESS<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u53c8\u8fd9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u663e\u51fa\uff1a\u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u300e\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4f17\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u300f\uff1b\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u4e09\u4e00\u771f\u795e\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4f17\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u300f\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u3002<\/p>\n

The impossibility of it is displayed by the fact that, as with the Trinity, there is in the world no one-ness without plurality and no plurality without one-ness.<\/p>\n

\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u4e00\u4e5f\u662f\u4f17\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u300e\u4e00\u800c\u4f17\u300f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8fd9\u6837\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5b87\u5b99\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7942\u8981\u5b87\u5b99\u53cd\u6620\u4ed6\u7684\u300e\u4e00\u800c\u4f17\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

The world is both one and many, because God, who is one and many, has made the world in such a way that it reflects him.<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff1a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8fde\u63a5\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u548c\u300e\u4f17\u300f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u7684\u300e\u6c34\u300f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u8fd9\u6c34\u5982\u4f55\u6784\u6210\u5b87\u5b99\uff1f\u6291\u6216\uff1a\u96be\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\uff09\u4e07\u7269\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

NON-CHRISTIANS: HARD TO RELATE ONE-NESS TO PLURALITIES<\/strong><\/p>\n

EXAMPLE: THALES: WHAT IS THIS \u201cWATER\u201d? HOW DOES IT GIVE RISE TO REST OF WORLD?<\/strong><\/p>\n

OR IS (REST OF THE) WORLD ILLUSORY?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8fde\u63a5\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u300e\u4f17\u300f (pluralities)\u3002<\/p>\n

In non-Christian thought, it is difficult to relate the ultimate one-ness to the pluralities of the world.<\/p>\n

\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u8bf4\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u6c34\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n

Thales evidently understands \u201call is water\u201d to state the discovery of a transcendent principle, a principle that explains everything.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u300e\u6c34\u300f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6c34\uff1a\u4f7f\u5176\u4ed6\u4e07\u7269\u5f04\u6e7f\u7684\u6c34\u3002<\/p>\n

But this transcendent water cannot be real water, the stuff that makes other things wet.<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u7684\u300e\u6c34\u300f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e3a\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u5b87\u5b99\u5176\u4ed6\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5374\u6709\u4e0e\u4e4b\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

It is an abstract concept that combines all the qualities of everything else in the universe, but somehow stands apart from them.<\/p>\n

\uff08\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u300e\u62bd\u8c61\u300f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7384\u5999\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff1a\u67d0\u67d0\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5f88\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u300e\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u300f\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d85\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u300e\u6c34\u300f\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u5b87\u5b99\u5176\u4ed6\u4e07\u7269\uff1f<\/p>\n

The big question for Thales is: How does water as a super-principle give rise to the rest of the world?<\/p>\n

\u96be\u9053\uff1a\u300e\u6c34\u300f\u81ea\u6211\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u4e07\u7269\uff1f<\/p>\n

Does it somehow get transformed into other things?<\/p>\n

\u6291\u6216\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u6015\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u6240\u5ba3\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u7ec8\u662f\u300e\u5b58\u6709\u300f\uff1f<\/p>\n

Or are the other things, in the end, illusory, as Parmenides claimed for his own super-principle, Being?<\/p>\n

\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u96be\u9898\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u5982\u4f55\u591f\u4e34\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d8\u6210\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

PLATO\u2019S STRUGGLE: <\/strong><\/p>\n

HOW CAN ONE-NESS BECOME IMMANENT ENOUGH, <\/strong><\/p>\n

TO EXPLAIN THE MANY, WITHOUT ITSELF BECOMING MANY?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\u6323\u624e\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u300e\u5f62\u5f0f\u300f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u53d8\u7684\uff0c \u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

Plato struggled with the question of how the world of perfect, changeless Forms could give rise to the changing, imperfect world.<\/p>\n

\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff08\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\u8fd9\u4e16\u754c\uff09\u80fd\u8db3\u591f\u5730\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u300f\uff0c\u4ee5\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u53d8\u6210\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1f<\/p>\n

In other words, on these views how can the principle of one-ness, defined by its transcendence over the world, become immanent enough to account for the many without itself becoming many?<\/p>\n

\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u300e\u4f17\u300f\u4e5f\u9762\u5bf9\u540c\u6837\u7684\u96be\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n

SAME DIFFICULTY W\/ ULTIMATE PLURALITY<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ffd\u5bfb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u300e\u4f17\u300f\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u4e5f\u9762\u5bf9\u540c\u6837\u7684\u96be\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

The same is true for philosophers who seek an ultimate plurality as the final explanation for everything.<\/p>\n

\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u4e00\/\u4f17 = \u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff1a\u539f\u5b50\uff09\uff08\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u91cc\u7279\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

ULTIMATE ONE\/ULTIMATE PLURALITY = ABSTRACTIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n

PLURAL: ATOMS (DEMOCRITUS) <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u91cc\u7279\u7684\u300e\u539f\u5b50\u300f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u662f\u300e\u4f17\u300f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u3002
\nThe \u201catoms\u201d of Democritus, though plural, are transcendent in an important way.<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u8fc7\u539f\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

Nobody has ever seen an atom.<\/p>\n

\u7528\u300e\u539f\u5b50\u300f\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\u4e07\u7269 = \u592a\u300e\u8d85\u8d8a\u300f\uff1b\u800c\u7528\u6765\u6cbb\u7406\u4e16\u754c = \u592a\u300e\u4e34\u5728\u300f<\/strong><\/p>\n

ATOMS = TOO TRANSCENDENT TO EXPLAIN WORLD, <\/strong><\/p>\n

TOO IMMANENT\/WORLDLY TO GOVERN WORLD<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u6015\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u7684\u300e\u5b58\u6709\u300f\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u300e\u5f62\u5f0f\u300f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u62bd\u79bb\u3002<\/p>\n

These, as much as Parmenides\u2019 Being or Plato\u2019s Forms, are abstractions from the flow of our ordinary experience.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u8005\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u539f\u5b50\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u822c\u6240\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

So atomists need to explain how the atoms give rise to the world of that ordinary experience.<\/p>\n

\u539f\u5b50\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u592a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6cbb\u7406\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5219\u592a\u4e34\u5728\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

The atoms are too transcendent to explain the world, and at the same time too immanent, too worldly, to provide the world with governance.<\/p>\n

[7.2] \u4f8b\u4e8c\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6784\u9020\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

EXAMPLE 2.\u00a0 WHAT IS BASIC COMPOSITION OF UNIVERSE?<\/strong><\/p>\n

[2] \u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6784\u9020\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u8fd9\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u524d\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8f83\u4e3a\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

[2] What is the basic composition of the universe?\u00a0 This question is the same as the previous one, but more specific.<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5b83\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u4e00\u300f\uff1f<\/p>\n

Philosophers who believe that the world is essentially one need to explain what that oneness is like, what kind of oneness it is.<\/p>\n

\u5b83\u662f\u795e\u5723\u7684\uff1f\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u91cc\u7684\uff1f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\uff1f\u6291\u6216\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n

Is it divine, mental, material, or what?<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u300e\u4f17\u300f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

Same for philosophers who believe that the universe is essentially many.<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u524d\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u6709\u91cd\u53e0\u3002<\/p>\n

And as with the previous question, there is an overlap between metaphysical and epistemological concerns.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u95ee\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u900f\u77e5\u5b87\u5b99\uff08\u5bfb\u6c42\u5bf9\u5b87\u5b99\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

For the philosophers who ask these questions are seeking exhaustive knowledge of the world.<\/p>\n

\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u8303\u6cf0\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u7684\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u518d\u8bf4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3a\u300e\u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u666e\u53ca\u6027\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u300f\uff08\u6c34\uff0c\u7a7a\u6c14\uff0c\u706b\uff0c\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u82e5\u7528\u6765\u6307\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u5e26\u4e0a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n

But again, the qualities singled out as the comprehensive nature of the world (water, air, fire, number, form, matter \u2026) take on an abstract quality when used as philosophical ultimates.<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6cf0\u96f7\u5179\u7528\u6c34\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u539f\u5219\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u60f3\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u5e38\u559d\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6d17\u6da4\u7684\u6c34\u3002<\/p>\n

When Thales uses water as a transcendent principle, he is thinking of it as something different from the ordinary stuff that we drink and wash with.<\/p>\n

\u5f52\u6839\u7a76\u5e95\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u4e86\u300e\u6c34\u300f\u6765\u626e\u6f14\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u7528\u6c34\u6765\u4f5c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n

Essentially, he is using water to play the role of God, to serve as the ultimate explanation of everything.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b \u79f0\u6b64\u4e3a\u300e\u5076\u50cf\u656c\u62dc\u300f\u3002\u800c\u5076\u50cf\u4e0d\u80fd\u5145\u5f53\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n

But Scripture calls this idolatry<\/em>.\u00a0 And idols cannot do the job of God.<\/p>\n

\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u4e07\u7269\uff1a\u6811\u6728\uff0c\u884c\u661f\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u7406\u667a\uff0c\u80ba\u8151\uff0c\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u771f\u6b63\u662f\u300e\u6c34\u300f\uff0c\u4e4d\u773c\u770b\u6765\u662f\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

The notion that trees, planets, people, minds, lungs, music, fish are \u201creally\u201d water is ludicrous on its face.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\uff1a\u6c34\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\uff08\u4e8b\u7269\uff09\uff0c\u4e43\u4e0d\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\uff1b\u6216\u8005\uff1a\u6c34\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u5728\uff08\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u626e\u6f14\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff08\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e8b\u7269\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

So either water becomes a transcendent reality that cannot be described, or it is an immanent reality that cannot perform any transcendent function.<\/p>\n

[7.3] \u4f8b\u4e09\u3002 \u5171\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u6291\u6216\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6b8a\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1f\u00a0 \u552f\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u552f\u540d\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n

EXAMPLE 3.\u00a0 ARE UNIVERSALS REAL, OR ONLY PARTICULARS?\u00a0 REALISM, NOMINALISM<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u6291\u6216\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6b8a\u76f8\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n

Are universals real, or only particulars?<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u82f9\u679c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

Let us consider apples as an example.<\/p>\n

\u6bcf\u4e00\u53ea\u82f9\u679c\u90fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

Every apple is different from every other.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u82f9\u679c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

But all apples are alike in some respects.<\/p>\n

\u67e0\u6aac\uff0c\u68a8\u5b50\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u6587\u5b66\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u661f\u7403\u7cfb\u2026\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002
\nSame for lemons and pears, men and women, political theories, scientific laws, literary movements, moral virtues, sub-atomic particles, galaxies \u2026 same for all objects.<\/p>\n

\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904 (sameness) \u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904(differences)\uff1b\u6211\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u5404\u5904\u90fd\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u300e\u5171\u76f8\u548c\u6b8a\u76f8\u300f(universals and particulars) \u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

All classes of objects exhibit sameness and differences, and that, as we have noted throughout this book, generates the \u201cproblem of universals and particulars.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904(sameness) \u5fc5\u7136\u5904\u4e8e\u67d0\u67d0\u5730\u65b9\uff1a\u5728\u300e\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e16\u754c\u300f (the world of Forms)\u3002<\/p>\n

Plato thought that the sameness among things had to be located in a special place, the world of Forms.<\/p>\n

\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u7279\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904 (sameness) \u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c42\u9762 (aspects of things)\u3002<\/p>\n

Aristotle thought that these sameness were aspects of things here on earth.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6765\u90fd\u662f\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\uff09\u96be\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

But the relation between sameness and difference, form and matter, has always been problematic.<\/p>\n

\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u7279\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u552f\u5b9e\u8bba\u8005 (realists)\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82f9\u679c\u7684\u672c\u6027 (nature)\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u672c\u8d28 (essence)\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u82f9\u679c\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904 (sameness)\u3002<\/p>\n

Both Plato and Aristotle, known as \u201crealists,\u201d thought that the real nature of an apple, its essence, is its sameness to other apples.<\/p>\n

\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u300e\u5076\u53d1\u300f\u7684(accidental) \u3002<\/p>\n

The differences were \u201caccidental.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

Indeed, in one sense, the differences don\u2019t really exist.<\/p>\n

[ \u6ce8\u811a\u56db\u5341\u4e00\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u7279\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5728\u300e\u7269\u8d28\u300f\u90a3\u91cc\u3002\uff08\u5085\u5170\u59c6\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff09\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed9\u300e\u7269\u8d28\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u300e\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u8005\u300f (that which lacks form)\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5b58\u6709\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u5728(no being, no reality)\u3002]<\/p>\n

[Footnote 41.\u00a0 Both Plato and Aristotle located differences in \u201cmatter.\u201d\u00a0 (Frame\u2019s critique) But they defined matter<\/em> as that which lacks form, and without form there is no being, no reality.]<\/p>\n

\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684 (the essential thing)\uff0c\u800c\u300e\u8fa9\u8bc1\u300f (the dialectic)\u81f3\u7ec8\u4f1a\u62b9\u6740\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u300e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\uff08\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff09\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

Hegel, too, thought that sameness was the essential thing, and that the dialectic, in the end, would wipe out all differences, exposing them as merely apparent.<\/p>\n

\uff08\u6279\u5224\uff09\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7406\u6027\u5206\u6790\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

And what is merely apparent is incapable of rational analysis.<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4ed6\u5728\u300e\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u300f\u4f20\u7edf\u91cc\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u53ea\u662f\u8a00\u8bf4\u7684\u7f29\u5199\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n

Others, philosophers in the nominalist tradition, say that the sameness of things are merely a verbal shorthand.<\/p>\n

\u900f\u8fc7\u82f9\u679c\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u82f9\u679c\uff09\u6765\u8bb2\u8bba\u300e\u4e00\u7bee\u5b50\u82f9\u679c\u300f\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\uff1b\u6307\u51fa\u82f9\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u6bd4\u8f83\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8fd9\u53ea\u82f9\u679c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u5e72\u5b50\u6570\u4e24\u5bf8\u3002<\/p>\n

It is easier to talk about a bushel of apples by referring only to their sameness (they are \u201capples\u201d) than by describing all the differences among them: this one has a bump two inches from the stem, for instance.<\/p>\n

\uff08\u6279\u5224\uff09\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u6bcf\u4e00\u53ea\u82f9\u679c\uff09\u7684\u300e\u672c\u8d28\u300f(makes it what it is)\u3002<\/p>\n

But in reality the differences make everything what it is.<\/p>\n

\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u53ea\u82f9\u679c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u70b9\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7600\u5230\u4e4b\u5904\u7684\u6784\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n

To understand a particular apple is to understand the location of every bump and the composition of every bruise.<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\uff08\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\uff09\u662f\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\uff1b\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

To the nominalist, reality is particular and concrete not general and abstract.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

So it is the differences that really exist.<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u300e\u8bf4\u8bf4\u7684\u300f \u7f62\u4e86(only verbal)\u3002<\/p>\n

The sameness are only conceptual and verbal.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u552f\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u552f\u540d\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

The biblical philosophy I outlined evades both realism and nominalism.<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u300e\u4e00\u300f\u4e5f\u662f\u300e\u4f17\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n

In that worldview, God is equally one and many.<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4f46\u7942\u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\u683c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5374\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

He is always the same, one God, but among his three persons there are real differences.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7942\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u540c\uff1b\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

In him there is no sameness without difference and no difference without sameness.<\/p>\n

\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u7942\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u800c\u4f17\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

Similarly, he has made the world to be one and many.<\/p>\n

\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b9e\u5728\uff08\u5b9e\u51b5\uff09\u5c55\u793a\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

Reality in the world exhibits sameness and difference.<\/p>\n

\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u771f\u6b63\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u548c\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

It is one world, with many genuinely different aspects and objects.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u53ea\u5bfb\u627e\u4e16\u754c\u4e07\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6452\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n

We cannot advance our understanding of the world by seeking, as Hegel did, how it is all the same, discarding the differences.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u5b9e\u5728\uff08\u76f8\u540c\u70b9 \uff0c\u5171\u76f8\uff09\u2014 \u82f9\u679c\uff0c\u6811\u6728\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u592a\u9633\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u2014 \u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u7740\u90a3\u4e9b\u6b8a\u76f8 (particulars)\uff1b\u662f\u6b8a\u76f8\u6784\u6210\u5171\u76f8 (particulars constitute universals)\u3002<\/p>\n

For the general realities \u2013 apple, tree, man, woman solar system, law of gravitation, virtue \u2013 are what they are because of the particulars that constitute them.<\/p>\n

\u800c\u82e5\u8981\u8fa8\u8ba4\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u6b8a\u76f8\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u5171\u76f8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

And we can identify the particulars only with the use of general concepts.<\/p>\n

\u82e5\u8981\u8fa8\u8ba4\u67d0\u4e00\u53ea\u82f9\u679c\u91cc\uff0c\u4ece\u5e72\u6570\u8d77\u4e24\u5bf8\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u51f8\u70b9\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u5171\u76f8\uff09\uff1a\u82f9\u679c\uff0c\u5e72\uff0c\u51f8\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

To identify the bump two inches from the stem of the apple requires us to think of the general concepts apple, stem,<\/em> and bump<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u6b8a\u76f8\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u5171\u76f8\u7ec4\u6210\uff1b\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u6b8a\u76f8\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

Particulars are collections of generalities, and generalities are collections of things.<\/p>\n

\u5171\u76f8\u4e3a\u6b8a\u76f8\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1b\u6b8a\u76f8\u4e3a\u5171\u76f8\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

Universals and particulars define one another.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u628a\u5b83\u7ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u5171\u76f8\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u7279\uff0c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u7684\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u628a\u5b87\u5b99\u5206\u5272\u4e3a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u6b8a\u76f8\uff0c\u5982\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u91cc\u7279\uff0c\u4f0a\u6bd4\u9e20\u9c81\uff0c\u7f57\u745f\u6797\uff0c\u5965\u5361\u59c6\uff0c\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u7ef4\u6839\u65af\u5766\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

So we cannot accurately understand the universe by reducing it to generalities (as Plato, Aristotle, Hegel), or by dividing it into ultimate particulars (Democritus, Epicurus, Roscellinus, Occam, the early Wittgenstein).<\/p>\n

\u5171\u76f8\u548c\u6b8a\u76f8\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4e92\u4e3a\u89c6\u89d2\uff08are perspectivally related\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Universals and particulars are perspectivally related.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7834\u89e3\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ffd\u6c42\u5f7b\u5e95\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u900f\u77e5\uff09\u7684\u7f8e\u68a6\u3002<\/p>\n

I believe this fact destroys any human dreams of achieving exhaustive knowledge.<\/p>\n

\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u5171\u76f8\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u6b8a\u76f8\uff0c\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

There is no ultimate universal or ultimate particular that explains everything.<\/p>\n

\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08\u900f\u77e5\uff09\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

Exhaustive knowledge is the prerogative of God alone.<\/p>\n

[8] \u7ed3\u8bba CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8bae\u9898\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u53d8\u4e0e\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u6709\u5426\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u610f\uff0c\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n

Similar things can be said in response to the other questions I referred to earlier, about change, teleology, cause, mind, mental faculties, and God.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7efc\u89c8\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

I will take them up in the course of our historical discussions.<\/p>\n

\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u5bf9\u7acb\uff1a\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u771f\u795e\u7684\u53d6\u4ee3\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u5076\u50cf\u656c\u62dc\u7684\u5b66\u95ee (an exercise in idolatry)\u3002<\/p>\n

In general, the questions themselves reflect the antithesis: non-Christian philosophers are seeking alternatives to God, making the discipline of philosophy an exercise in idolatry.<\/p>\n

\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e00\u81f4\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0b\u5217\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n

Christians, when they are consistent with their faith, seek answers to these questions within the<\/p>\n

biblical worldview:<\/p>\n

[8.1] \u4e00\u800c\u4f17 ONE AND MANY<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u800c\u4f17\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e09\u4e00\u771f\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n

The world is both one and many, reflecting the Trinity.<\/p>\n

\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u4f17\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\uff1b\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4f17\u3002<\/p>\n

There is no unity without plurality, and no plurality without unity.<\/p>\n

[8.2] \u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u4e0d\u53ef\u7ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u300e\u4e00\u300f UNIVERSE CAN\u2019T BE REDUCED TO SOME KIND OF \u201cONE\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u7ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\uff08\u4e00\u79cd\uff09\u7269\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n

The universe cannot be reduced to any single type of object.<\/p>\n

[ \u6ce8\u811a\u5e95\u56db\u5341\u4e8c\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5938\u514b\uff0c\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\uff0c\u8d85\u5f26\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0]<\/p>\n

[ Footnote 42.\u00a0 That includes those objects of scientific discussion, such as quarks, bosons, and superstrings. ]<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4eba\u4f53\u5305\u542b\u5316\u5b66\u6db2\u4f53\uff0c\u9aa8\uff0c\u8111\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u795e\u7ecf\uff0c\u6307\u7532\uff0c\u53d1\u6bdb\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u8eab\u4f53\u7ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n

The human body, for example, contains chemical fluids, bones, brain matter, nerves, nails, hair, and so forth, but it cannot be reduced to any of these.<\/p>\n

\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u7ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u7406\u667a\uff0c\u6216\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n

Nor can human thought be reduced to some faculty of the mind such as reason or will.<\/p>\n

\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

Thinking is an act of the whole person.<\/p>\n

\u800c\u4eba\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

Man is essentially the image of God.<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u300e\u53ea\u662f\u300f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\uff09\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

It cannot be said that he is \u201conly\u201d something else.<\/p>\n

\u6574\u4e2a\u88ab\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

Similarly for the creation as a whole.<\/p>\n

\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u88ab\u9020\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

It is essentially God\u2019s creature.<\/p>\n

ccnci.org\u4e2d\u534e\u5c55\u671b\u5723\u7ea6\u5b66\u9662 HorizonCovenant@gmail.com\uff08PayPal\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[X] \u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u7acbTHE ANTITHESIS IN METAPHYSICS (24-30) \u73b0\u5728\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[125],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-125"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10144"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10144\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ccnci.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}