Living in Christ’s Church Session 33

教会论与教会生活 第33讲

主讲:林慈信牧师_校对:刘加立、爱的天空&ZJY(CGY)_文字:傅昱川

我们上一讲开始讲The Marks of the Church,教会的标志。第十一章的第一段,教会的四个属性是否是她的标志呢?罗马天主教就认为是的,因为他们把这四个属性当作是标志,而都是从外表的这个组织上来看。所以,他们就控告宗教改革的领袖们马丁路德、加尔文等等:“你们根本就不是教会,你们根本就没有教会的使徒性、圣洁性、合一性和大公性”。好,我们继续。

In response, 宗教改革的领袖们是这样回应的:the Reformers did not reject the Nicene attributes of the church. 他们说:“我们并没有不相信《尼西亚信经》所提的教会的四个属性。”They did reject the way the Roman Catholics tied them all to the institutional papacy. 可是,他们拒绝罗马天主教人士如何把这四个属性与这个教皇的制度连结起来的方法。

God’s grace is not a Commodity to be dispensed. 神的恩典不是一个货物,来分发的。Finding the true church is not a matter of locating the Pope, 如何找到真的教会,不是说去哪里找到教皇,although even that could be complicated by rival Popes! 甚至乎,如何找到教皇有一段时期也是很困难的,因为有一段时期,有三个不同的教皇彼此竞争。

There is a catholicity of time as well as of space. 教会的大公性可以从时间上的大公性,或者地理上的大公性来理解。The Roman church might claim to be spread throughout the world,罗马天主教声称他们自己散布在世界各地,but it had ruptured its link with the early church by corrupting Christian doctrine. 但是,因为他们将基督教的教义在这方面腐败了。所以,天主教与早期教会之间的连结就破裂了。所以,在时间上的大公性,罗马天主教是破裂的。

Section 2 本章的第二段,How the Bible Marks the Church? 《圣经》如何定下教会的标志?

It was the attribute of apostolicity that the Reformers particularly stressed. 改教家特别强调教会的“使徒性”这个属性Unless the church remained faithful to the gospel, to the doctrinal foundation of apostolic teaching, it could not be a true church of Christ. 除非教会忠于福音,忠于使徒们的教训的教义基础,不然,教会不可能是一个基督真正的教会。Apostolicity was not something to be passed along by the imposition of hands, “使徒性”不是用按手礼传下去的。it was a question of faith. “使徒性”是一个信仰上的问题。

《威敏斯特信仰告白》第一章第十条是这样说的:“一切信仰的争论、教会会议一切的决议、古代著者的意见、人的教导和个人属灵的领受等事物,都当以圣灵在《圣经》中所说的话,作为最高的裁判。如此的裁判,我们都当臣服。”原文英文是这样说的:都应当以在《圣经》中所说话的圣灵,the Holy Spirit speaking in Scripture,为最高的裁判。

The conviction as to the authority of Scripture expressed by the Westminster Divines accounts for the Reformed approach to the marks of the church. 威敏斯特会议的牧师们,他们表达出那种《圣经》权威的信念,就解释改革宗是如何解释、如何理解教会的标志的。The Catholic apologists had argued that the Bible was like a constitution. 为天主教辩论的人士的论点是:《圣经》好像一份的宪法。It could be appealed to but a text in itself could not hand down the sentence in a dispute-a judge was needed and the Pope was the judge. 宪法是可以作为诉诸的一个对象,可是一份文件本身,不可能作出裁判,在争辩中作出裁判。需要一位审判官的,而教皇就是那位法官。这个是天主教的看法。

The Westminster confession answers: 《威敏斯特信仰告白》这样的回答:the Bible is not just a constitution- it is the Word of God. 《圣经》不单单是一份宪法而已,《圣经》是上帝的话。The Spirit, not the Pope, is the final Judge. 圣灵是最高的法官,教宗不是。In the Bible the Spirit gives us His verdict. 圣灵在《圣经》中,给我们祂的判决。The mark of the true church is faithfulness to the Bible. 真正的教会的标志是:是否忠于《圣经》?When the church preaches the apostolic gospel, it is a true church. 当教会宣讲使徒性的福音,她就是真的教会。When it turns to another gospel, it can no longer be called the church of Christ. 当教会偏离去讲另外一个福音的时候,她就不能再被称为基督的教会了。

The Apostle Paul writes to the Galatians that, 使徒保罗对加拉太的教会是这样写着:even if he himself or an angel from heaven were to preach another gospel,he would be anathema (Gal. 1:8) 加拉太书1:8节:“无论是我们,是天上来的使者,若传福音给你们,与我们所传给你们的不同,他就应当被咒诅。“

John Calvin wrote with great wisdom and urgency on the subject of the marks of the church. 约翰·加尔文有很大的智慧,也用很迫切性的谨慎处理“教会标志“这个题目。He takes great care to show the tolerance that must be exercised so long as the ministry of the word and sacraments is entire and uncorrupted. 他非常谨慎指出:只要教会的传道事工和圣礼是完整的、没有腐败,那么我们应该包容,看他们是教会。But when the truth of the gospel is turned to falsehood, 但是福音的真理若转成假的教导,it is like a man’s having his throat cut . 那就好像一个人,他的喉咙被割了,就是命脉就断了。 (Institutes IV:2:i)(基督教要义,卷四第二章第一段)。

好,这里我们处理了什么叫做“教会的标志”,或者《圣经》如何看这件事。

Section 3 第三段,The 3 Marks of the Church ,教会的三个标志。

The great mark of the church must be the ministry of the Word. 教会那个很重要的、伟大的标志,必须就是传道事工,the ministry of the Word, 话语的传递。Where God’s word is faithfully ministered and confessed, the true church exists. 当教会忠心地传讲、承认上帝的话的时候,真的教会就存在。

From that mark two others flow: 从这一个标志就流出另外两个标志:the word must be sealed by the administration of the sacraments, 上帝的话必须要印证,也就是说透过施行圣礼,印证上帝的话。and a proper administration of the word and sacraments implies the exercise of church discipline. 而教会若要正确地施行上帝的话,就是传递上帝的话,和施行圣礼的话,那就意味着教会需要执行纪律或者管教。所以,这里有三个不同的标志:忠心地传讲上帝的话、忠心地施行圣礼、忠心地执行管教。

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Section 4 第四段,The Ministry of the Word as a Mark of the Church ,传道事工是教会的一个标志。

Where the Scriptures are faithfully preached the word will bear fruit. 当教会忠心地宣讲《圣经》的时候,上帝的话会结出果子来。 A church that hears the ministry of God’s Word has the means for reformation. 一个听上帝的话的传讲的教会,就有了改革之道、改革的方法。那我这里加个注脚:“改革”这个字跟“复兴”是同义字,一个教会若是听上帝的话的传讲,她就已经有了这个复兴之路了。

Yet Paul preached the word faithfully over a period of time in synagogues that never became churches of the New Covenant. 但是, 保罗有一大段的时间,在犹太的会堂里传讲,忠心地传讲上帝的话。这些的犹太会堂,从来就没有成为新的约里面的教会。They refused to hear the word of God, 他们拒绝听上帝的话。and Paul pronounced the judgment of God’s rejection upon them. 而保罗就在他们身上宣告了上帝的审判。

The mark of the word therefore requires that Scripture be received and confessed as well as proclaimed. 因此,”上帝的话”这个教会标志,就要求教会不单单是宣讲《圣经》,也要领受《圣经》、承认、相信《圣经》。This does not mean that the church must have a full understanding of Scripture to be a true church; 这个并不意味着教会必须对《圣经》有完全、完整的理解,才能够成为一个真的教会,but it does mean that the church must submit to the authority of Scripture. 但是,教会必须顺服《圣经》的权威的。

One of the major purposes of the adoption of the “Confession of 1967″ by the United Presbyterian Church in the USA, 1967年,美国的美国联合长老会,采用了1967年的信仰告白,他们这个行动一个主要的目的。was to remove the authority of the Bible as a written book from the doctrine and practice of the church. 主要的目的就是要在他们的信仰上(就是教义上),也在他们教会的作法上,要将《圣经》作为一本书的权柄除去,就是除掉《圣经》这本书在教会的信仰和生活上的权威。

As Edward A. Dowey Jr., a principal author of this confession, tells us, 正如Dowey(D-o-w-e-y)博士,他是这份信仰告白的主要作者,告诉我们(我顺便一提,这位Dowey是普林斯顿神学院的教授,也是华人中间著名的作者林荣宏博士的指导老师,林荣宏博士是深深了解整个普林斯顿神学院的情况的。)

Dowey这样说:”The Confession carefully avoids saying either that Scripture ‘is’ God’s Word, 他说这份信仰告白非常谨慎地避免说“《圣经》是神的话”;or that Scripture ‘is’ unique and authoritative as such or in its own right.” 或者说《圣经》是独特的权威性的,as such or in its own right. 就是说这份信仰告白很谨慎地避免说《圣经》,就《圣经》来说它自己有这个权力说“《圣经》是神的话”,特别不说这个。信仰告白也特别不说:“《圣经》身为《圣经》本身,《圣经》自己有权说《圣经》是独特的、是有权威的”,这故意避开的。The theology of the confession holds, with Karl Barth, 这份信仰告白的神学与卡尔巴特一样坚持这个立场,that Scripture is not in itself revelation,立场就是《圣经》本身不是启示,but is a witness to revelation. 乃是对启示的一个见证。

Although the confession of 1967 does use the phrase “the Word of God written”, 虽然1967年的信仰告白用这个短句「书写下来的上帝的话」,the words cannot be understood, as Dowey points out,”after the manner of the same phrase as it appears in the Westminster Confession.” Dowey博士就直接了当地指出:你不可以把「书写下来的上帝的话」这句话被理解为好像在《威敏斯特信仰告白》里面所出现的短句,就是不一样的意义。The doctrine of Scripture is fundamentally changed by the new confession. 这个新的信仰告白, 就在基本上改变了教会的《圣经论》。

The formula of subscription for church officers was also changed to effect the same purpose. 为要达成这个目标,在联合长老会里面,按立作牧师长老所要签的一份信仰承认书,也将那个整个方程式改了。按照我的记忆力就是说,不是说“我承认”,我们这些改革宗的教会就是说我承认《威敏斯特信仰告白》,包含了《圣经》所教导的整个的教义系统。新的说法是:“我愿意被教会诸多的信条来引导”,就没有说“我承认它是《圣经》真理的总结”了。

The deliberate alteration of the confession and subscription of the church to avoid the application of the express authority of the inspired word of God puts a knife to the throat of a great denomination. 这样的作法,就等于用一把刀刺一个大宗派的喉咙。因为这样做,是故意地改变信仰告白,故意地改变教会牧师、长老承认信仰的立场书,好叫他们故意地避免将上帝所默示的话语的清楚的权柄,应用在教会的身上。

Although there continue to be congregations in which the word of God is preached and heard, 是的,还有一些教会还可以宣讲、还可以听到上帝的话,the denomination has formally rejected the first mark of the church of Christ, 这个宗派是正式地拒绝了教会(基督教会)的第一个标志,submission to the Bible as God’s inspired, written Word. 顺服上帝所默示的、上帝所写下来的话语——《圣经》。

The doctrines of Scripture and of the church go together.《圣经论》和教会论是相辅相成的、是并行的。Without the authority of the Bible, 若没有《圣经》的权柄,the government of the church becomes an intolerable binding of the conscience by the opinions of men. 那么,教会的治理本身,就成为一个用人的意见来束缚人的良心,这个是不可以容忍的。If the Bible is reduced to a general guide, 假如《圣经》被降格成为一个一般性的引导、指导书而已,then the “black book” of ecclesiastical rules or unwritten traditions become the real authorities for the life of the church. 那么,教会的章程或者是一些不成文的传统,就成为教会生活里面真正的权威了。

Church and Scripture go together because Christ and Scripture go together. 教会和《圣经》是并行的,因为基督和《圣经》是并行的。Jesus affirmed the authority of Scripture as the Word of God. 耶稣基督承认《圣经》就是上帝的话,祂承认《圣经》的权威的。He said that the Scripture could not be broken (John 10:35). 在约翰福音10:35节, 耶稣说:“经上的话是不能废的。”Matt. 4:4, 在太4:4 耶稣对试探祂的那一位的回应是:it is written (Matt. 4:4), 记着说,中文《圣经》说“经上记着说”,“经上”在原文没有的。经上说,就是《圣经》说。not one jot or one tittle could be pass from the law until all was fulfilled (Matt. 5:18;Luke 16:17). 马太福音5:18节,主耶稣说:“就是到天地都废去了,律法的一点一画也不能废去,都要成全。”(参考路加福音16:17节)。

Jesus taught that the Scriptures testified of Him (Luke 24:27). 主耶稣说,《圣经》是为祂作见证的。路加福音24:27节,主耶稣对两个门徒是这样做的:于是从摩西和众先知起,凡经上所指着自己的话都给他们讲解明白了。He also understood His own life and ministry in terms of the fulfillment of Scripture. 主耶稣也了解,祂自己的一生和所有的事工,都是为了要应验、成全《圣经》。 Even as He cried “I thirst!” on the cross,就算是在十字架上,祂喊叫:“我渴了。”it was that Scripture might be fulfilled (John 19:28). 是为了要应验《圣经》。约翰福音19:28节:这事以后,耶稣知道各样的事已经成了,为要使经上的话应验,就说:“我渴了。”

If Jesus misunderstood the authority of written Scripture,He misunderstood not only his ministry but Himself.假如耶稣误解了《圣经》写下来的这本《圣经》的权威的话,祂不但误解祂自己的事工,祂根本误解祂自己是谁。He lived and died as the Christ of Scripture. 祂的生、祂的死,都是以《圣经》里的基督、以《圣经》里的弥赛亚而活;祂是以《圣经》里的弥赛亚、《圣经》里的基督而死的。He also gave to His disciples the words the Father had given Him,祂也将父 神给祂的话给了祂的门徒们,and promised to send the Spirit to complete the revelation of His person and work. 祂也应许要差遣圣灵,来继续完成祂自己的自我启示,和祂的工作的启示。所以,耶稣基督和《圣经》是不能分开的。

我们下一讲会继续讲完这个第四段,就是说:传讲上帝的话是教会的标志。

之后呢,我们就进入第五段,圣礼是教会的标志。还有第六段的,就是教会的纪律,或者管教是教会的标志。

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